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Wei L, Chen B, Li X, Shi H, Xie S, Hu H, Chen W, Wei L, Wang X, Chen C. The HOG-pathway related AaOS1 leads to dicarboximide-resistance in field strains of Alternaria alternata and contributes, together with the Aafhk1, to mycotoxin production and virulence. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2937-2949. [PMID: 38297826 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic leaf spot (GLS) caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the main diseases in the garlic production areas, and its management heavily relies on dicarboximide fungicides. However, the efficacy of dicarboximides against the GLS disease has decreased year on year. RESULTS In the present study, 10 of 148 A. alternata strains separated from Jiangsu Province were moderately resistant (MR) to a dicarboximide fungicide procymidone (ProMR). Positive cross-resistance was observed between Pro and iprodione (Ipro) or fludioxonil (Fld), but not between Pro and fluazinam or azoxystrobin. Mutations at AaOS1, but not Aafhk1, were confirmed to confer the Pro resistance by constructing replacement mutants, whereas mutations at both AaOS1 and Aafhk1 decreased the gene expression level of AapksI, as well as the ability to produce mycotoxin AOH (polyketide-derived alternariol) and virulence. Additionally, more genes (AaOS1 and Aafhk1) harboring the mutations experienced a larger biological fitness penalty. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report on Pro resistance selected in garlic fields, and mutations at AaOS1 of A. alternata causing a decreased ability to produce the mycotoxin AOH. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wei L, Chen B, Li J, Zhang P, Chen W, Ye W, Chen C. Resistance mechanism of Phomopsis longicolla to fludioxonil is associated with modifications in PlOS1, PlOS4 and PlOS5. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105862. [PMID: 38685239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Phomopsis longicolla, a causal agent of soybean root rot, stem blight, seed decay, pod and stem canker, which seriously affects the yield and quality of soybean production worldwide. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil exhibits a broad spectrum and high activity against phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, the baseline sensitivity of 100 P. longicolla isolates collected from the main soybean production areas of China to fludioxonil were determined. The result showed that the EC50 values of all the P. longicolla isolates ranged from 0.013 to 0.035 μg/ml. Furthermore, 12 fludioxonil-resistance (FluR) mutants of P. longicolla were generated from 6 fludioxonil-sensitive (FluS) isolates. and the resistance factors (RF) of 12 FluR mutants were >3500. Sequence alignment showed that multiple mutation types were found in PlOS1, PlOS4 or/and PlOS5 of FluR mutants. All the FluR mutants exhibited fitness penalty in mycelial growth, conidiation, virulence and osmo-adaptation. Under fludioxonil or NaCl treatment condition, the glycerol accumulation was significantly increased in FluS isolates, but was slightly increased in FluR mutants, and the phosphorylation level of most FluR mutants was significantly decreased when compared to the FluS isolates. Additionally, positive cross-resistance was observed between fludioxonil and procymidone but not fludioxonil and pydiflumetofen, pyraclostrobin or fluazinam. This is first reported that the baseline sensitivity of P. longicolla to fludioxonil, as well as the biological and molecular characterizations of P. longicolla FluR mutants to fludioxonil. These results can provide scientific directions for controlling soybean diseases caused by P. longicolla using fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Wei L, Shi H, Chen B, Li X, Chen W, Wu C, Gai Y, Chen C. Functional Plasticity, Redundancy, and Specificity of Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase in Regulating the Sensitivity to DMIs in Calonectria ilicicola. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8444-8459. [PMID: 38574108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a key enzyme involved in the sterol biosynthesis pathway and serves as a target for sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). In this study, the 3D structures of three CPY51 paralogues from Calonectria ilicicola (C. ilicicola) were first modeled by AlphaFold2, and molecular docking results showed that CiCYP51A, CiCYP51B, or CiCYP51C proteins individually possessed two active pockets that interacted with DMIs. Our results showed that the three paralogues play important roles in development, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to DMI fungicides. Specifically, CiCYP51A primarily contributed to cell wall integrity maintenance and tolerance to abiotic stresses, and CiCYP51B was implicated in sexual reproduction and virulence, while CiCYP51C exerted negative regulatory effects on sterol 14α-demethylase activity within the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, revealing its genus-specific function in C. ilicicola. These findings provide valuable insights into developing rational strategies for controlling soybean red crown rot caused by C. ilicicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiping Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chengdong Wu
- Pukou District Modern Agricultural Development Service Center of Nanjing City, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Dong D, Huang R, Hu Y, Yang X, Xu D, Jiang Z. Assessment of Candidate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies Using RT-qPCR in Colletotrichum fructicola from Litchi. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2216. [PMID: 38137037 PMCID: PMC10743022 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit originating from southern China that is currently cultivated in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide. Litchi anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, a dominant species of Colletotrichum spp., is an important disease of litchi that damages the fruits in fields and in post-harvest storage. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a common technique with which to detect the expression of and function of target genes quickly and precisely, and stable reference genes are crucial. However, there is no comprehensive information on suitable reference genes of C. fructicola present. Here, we designed eight candidate genes (GAPDH, α-tubulin, 18S, β-tubulin, EF1a, TATA, RPS5, and EF3) using RefFinder software (programs: geNorm, ΔCt, BestKeeper, and NormFinder) to investigate their reliability in the detection of C. fructicola under five different treatments (fungal development stage, temperature, UV, culture medium, and fungicide). The results showed the optimal reference genes under different conditions: EF1a and α-tubulin for developmental stage; α-tubulin and β-tubulin for temperature; α-tubulin and RPS5 for UV treatment; RPS5 and α-tubulin for culture medium; α-tubulin, GAPDH, and TATA for fungicide treatments. The corresponding expression patterns of HSP70 (Heat shock protein 70) were significantly different when the most and the least stable reference genes were selected when treated under different conditions. Our study provides the first detailed list of optimal reference genes for the analysis of gene expression in C. fructicola via RT-qPCR, which should be useful for future functional studies of target genes in C. fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingming Dong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.D.); (R.H.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Rong Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Yuzhuan Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Dagao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (D.D.); (R.H.)
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Yu XH, Dong J, Fan CP, Chen MX, Li M, Zheng BF, Hu YF, Lin HY, Yang GF. Discovery and Development of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase as a Novel Crop Fungicide Target. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19396-19407. [PMID: 38035573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi pose a significant threat to crop yields and quality, and the emergence of fungicide resistance has further exacerbated the problem in agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient and environmentally friendly fungicides. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of (+)-Usnic acid and its inhibitory effect on crop pathogenic fungal 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases (HPPDs) and determined the structure of Zymoseptoria tritici HPPD (ZtHPPD)-(+)-Usnic acid complex. Thus, the antifungal target of (+)-Usnic acid and its inhibitory basis toward HPPD were uncovered. Additionally, we discovered a potential lead fungicide possessing a novel scaffold that displayed remarkable antifungal activities. Furthermore, our molecular docking analysis revealed the unique binding mode of this compound with ZtHPPD, explaining its high inhibitory effect. We concluded that HPPD represents a promising target for the control of phytopathogenic fungi, and the new compound serves as a novel starting point for the development of fungicides and dual-purpose pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-He Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jin Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Peng Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Feng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Fang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Dorigan AF, Moreira SI, da Silva Costa Guimarães S, Cruz-Magalhães V, Alves E. Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4731-4753. [PMID: 37592727 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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