Potential of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater as a Source of Polyphenols for the Treatment of Skin Disorders: A Review

Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of olive and black seed oil combination on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women: A study protocol

BACKGROUND

Episiotomy is associated with side effects, such as pain and wound infection. Additionally, discomfort after episiotomy affects the quality of life of both the mother and the baby. Medicinal herbs are one alternative method for the treatment of episiotomy wounds. This study will investigate the effectiveness of the combination of olive and black seed oil on pain intensity and the healing of episiotomy wounds in primiparous women.

METHODS

This randomized clinical trial will be conducted on primiparous women who have had a normal delivery with an episiotomy. There are 3 groups in this study: one group will receive a combination of olive oil and black seed oil, another group will receive olive oil alone, and the use of oils will start 24 hours after delivery. Ten drops will be applied topically 3 times a day for 10 days. The third group (control) will receive only routine care. Data will be collected through a demographic characteristics questionnaire, REEDA (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation) Scale, and Visual Analog Scale. To determine and compare the effects of pharmaceutical interventions on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in the groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with repeated measurements will be used with SPSS version 22.

DISCUSSION

The results of this study will show the effects of a combination of olive and black seed oil, as well as olive oil alone, on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. The positive effects observed in this trial with these oils could be valuable for women who have undergone an episiotomy.

Development and cross-validation of simple HPLC-fluorescence and UPLC-MS-UV methods for rapid determination of oleuropein in olive leaves

INTRODUCTION

Olive leaves, abundant by-products of the olive oil industry, are a rich source of oleuropein, an important polyphenol in olive leaves. So far, no published methods have been validated using matrix standards for oleuropein quantification in olive leaves.

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to develop an HPLC method for oleuropein determination in olive leaves using spiked matrix standards prepared from a blank olive leaf matrix, to validate the method with respect to aqueous standards, and cross-validate the HPLC method with UPLC-MS and UPLC-UV techniques.

METHODOLOGY

Oleuropein was extracted into methanol and analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD; excitation and emission wavelengths 281 and 316 nm, respectively) and by UPLC-MS-UV. For validation, calibration curves of spiked matrix standards (0.4 to 4.8 mg/g) were analysed by the three methods over several days. Oleuropein was then analysed in French olive varieties.

RESULTS

For the HPLC-FLD method, repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 5% RSD and linearity was demonstrated by the Fischer test. Differences in results of the spiked placebos by the three methods were non-significant, as confirmed by ANOVA. Extraction recovery was >90%, and there was a strong linear relationship between authentic and spiked matrix standards. The determination of oleuropein in French olive varieties is reported, including analysis in "Olivière" cultivar for the first time, leaves of which contained twice the amount of oleuropein compared with "Picholine".

CONCLUSION

Accurate quantification of oleuropein is possible using aqueous standards. Cross-validation indicates that selective analysis can equally be carried out by HPLC or by UPLC-MS techniques.

Dermatological evaluation in dogs with atopic dermatitis treated with full-spectrum high cannabidiol oil: a pre study part 1

Introduction

Dermatological consultations represent a great part of the small animal medical clinic routine. Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a common skin disease that affects a significant amount of dogs, making it a relevant consideration in clinical practice. The role of the endocannabinoid system on skin homeostasis has been described and its deregulation contributes to dermatopathies. Its function in specialized skin cells reveals an expressive therapeutic potential. Due to the difficulties and the growing scientific evidence of the therapeutic benefits of cannabis on animals, this work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis-derived oil in the treatment of CAD.

Methods

Fourteen canines diagnosed with CAD were divided into two groups: T: full spectrum high cannabidiol (CBD) cannabis oil, 2,5 mg/kg; and C: control group (treated with olive oil alone). The effectiveness was evaluated based on the degree of pruritus, dermatological evaluation (CADESI-4) and histopathological evaluation of the skin including mast cell count.

Results

Despite the theoretical basis, there were no significant results obtained between the compared treatments.

Discussion

Thus, it can be concluded that although full spectrum high cannabinoids therapy presents a promising approach to immunological diseases, further research is required in order to establish the actual effective cannabinoid ratio within the myriad possible combinations and for multi-target therapy of CAD.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Biopolymer Pectin/Ethanolic Extract from Olive Mill Wastewater: In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Tests on Skin Wound Healing

Wound-healing delay is one of the major problems of type 2 diabetes, representing also a clinical emergency in non-healing chronic wounds. Natural antioxidants show interesting wound-healing properties, including those extracted from waste derived from olive oil production. Olive mill wastewater is one of the main by-products of the olive oil-making process, and it is rich in high-value secondary metabolites, mainly hydroxytyrosol. We proposed an eco-friendly extraction method, employing both ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet techniques and ethanol as a solvent, to recover valuable molecules from Roggianella cv (Olea europea L.) olive mill wastewater, which was further entrapped in a pectin polymer via an enzymatic reaction using porcine pancreatic lipase. Pectin, in combination with other substances, promoted and accelerated wound healing and demonstrated good potential to produce a biomedical conjugate for wound treatment. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and conjugate were evaluated against lipophilic (IC50 equal to 0.152 mg mL-1) and hydrophilic (IC50 equal to 0.0371 mg mL-1) radical species as well as the in vitro cytotoxicity via NRU, h-CLAT, and a wound-healing scratch assay and assessment. The pectin conjugate did not exert hemolytic effects on the peripheral blood, demonstrating interesting wound-healing properties due to its ability to stimulate cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.

Yeast-driven valorization of agro-industrial wastewater: an overview

The intensive industrial and agricultural activities currently on-going worldwide to feed the growing human population have led to significant increase in the amount of wastewater produced. These effluents are high in phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and heavy metals. These compounds can provoke imbalance in the ecosystem with grievous consequences to both the environment and humans. Adequate treatment of these wastewaters is therefore of utmost importance to humanity. This can be achieved through valorization of these waste streams, which is based on biorefinery idea and concept of reduce, reuse, and recycle for sustainable circular economy. This concept uses innovative processes to produce value-added products from waste such as wastewater. Yeast-based wastewater treatment is currently on the rise given to the many characteristics of yeast cells. Yeasts are generally fast growing, and they are robust in terms of tolerance to stress and inhibitory compounds, in addition to their ability to metabolize a diverse range of substrates and create a diverse range of metabolites. Therefore, yeast cells possess the capacity to recover and transform agro-industrial wastewater nutrients into highly valuable metabolites. In addition to remediating the wastewater, numerous value-added products such as single cell oil (SCO), single cell proteins (SCPs), biofuels, organic acid, and aromatic compounds amongst others can be produced through fermentation of wastewater by yeast cells. This work thus brings to limelight the potential roles of yeast cells in reducing, reusing, and recycling of agro-industrial wastewaters while proffering solutions to some of the factors that limit yeast-mediated wastewater valorization.

Exploring Olive Pomace for Skincare Applications: A Review

The cosmetic industry is continuously searching for new active ingredients in an effort to attend to consumer demands which, in recent years, are focused on more natural and environmentally friendly products, obtained from sustainable resources. Nevertheless, they are required to provide cosmetologically appealing skincare products, ultimately with the purpose of improving skin appearance. The olive oil industry generates a large amount of liquid and semi-solid by-products such as olive pomace. Their phytotoxicity impairs safe disposal, so valorization strategies that promote by-product reuse are needed, which may include skincare products. Hydroxytyrosol is the main phenolic compound present in olive pomace and possesses biological effects that make it a desirable active compound for cosmetic formulations such as antioxidant and anti-aging activities as well as photoprotector, depigmenting, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Other compounds present in olive pomace can also have functional properties and skin-related benefits. However, the application of this by-product can be a challenge in terms of formulation’s design, stability, and proven efficacy, so appropriate methodologies should be used to validate its incorporation and may include extraction and further encapsulation of bioactive compounds in order to achieve effective and aesthetic appealing skincare products.

Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Activity of Three Phenolic Extracts from Olive Mill Wastewaters

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity of three extracts rich in phenols (two purified organic extracts (A20, A21) and one powdered extract stabilized with maltodextrins (SP)) obtained from olive mill wastewaters (OMWW). The content and composition of phenols and antioxidant activity was determined before and after in vitro digestion. The phenol content of the A20 and A21 samples were higher (>75%) than that of the SP sample before in vitro digestion. After the entire in vitro digestion, 89.3, 76.9, and 50% loss of phenols was found in A20, A21 and SP, respectively. ABTS•+ and ORAC values decreased during in vitro digestion of A20 and A21 samples, while they remained almost constant in SP. IC50 increased during digestion of A20 and A21, evidencing a loss of antioxidant capacity after the intestinal phase; an opposite IC50 trend was noted in SP, confirming the protective role of maltodextrins. For these reasons, SP represents a promising formulation to be used in the food field.

Evolution of Hydroxytyrosol, Hydroxytyrosol 4-β-d-Glucoside, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol and Tyrosol in Olive Oil Solid Waste or "Alperujo"

The main by-product generated from the olive oil two-phase extraction system, or alperujo, is undoubtedly a rich source of bioactive components, among which phenolics are one of the most important. The evolution of four of its main phenolics: hydroxytyrosol (HT), hydroxytyrosol 4-β-d-glucoside (Glu-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and tyrosol (Ty) was studied over two seasons and in ten oil mills under similar climatological and agronomic conditions, for the first time using organic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) determination. The results show that HT (200-1600 mg/kg of fresh alperujo) and Ty (10-570 mg/kg) increase, while DHPG (10-370 mg/kg) decreases only in the last month of the season and Glu-HT (1400-0 mg/kg) decreases drastically from the beginning. This evolution is similar between different seasons, with a high correlation between Glu-HT, HT, and Ty. On the other hand, it has been verified that a mixture of alperujos from all the oil mills, which is what the pomace extractor receives, is a viable source of a liquid fraction which is rich in the phenolics studied through organic extractions and especially after the application of a thermal treatment, obtaining values of 4.2 g/L of HT, 0.36 g/L of DHPG, and 0.49 g/L of Ty in the final concentrated liquid fraction.

Exploring the Links between Obesity and Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review

Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide since it is associated with the development of chronic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemias, atherosclerosis, some cancer forms and skin diseases, including psoriasis. Scientific evidence has indicated that the possible link between obesity and psoriasis may be multifactorial, highlighting dietary habits, lifestyle, certain genetic factors and the microbiome as leading factors in the progress of both pathologies because they are associated with a chronic pro-inflammatory state. Thus, inflammation management in obesity is a plausible target for psoriasis, not only because of the sick adipose tissue secretome profile but also due to the relationship of obesity with the rest of the immune derangements associated with psoriasis initiation and maintenance. Hence, this review will provide a general and molecular overview of the relationship between both pathologies and present recent therapeutic advances in treating this problem.

Camels, Camel Milk, and Camel Milk Product Situation in Kenya in Relation to the World

Kenya is the leading camel milk producer globally, with an annual production volume of 1.165 MMT, followed by Somalia (0.958 MMT) and Mali (0.271 MMT). In Kenya, pastoral tribes in North-Eastern parts rear about 4.722 million camels accounting for about 80% of all camels. Camels offer locals various benefits, including transportation of goods across the deserts, meat, fur, and milk. Camel milk contains natural therapeutically and immunity-boosting properties due to the higher concentration of lactoferrin, lactoglobulins, and lysozyme than bovine milk. Camel milk has been shown to have hypoallergenicity properties compared to bovine milk. Camel and human milk are similar in nutritional composition and therapeutic properties. Camel milk is known to fight various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, autism, hypertension, and skin diseases. Despite the standing of Kenya in the world in terms of camel milk production, Kenya lags considering the camel milk products, industries, and marketing. This paper reviews recent literature on camels and camel milk production trends in Kenya in relation to the world. The review also discusses various camel milk properties (nutritional and therapeutic) as well as the camel milk sector situation in Kenya.

Synthesis of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Glycofuranosides and Their Biochemical and Biological Activities in Cell-Free and Cellular Assays

Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HOT) and their glycosides are promising candidates for applications in functional food products or in complementary therapy. A series of phenylethanoid glycofuranosides (PEGFs) were synthesized to compare some of their biochemical and biological activities with T and HOT. The optimization of glycosylation promoted by environmentally benign basic zinc carbonate was performed to prepare HOT α-L-arabino-, β-D-apio-, and β-D-ribofuranosides. T and HOT β-D-fructofuranosides, prepared by enzymatic transfructosylation of T and HOT, were also included in the comparative study. The antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective potential of T, HOT, and PEGFs on plasmid DNA were determined using cell-free assays. The DNA-damaging potential of the studied compounds for human hepatoma HepG2 cells and their DNA-protective potential on HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide were evaluated using the comet assay. Experiments revealed a spectrum of different activities of the studied compounds. HOT and HOT β-D-fructofuranoside appear to be the best-performing scavengers and protectants of plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells. T and T β-D-fructofuranoside display almost zero or low scavenging/antioxidant activity and protective effects on plasmid DNA or HepG2 cells. The results imply that especially HOT β-D-fructofuranoside and β-D-apiofuranoside could be considered as prospective molecules for the subsequent design of supplements with potential in food and health protection.

Improved Oxidative Stability and Sensory Quality of Beef Hamburgers Enriched with a Phenolic Extract from Olive Vegetation Water

This study aims at evaluating the effect of a phenol-rich extract obtained from the concentration and purification of olive mill wastewaters (added at a ratio of 87.5 and 175 mg of phenols/kg meat) on the stability and sensory quality of beef hamburgers packed under modified atmosphere and stored under alternating exposure to fluorescent light at 4 ± 2 °C for 9 days. The hamburgers were sampled at different times (0, 6, and 9 days) and grilled at 200 °C. After 9 days, more than 56% of the added phenols in the raw burgers and more than 20% the grilled ones were retained. The results show that both concentrations of phenolic extract proved to effectively reduce primary and secondary lipid oxidation, as well as cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), during the shelf-life of raw hamburgers. Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total COPs were up to 1.4-, 4.5-, and 8.8-fold lower in phenol-enriched raw hamburgers, respectively, than in the control samples; a similar trend was noted also in phenol-enriched cooked hamburgers (1.3-, 5.7-, and 4-fold lower). The sensory analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of the addition of phenolic extract, resulting in a positive effect on the red color intensity (raw product) and thus reducing browning during storage.