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Gao Y, Feng Y, Chang Y, Zhu Z, Zhao H, Xu W, Zhao M, Xiao Y, Tian L, Xiu Y. Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside Rd and 7 Rare Ginsenosides Using Irpex lacteus with HPLC-HRMS/MS Identification. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22744-22753. [PMID: 38826525 PMCID: PMC11137714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The biotransformation of ginsenosides using microorganisms represents a promising and ecofriendly approach for the production of rare ginsenosides. The present study reports on the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 using the fungus Irpex lacteus, resulting in the production of ginsenoside Rd and seven rare ginsenosides with novel structures. Employing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, the identities of the transformation products were rapidly determined. Two sets of isomers with molecular weights of 980.56 and 962.55 were discovered among the seven rare ginsenosides, which were generated through the isomerization of the olefin chain in the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside skeleton. Each isomer exhibited characteristic fragment ions and neutral loss patterns in their tandem mass spectra, providing evidence of their unique structures. Time-course experiments demonstrated that the transformation reaction reached equilibrium after 14 days, with Rb1 initially generating Rd and compound 5, followed by the formation of other rare ginsenosides. The biotransformation process catalyzed by I. lacteus was found to involve not only the typical deglycosylation reaction at the C-20 position but also hydroxylation at the C-22 and C-23 positions, as well as hydrogenation, transfer, and cyclization of the double bond at the C-24(25) position. These enzymatic capabilities extend to the structural modification of other PPD-type ginsenosides such as Rc and Rd, revealing the potential of I. lacteus for the production of a wider range of rare ginsenosides. The transformation activities observed in I. lacteus are unprecedented among fungal biotransformations of ginsenosides. This study highlights the application of a medicinal fungi-based biotransformation strategy for the generation of rare ginsenosides with enhanced structural diversity, thereby expanding the variety of bioactive compounds derived from ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Feng
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Chang
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Zhao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Xiao
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tian
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Changchun University of
Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
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Wu Z, Dou W, Yang X, Niu T, Han Z, Yang L, Wang R, Wang Z. Novel glycosidase from Paenibacillus lactis 154 hydrolyzing the 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester bond of oleanane-type saponins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:282. [PMID: 38573330 PMCID: PMC10995091 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oleanane-type ginsenosides are a class of compounds with remarkable pharmacological activities. However, the lack of effective preparation methods for specific rare ginsenosides has hindered the exploration of their pharmacological properties. In this study, a novel glycoside hydrolase PlGH3 was cloned from Paenibacillus lactis 154 and heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed that PlGH3 consists of 749 amino acids with a molecular weight of 89.5 kDa, exhibiting the characteristic features of the glycoside hydrolase 3 family. The enzymatic characterization results of PlGH3 showed that the optimal reaction pH and temperature was 8 and 50 °C by using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate, respectively. The Km and kcat values towards ginsenoside Ro were 79.59 ± 3.42 µM and 18.52 s-1, respectively. PlGH3 exhibits a highly specific activity on hydrolyzing the 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester bond of oleanane-type saponins. The mechanism of hydrolysis specificity was then presumably elucidated through molecular docking. Eventually, four kinds of rare oleanane-type ginsenosides (calenduloside E, pseudoginsenoside RP1, zingibroside R1, and tarasaponin VI) were successfully prepared by biotransforming total saponins extracted from Panax japonicus. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of the GH3 family and provides a practical route for the preparation of rare oleanane-type ginsenosides through biotransformation. KEY POINTS: • The glucose at C-28 in oleanane-type saponins can be directionally hydrolyzed. • Mechanisms to interpret PlGH3 substrate specificity by molecular docking. • Case of preparation of low-sugar alternative saponins by directed hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Dou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuzhen Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Yang Q, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Yang B. New insights of flavonoid glycosidases and their application in food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 38117083 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are significant natural nutraceuticals and a key component of dietary supplements. Given that flavonoid glycosides are more plentiful in nature and less beneficial to human health than their aglycone counterparts, they serve as potential precursors for flavonoid production. Glycosidases have shown substantial potential within the food industry, particularly in enhancing the organoleptic properties of juice, wine, and tea. When applied to food resources, glycosidases can amplify their biological activities, thereby improving the performance of functional foods. This review provides up-to-date information on flavonoid glycosidases, including their catalytic mechanisms, biochemical properties, and natural sources, as well as their applications within the food industry. The use of flavonoid glycosidases in improving food quality is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Functional Food Group, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li N, Zhang R, Zhou J, Huang Z. Structures, Biochemical Characteristics, and Functions of β-Xylosidases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7961-7976. [PMID: 37192316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The complete degradation of abundant xylan derived from plants requires the participation of β-xylosidases to produce the xylose which can be converted to xylitol, ethanol, and other valuable chemicals. Some phytochemicals can also be hydrolyzed by β-xylosidases into bioactive substances, such as ginsenosides, 10-deacetyltaxol, cycloastragenol, and anthocyanidins. On the contrary, some hydroxyl-containing substances such as alcohols, sugars, and phenols can be xylosylated by β-xylosidases into new chemicals such as alkyl xylosides, oligosaccharides, and xylosylated phenols. Thus, β-xylosidases shows great application prospects in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on the molecular structures, biochemical properties, and bioactive substance transformation function of β-xylosidases derived from bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and metagenomes. The molecular mechanisms of β-xylosidases related to the properties and functions are also discussed. This review will serve as a reference for the engineering and application of β-xylosidases in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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