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Wang S, Xing L, Sun X, Li Z, Ding T, Wang J, Peng J, Ma H, Lin T, Yang Q. Metabolites and metabolic pathway analysis of sulfadimidine in carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on UHPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118967. [PMID: 38642643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Sulfadimidine (SM2) is an N-substituted derivative of p-aminobenzenesulfonyl structure. This study aimed to analyze the metabolism of SM2 in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The carps were fed with SM2 at a dose of 200 mg/(kg · bw) and then killed. The blood, muscle, liver, kidney, gill, other guts, and carp aquaculture water samples were collected. The UHPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap-MS was adopted for determining the metabolites of SM2 in the aforementioned samples. Twelve metabolites, which were divided into metabolites in vivo and metabolites in vitro, were identified using Compound Discoverer software. The metabolic pathways in vivo of SM2 in carp included acetylation, hydroxylation, glucoside conjugation, glycine conjugation, carboxylation, glucuronide conjugation, reduction, and methylation. The metabolic pathways in vitro included oxidation and acetylation. This study clarified the metabolites and metabolic pathways of SM2 in carp and provided a reference for further pharmacodynamic evaluation and use in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lihong Xing
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China.
| | - Tao Ding
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiyao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
| | - Haijian Ma
- ANPEL Laboratory Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Lin
- ANPEL Laboratory Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Suseela MNL, Viswanadh MK, Mehata AK, Priya V, Setia A, Malik AK, Gokul P, Selvin J, Muthu MS. Advances in solid-phase extraction techniques: Role of nanosorbents for the enrichment of antibiotics for analytical quantification. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463937. [PMID: 37019063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are life-saving medications for treating bacterial infections; however it has been discovered that resistance developed by bacteria against these incredible agents is the primary contributing factor to rising global mortality rates. The fundamental cause of the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is the presence of antibiotic residues in various environmental matrices. Although antibiotics are present in diluted form in environmental matrices like water, consistent exposure of bacteria to these minute levels is enough for the resistance to develop. So, identifying these tiny concentrations of numerous antibiotics in various and complicated matrices will be a crucial step in controlling their disposal in those matrices. Solid phase extraction, a popular and customizable extraction technology, was developed according to the aspirations of the researchers. It is a unique alternative technique that could be implemented either alone or in combination with other approaches at different stages because of the multitude of sorbent varieties and techniques. Initially, sorbents are utilized for extraction in their natural state. The basic sorbent has been modified over time with nanoparticles and multilayer sorbents, which have indeed helped to accomplish the desired extraction efficiencies. Among the current traditional extraction techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, and salting out techniques, solid-phase extractions (SPE) with nanosorbents are most productive because, they can be automated, selective, and can be integrated with other extraction techniques. This review aims to provide a broad overview of advancements and developments in sorbents with a specific emphasis on the applications of SPE techniques used for antibiotic detection and quantification in various matrices in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matte Kasi Viswanadh
- KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP 522302, India
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vishnu Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aseem Setia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Patharaj Gokul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Madaswamy S Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Ma JH, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Feng XS. Organosulfur in food samples: Recent updates on sampling, pretreatment and determination technologies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463769. [PMID: 36610185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds (OSCs), mainly found in garlic, are the main biologically active substances for their pharmacological effects, including lowering of blood pressure and cholesterol, anti-cancer effect, liver protection, and anti-inflammatory. Efficient and sensitive pretreatment and determination methods of OSCs in different food matrices are of great significance. This review provides a comprehensive summary about the pretreatment and determination methods for OSCs in different food samples since 2010. Commonly used pretreatment methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, liquid-liquid microextraction, solid phase extraction, dispersive solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and so on, have been summarized and overviewed in this paper. In particular, we discussed and compared various analysis methods including high performance liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography-based methods, and few other methods. Finally, we tried to highlight the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and analysis methods, and identified future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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4
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Jongedijk E, Fifeik M, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Polzer J, Blokland M, Sterk S. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry for veterinary drug multi-residue analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Tan X, Zhang C, Wei H, Shi P, Chang H, Ho SH. Versatile strategy of sulfanilamide antibiotics removal via microalgal biochar: Role of oxygen-enriched functional groups. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135244. [PMID: 35679980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) adsorption has been widely acknowledged as an efficient approach for the removal of antibiotics. Despite the importance of oxygen-containing functional groups for the antibiotics removal, most of these may be obtained in BC only relying on the addition of oxidants. Herein, an environmentally friendly and oxygen-enriched functional groups adsorbent, namely Chlamydomonas BC (CBC), was fabricated via simple pyrolysis process. Then, the H-bonding, electron donor-acceptor and electrostatic attraction were identified as the main mechanisms regarding sulfathiazole (STZ) adsorption (506.38 mg/g). The carbon-oxygen functional groups on the surface of CBC (61%), especially -COOH and -OH, acted as a pivotal component. Additionally, further theoretical calculation led to the observation that STZ exhibited the highest chemical reactivity (η = 0.04), strong electron exchange capacity (μ = -0.16), remarkable electron accepting capacity (ω = 0.28) and excellent electron transfer efficiency (EHOMO-ELUMO gap = 0.29) under the influence of thiazolyl. The electrophilic sulfonamide group and the nucleophilic thiazole were identified as the main active sites of STZ. In summary, the results of this research provide a guiding role for the preparation of adsorbents driven by the structural characteristics of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Huangzhao Wei
- Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Peng Shi
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150050, PR China
| | - Haixing Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, PR China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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6
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Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets based magnetic solid phase extraction for the extraction of phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides from water samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463519. [PMID: 36162251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-efficiency caption of pesticide residue is of vital significance for environmental safety monitoring. Herein, a hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets-based magnetic composite (Fe3O4@h-BNNSs) was synthesized and applied for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of five phenoxy carboxylic acid (PCA) herbicides from water samples. Based on the π-π interaction, hydrogen bond and halogen bond, the Fe3O4@h-BNNSs composite showed excellent adsorption ability towards PCA herbicides. Several main variables that influenced the extraction efficiencies of PCA herbicides were investigated and optimized via single-factor experiment. Combining this Fe3O4@h-BNNSs composite-based MSPE with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a novel sensitive method for the analysis of PCA herbicides was developed. Under the most favorable conditions, the proposed method displayed good linear ranges (20.0-10000.0 ng L-1), low limits of detection (5.6-10.3 ng L-1), satisfactory precisions (1.1-6.8%) and recoveries (76.6-107.2%). Overall, the present work can be a versatile and worthy utility for the determination of PCA herbicides from different water samples.
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7
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Jia W, Zhang M, Zhu J, Shi L. Strategies for studying in vivo biochemical formation pathways and multilevel distributions of sulfanilamide metabolites in food (2012-2022). Food Chem 2022; 388:133039. [PMID: 35489175 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamide metabolites are a major source of food pollution worldwide. However, the formation of internal sulfanilamide metabolites has only been investigated for selected compounds. In this paper, the fragmentation mechanism and characteristic ions of sulfonamide metabolites are reviewed using density functional theory and Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The result of the protonation site, rearrangement and bond breaking induced fragmentations at C6H6NO2S+m/z 156.01138, C6H6NO+m/z 108.04439, and C6H6N+m/z 92.04948. Mass shifts are calculated for derivative metabolites, including hydrogenation, acetylation, oxidation, glucosylation, glucosidation, sulfation, deamination, formylation, desulfonation and O-aminomethylation. Given their homologous series, it is demonstrated that similar metabolic reactions occur for all sulfonamides. The suspicious sulfonamide metabolites are confirmed by d-labelling experiments and reference standards. This is the first review of the latest advances in the field of sulfonamide metabolite prediction (2012-2022), and scheme design for metabolite multirresidue screening, as well as the challenges in the mass spectrometry evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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8
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Jin Z, Liu M, Huang X, Zhang X, Qu Z, Zhu JJ, Min Q. Top-Down Rational Engineering of Heteroatom-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection and Imaging of Small Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7609-7618. [PMID: 35575691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is widely applied in mapping macrobiomolecules in tissues, but it is still limited in profiling low-molecular-weight (MW) compounds (typically metabolites) due to ion interference and suppression by organic matrices. Here, we present a versatile "top-down" strategy for rational engineering of carbon material-based matrices, by which heteroatom-doped graphene quantum dots (HGQDs) were manufactured for LDI MS detection and imaging of small biomolecules. The HGQDs derived from parent materials inherited the π-conjugated networks and doping sites for promoting energy transfer and negative ion generation, while their extremely small size guaranteed the matrix uniformity and signal reproducibility in LDI MSI. Compared to other HGQDs, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) exhibited superior capability of assisting LDI of various small molecules, including amino acids, fatty acids, saccharides, small peptides, nucleobases, anticancer drugs, and bisphenol pollutants. Density functional theory simulations also corroborated that the LDI efficiency was markedly raised by the proton-capturing pyridinic nitrogen species and compromised by the electron-deficient boron dopants. NGQDs-assisted LDI MS further enabled label-free investigation on enzyme kinetics using an ordinary short peptide as the substrate. Moreover, due to the high salt tolerance and signal reproducibility, the proposed negative-ion NGQDs-assisted LDI MSI was able to reveal the abundance and distribution of low-MW species in rat brain tissue and achieved the imaging of low-MW lipids in coronally sectioned rat brains subjected to traumatic brain injury. Our work offers a new route for customizing nanomaterial matrices toward LDI MSI of small biomolecules in biomedical and pathological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zexing Qu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth for electric field enhanced thin film microextraction of sulfonamides in animal-derived food. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Liu C, Song D, Yang Z, Wang Z, Pan P, Liu J, Yang X, Li R, Zhu Z, Xue F. Research on advanced methods of electrochemiluminescence detection combined with optical imaging analysis for the detection of sulfonamides. Analyst 2021; 146:7611-7617. [PMID: 34783798 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel method that combines electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis and digital image processing was developed for the detection of sulfonamides. This method is based on the ECL system of ruthenium terpyridine, with 1 mM tripropylamine as a co-reactant to enhance the performance. Under the optimal conditions comprising a solution of pH 7 and a scanning rate of 0.08 V s-1, the Pt electrode has an excellent linear detection range from 5 μM to 5 mM, with a detection limit of 0.85 μM (S/N = 3). A wireless camera is used to record the light-emitting process. The recordings are processed, and the digital images are extracted using image-processing algorithms implemented in Python to calculate the brightness value of the image, which has a linear relationship with the logarithm of the sulfonamide concentration. Image analysis simplifies and improves the stability of the ECL analysis process, while also increasing the speed of analysis. The results indicate that the method can successfully detect a sulfonamide concentration of 5 μM. Thus, the analysis method of ECL combined with image processing is feasible for the detection of sulfonamides, thereby displaying its potential applicability as a novel method in drug and food safety, for instance, for sulfonamide detection in antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Dianyou Song
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Zhengchun Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Peng Pan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Ruirui Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Zikang Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Fengjun Xue
- Wuhan Running Education Research Institute, Wuhan 430000, China
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Characterisation of key odorants causing honey aroma in Feng-flavour Baijiu during the 17-year ageing process by multivariate analysis combined with foodomics. Food Chem 2021; 374:131764. [PMID: 34891091 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Honey aroma is a typical sensory characteristic of Feng-flavour Baijiu, which originates from a unique manufacturing process, the formation mechanism of which is unclear. Multivariate analysis combined with foodomics assisted by sensory evaluation was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of honey aroma formation in Feng-flavour Baijiu during the 17-year ageing process. A total of 1995 compounds was identified, and 47 variables were screened as significant substances according to variable importance in projection and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (|ρ| > 0.7), which corroborated that the long-term interaction between Baijiu and storage containers was the dominant origin of honey aroma. Recombination and omission experiments further validated the important contributions of significant substances, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. A typical honey aroma dominated by fruity, floral, sweet and nutty notes was successfully simulated, and nutty notes could be enhanced by amides, whereas amines presented masking effects on fruity and floral aromas.
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