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Wan D, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Pan J. Enzyme-Responsive Micelles with High Drug-Loading Capacity for Antitumor Therapy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400503. [PMID: 39212311 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
To overcome the poor targeting of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and the defects of low drug-loading capacity of conventional drug delivery systems, novel drug delivery systems with high drug-loading capacity are developed. Herein, the high drug-loaded mPEG79-GFLGDDD-DOX copolymer is first synthesized via an amide reaction, which can bond multiplex DOX. After PEGylation, the drug can resist the adsorption of proteins in the plasma in blood circulation, avoid being rapidly cleared out of the body, and prolong the circulation time of the drug in the blood, which is conducive to the enrichment of micelles in tumor tissues through the EPR effect. In tumor tissues, the peptide Glycine- Phenylalanine- Leucine- Glycine (GFLG) is recognized and sheared by overexpressed cathepsin B, which stripped the outer layer of methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) and made it more readily available for uptake by tumor cells. After entering the tumor cells, the bonded DOX and the physically encapsulated DOX in the micelles played a synergistic role, realizing the killing of tumor cells, thus effectively enhancing the therapeutic effect on tumors. The findings in this work suggest that a high drug-loading drug delivery system has great potential in the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jie Pan
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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2
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Liu J, Wang X, Chang J, Du P, Wu J, Hou R, Zhu S, Liu P, Miao X, Zhang P, Zhang Z. Green synthesized lignin nanoparticles for the sustainable delivery of pyraclostrobin to control strawberry diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133488. [PMID: 38944092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, renowned for its renewable, biocompatible, and environmentally benign characteristics, holds immense potential as a sustainable feedstock for agrochemical formulations. In this study, raw dealkaline lignin (DAL) underwent a purification process involving two sequential solvent extractions. Subsequently, an enzyme-responsive nanodelivery system (Pyr@DAL-NPs), was fabricated through the solvent self-assembly method, with pyraclostrobin (Pyr) loaded into lignin nanoparticles. The Pyr@DAL-NPs shown an average particle size of 250.4 nm, demonstrating a remarkable loading capacity of up to 54.70 % and an encapsulation efficiency of 86.15 %. Notably, in the presence of cellulase and pectinase at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the release of Pyr from the Pyr@DAL-NPs reached 92.66 % within 120 h. Furthermore, the photostability of Pyr@DAL-NPs was significantly improved, revealing a 2.92-fold enhancement compared to the commercially available fungicide suspension (Pyr SC). Bioassay results exhibited that the Pyr@DAL-NPs revealed superior fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea over Pyr SC, with an EC50 value of 0.951 mg/L. Additionally, biosafety assessments indicated that the Pyr@DAL-NPs effectively declined the acute toxicity of Pyr towards zebrafish and posed no negative effects on the healthy growth of strawberry plants. In conclusion, this study presents a viable and promising strategy for developing environmentally friendly controlled-release systems for pesticides, offering the unique properties of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinzhe Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengrui Du
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiquan Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoran Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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You C, Lin H, Ning L, Ma N, Wei W, Ji X, Wei S, Xu P, Zhang D, Wang F. Advances in the Design of Functional Cellulose Based Nanopesticide Delivery Systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11295-11307. [PMID: 38717296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of science and technology, coupled with the growing environmental consciousness among individuals, has led to a shift in pesticide development from traditional methods characterized by inefficiency and misuse toward a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach. Cellulose, as the most abundant natural renewable resource, has opened up a new avenue in the field of biobased drug carriers by developing cellulose-based drug delivery systems. These systems offer unique advantages in terms of deposition rate enhancement, modification facilitation, and environmental impact reduction when designing nanopesticides. Consequently, their application in the field of nanoscale pesticides has gained widespread recognition. The present study provides a comprehensive review of cellulose modification methods, carrier types for cellulose-based nanopesticides delivery systems (CPDS), and various stimulus-response factors influencing pesticide release. Additionally, the main challenges in the design and application of CPDS are summarized, highlighting the immense potential of cellulose-based materials in the field of nanopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun You
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Hanchen Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Like Ning
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Ji
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyu Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Daihui Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
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Zhang MR, Fang LL, Guo Y, Wang Q, Li YJ, Sun HF, Xie SY, Liang Y. Advancements in Stimulus-Responsive Co-Delivery Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3387-3404. [PMID: 38617801 PMCID: PMC11012697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach against tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) making significant clinical practice. The traditional ICIs, PD-1 and PD-L1, augment the cytotoxic function of T cells through the inhibition of tumor immune evasion pathways, ultimately leading to the initiation of an antitumor immune response. However, the clinical implementation of ICIs encounters obstacles stemming from the existence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and inadequate infiltration of CD8+T cells. Considerable attention has been directed towards advancing immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a potential solution to counteract tumor cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This approach holds promise in transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors that exhibit responsiveness to antitumor. By combining ICD with ICIs, a synergistic immune response against tumors can be achieved. However, the combination of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is hindered by issues such as poor targeting and uncontrolled drug release. An advantageous solution presented by stimulus-responsive nanocarrier is integrating the physicochemical properties of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, facilitating precise delivery to specific tissues for optimal combination therapy. Moreover, these nanocarriers leverage the distinct features of the tumor microenvironment to accomplish controlled drug release and regulate the kinetics of drug delivery. This article aims to investigate the advancement of stimulus-responsive co-delivery nanocarriers utilizing ICD and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Special focus is dedicated to exploring the advantages and recent advancements of this system in enabling the combination of ICIs and ICD inducers. The molecular mechanisms of ICD and ICIs are concisely summarized. In conclusion, we examine the potential research prospects and challenges that could greatly enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Fang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, YanTai, ShanDong, 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
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Dong Y, Jiang T, Wu T, Wang W, Xie Z, Yu X, Peng Y, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhong T. Enzyme-responsive controlled-release materials for food preservation and crop protection - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:128051. [PMID: 37956811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of environmentally friendly and efficient methods to control food spoilage and crop diseases has become a new worldwide trend. In the medical field, various enzyme-responsive controlled-release drug formulations have been developed for precision therapy. Recently, these materials and techniques have also begun to be applied in the fields of food preservation and agricultural protection. This review of contemporary research focuses on applications of enzyme-responsive controlled-release materials in the field of food preservation and crop protection. It covers a variety of composite controlled-release materials triggered by different types of enzymes and describes in detail their composition and structure, controlled-release mechanisms, and practical application effects. The enzyme-responsive materials have been employed to control foodborne pathogens, fungi, and pests. These enzyme-responsive controlled-release materials exhibit excellent capabilities for targeted drug delivery. Upon contact with microorganisms or pests, the polymer shell of the material is degraded by secreted enzymes from these organisms, thereby releasing drugs that kill or inhibit the organisms. In addition, multi-enzyme sensitive carriers have been created to improve the effectiveness and broad spectrum of the delivery system. The increasing trend towards the use of enzyme-responsive controlled-release materials has opened up countless possibilities in food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Tong Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Wenrui Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Zesen Xie
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Ye Peng
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao.
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Vinothini K, Nakkeeran S, Saranya N, Jothi P, Prabu G, Pavitra K, Afzal M. Metagenomic profiling of tomato rhizosphere delineates the diverse nature of uncultured microbes as influenced by Bacillus velezensis VB7 and Trichoderma koningiopsis TK towards the suppression of root-knot nematode under field conditions. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38058363 PMCID: PMC10695903 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.,) play a pivotal role to devastate vegetable crops across the globe. Considering the significance of plant-microbe interaction in the suppression of Root Knot Nematode, we investigated the diversity of microbiome associated with bioagents-treated and nematode-infected rhizosphere soil samples through metagenomics approach. The wide variety of organisms spread across different ecosystems showed the highest average abundance within each taxonomic level. In the rhizosphere, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial taxa, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota were prevalent among the fungal taxa. Regardless of the specific treatments, bacterial genera like Bacillus, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas were consistently found in high abundance. Shannon diversity index vividly ensured that, bacterial communities were maximum in B. velezensis VB7-treated soil (1.4-2.4), followed by Root Knot Nematode-associated soils (1.3-2.2), whereas richness was higher with Trichoderma konigiopsis TK drenched soils (1.3-2.0). The predominant occurrence of fungal genera such as Aspergillus Epicoccum, Choanephora, Alternaria and Thanatephorus habituate rhizosphere soils. Shannon index expressed the abundant richness of fungal species in treated samples (1.04-0.90). Further, refraction and species diversity curve also depicted a significant increase with maximum diversity of fungal species in B. velezensis VB7-treated soil than T. koningiopsis and nematode-infested soil. In field trial, bioagents-treated tomato plant (60% reduction of Meloidogyne incognita infection) had reduced gall index along with enhanced plant growth and increased fruit yield in comparison with the untreated plant. Hence, B. velezensis VB7 and T. koingiopsis can be well explored as an antinemic bioagents against RKN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03851-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vinothini
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - S. Nakkeeran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - N. Saranya
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - P. Jothi
- Department of Nematology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - G. Prabu
- Director, Syngenome (OPC) Private Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - K. Pavitra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Farooq S, Xu L, Ostovan A, Qin C, Liu Y, Pan Y, Ping J, Ying Y. Assessing the greenification potential of cyclodextrin-based molecularly imprinted polymers for pesticides detection. Food Chem 2023; 429:136822. [PMID: 37450994 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, with their unparalleled attributes of eco-friendliness, natural abundance, versatile utility, and facile functionalization, make a paramount contribution to the field of molecular imprinting. Leveraging the unique properties of cyclodextrins in molecularly imprinted polymers synthesis has revolutionized the performance of molecularly imprinted polymers, resulting in enhanced adsorption selectivity, capacity, and rapid extraction of pesticides, while also circumventing conventional limitations. As the concern for food quality and safety continues to grow, the need for standard analytical methods to detect pesticides in food and environmental samples has become paramount. Cyclodextrins, being non-toxic and biodegradable, present an attractive option for greener reagents in imprinting polymers that can also ensure environmental safety post-application. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the significance of cyclodextrins in molecular imprinting for pesticide detection in food and environmental samples. The recent advancements in the synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers using cyclodextrins have been critically analyzed. Furthermore, the current limitations have been meticulously examined, and potential opportunities for greenification with cyclodextrin applications in this field have been discussed. By harnessing the advantages of cyclodextrins in molecular imprinting, it is possible to develop highly selective and efficient methods for detecting pesticides in food and environmental samples while also addressing the challenges of sustainability and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Farooq
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Lizhou Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Abbas Ostovan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunlian Qin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yingjia Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China.
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