1
|
Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Lv M, Qu G, Nerin C, Jiang G. Application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and the Derived Collision Cross Section in the Analysis of Environmental Organic Micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21485-21502. [PMID: 38091506 PMCID: PMC10753811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid gas-phase separation technique, which can distinguish ions on the basis of their size, shape, and charge. The IMS-derived collision cross section (CCS) can serve as additional identification evidence for the screening of environmental organic micropollutants (OMPs). In this work, we summarize the published experimental CCS values of environmental OMPs, introduce the current CCS prediction tools, summarize the use of IMS and CCS in the analysis of environmental OMPs, and finally discussed the benefits of IMS and CCS in environmental analysis. An up-to-date CCS compendium for environmental contaminants was produced by combining CCS databases and data sets of particular types of environmental OMPs, including pesticides, drugs, mycotoxins, steroids, plastic additives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as their well-known transformation products. A total of 9407 experimental CCS values from 4170 OMPs were retrieved from 23 publications, which contain both drift tube CCS in nitrogen (DTCCSN2) and traveling wave CCS in nitrogen (TWCCSN2). A selection of publicly accessible and in-house CCS prediction tools were also investigated; the chemical space covered by the training set and the quality of CCS measurements seem to be vital factors affecting the CCS prediction accuracy. Then, the applications of IMS and the derived CCS in the screening of various OMPs were summarized, and the benefits of IMS and CCS, including increased peak capacity, the elimination of interfering ions, the separation of isomers, and the reduction of false positives and false negatives, were discussed in detail. With the improvement of the resolving power of IMS and enhancements of experimental CCS databases, the practicability of IMS in the analysis of environmental OMPs will continue to improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Meilin Lv
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of
Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Canellas E, Vera P, Nerin C, Goshawk J, Dreolin N. Migration of contaminants from printed masks for children to saliva simulant using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility-time of flight-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115644. [PMID: 37924803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to children using polymeric FFP2 and polymeric surgical masks on a daily basis. Children often bite and suck on such masks as they wear them closed to their mouths. In this work, the migration of contaminants from printed and unprinted children`s masks to a saliva simulant has been studied. Liquid chromatography coupled to ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used for the detection and identification of non-volatile migrants. An orthogonal projection to latent structures - discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to compare the data from the printed masks against the data from the unprinted ones. Headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to assess the migration of volatile compounds. Thirteen compounds were found in the masks with concentrations ranging from 5 ng/g to 254 ng/g. Toluene, chlorobenzene, irganox 1076 and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate were all found to migrate from the masks studied. Moreover, differences between the migrants from printed and unprinted FFP2 masks were found. Octocrylene, 4-(dimethylamine)benzoate, methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphate were found to migrate only from printed masks. Toluene that migrated from all the masks studied and tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphate, that migrated only from printed masks, have been listed as hazardous priority substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guan MY, Zhong HN, Wang ZW, Yu WW, Hu CY. Chemical contaminants from food contact materials and articles made from or containing wood and bamboo - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:434-453. [PMID: 36693199 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2167003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to recently introduced 'so-called' bio- and plant-based friendly food contact materials and articles (FCM/FCA), some neglected safety issues need to be raised. In this review, potential chemical contaminants from FCM/FCA made from or containing wood and bamboo are presented. Sources, migration, and analytical issues in determining contaminants including intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS, respectively) are reviewed. Most of the contaminants are components from melamine-formaldehyde-resin (MFR), paints and coatings, preservatives, and bleaching agents. Tableware made of MFR containing bamboo fibres as a filler are not always suitable for use as tableware since harmful amounts of melamine and formaldehyde can migrate from the tableware into food and even accelerate the degradation of certain polymers with which they are mixed. In addition, in the EU bamboo in plastic FCM is not authorized under Regulation (EU) 10/2011. Paints and coatings used to provide surface coverage for bamboo and wooden articles also pose a risk of migration of heavy metals. Limits on preservatives in wood FCM are covered by legislation in many countries, nevertheless their contamination should not be ignored. Some wood species are considered 'toxic' or contain 'toxic' constituents that should not be used in contact with food, which are worth considering for legislation. IAS analyses in bamboo and wooden FCM is generally not a problem, but has proven to be more challenging for NIAS. Due to a complex mixture of substances contained in plant-based materials, there is a need to improve databases for non-target screening of such chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ying Guan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packing Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| |
Collapse
|