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Solanki D, Sakure A, Prakash S, Hati S. Characterization of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides produced in fermented camel milk (Indian breed) by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3567-3577. [PMID: 35875214 PMCID: PMC9304531 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fermented camel milk provides many health benefits like antidiabetic activity, anti-hypertensive activity etc. Fermented camel milk contains IPP or VPP rich ACE inhibitory peptides. The aim of this study was to spot the novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory peptides liberated by the potent proteolytic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15 from camel milk (Indian breed). NCDC-15 had exhibited maximum PepX activity (0.655) and ACE-inhibitory activity (78.33%) at 12 and 48 h of incubation at 37 °C respectively. Proteolytic activity was measured using o-phthaldialdehyde method and observed maximum (0.976 OD) at 2% of inoculation for 12 h of incubation at 37 °C. Water soluble extracts derived from fermented camel milk were ultrafiltered through 3 kDa, 5 kDa and 10 kDa membrane filters from which 3 kDa permeates (48.01% peptides production & 49.46% ACE-inhibition) and 10 kDa permeates (55.04% peptides production & 42.40% ACE-inhibition) had shown maximum peptides production and ACE-inhibitory activity. Overall, 24 peptides were identified from the samples of 3 kDa permeates [6 fractions (K1, L1, M1, N1, O1 and P1)] and 10 permeates [5 fractions (S, T, U, V and W)]. Novel peptide (AIGPVADLHI) was matched with k-casein in AHTPDB database and other peptides were also found matched with α and β-caseins of camel milk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05357-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyang Solanki
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110 India
| | - Amar Sakure
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110 India
| | - Sangeeta Prakash
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Subrota Hati
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110 India
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Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling Combined with Transcriptome Profiling Provides Mechanistic Understanding of Streptococcus thermophilus CH8 Metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0078022. [PMID: 35924931 PMCID: PMC9477255 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00780-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium adapted toward growth in milk and is a vital component of starter cultures for milk fermentation. Here, we combine genome-scale metabolic modeling and transcriptome profiling to obtain novel metabolic insights into this bacterium. Notably, a refined genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) accurately representing S. thermophilus CH8 metabolism was developed. Modeling the utilization of casein as a nitrogen source revealed an imbalance in amino acid supply and demand, resulting in growth limitation due to the scarcity of specific amino acids, in particular sulfur amino acids. Growth experiments in milk corroborated this finding. A subtle interdependency of the redox balance and the secretion levels of the key metabolites lactate, formate, acetoin, and acetaldehyde was furthermore identified with the modeling approach, providing a mechanistic understanding of the factors governing the secretion product profile. As a potential effect of high expression of arginine biosynthesis genes, a moderate secretion of ornithine was observed experimentally, augmenting the proposed hypothesis of ornithine/putrescine exchange as part of the protocooperative interaction between S. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in yogurt. This study provides a foundation for future community modeling of food fermentations and rational development of starter strains with improved functionality. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus thermophilus is one the main organisms involved in the fermentation of milk and, increasingly, also in the fermentation of plant-based foods. The construction of a functional high-quality genome-scale metabolic model, in conjunction with in-depth transcriptome profiling with a focus on metabolism, provides a valuable resource for the improved understanding of S. thermophilus physiology. An example is the model-based prediction of the most significant route of synthesis for the characteristic yogurt flavor compound acetaldehyde and identification of metabolic principles governing the synthesis of other flavor compounds. Moreover, the systematic assessment of amino acid supply and demand during growth in milk provides insights into the key challenges related to nitrogen metabolism that is imposed on S. thermophilus and any other organism associated with the milk niche.
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Fermentation of whey protein concentrate by Streptococcus thermophilus strains releases peptides with biological activities. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Analysis of the proteolytic system of Streptococcus thermophilus strains CS5, CS9, CS18 and CS20. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Markakiou S, Gaspar P, Johansen E, Zeidan AA, Neves AR. Harnessing the metabolic potential of Streptococcus thermophilus for new biotechnological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:142-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Alexandraki V, Kazou M, Blom J, Pot B, Papadimitriou K, Tsakalidou E. Comparative Genomics of Streptococcus thermophilus Support Important Traits Concerning the Evolution, Biology and Technological Properties of the Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2916. [PMID: 31956321 PMCID: PMC6951406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a major starter for the dairy industry with great economic importance. In this study we analyzed 23 fully sequenced genomes of S. thermophilus to highlight novel aspects of the evolution, biology and technological properties of this species. Pan/core genome analysis revealed that the species has an important number of conserved genes and that the pan genome is probably going to be closed soon. According to whole genome phylogeny and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, most S. thermophilus strains were grouped in two major clusters (i.e., clusters A and B). More specifically, cluster A includes strains with chromosomes above 1.83 Mbp, while cluster B includes chromosomes below this threshold. This observation suggests that strains belonging to the two clusters may be differentiated by gene gain or gene loss events. Furthermore, certain strains of cluster A could be further subdivided in subgroups, i.e., subgroup I (ASCC 1275, DGCC 7710, KLDS SM, MN-BM-A02, and ND07), II (MN-BM-A01 and MN-ZLW-002), III (LMD-9 and SMQ-301), and IV (APC151 and ND03). In cluster B certain strains formed one distinct subgroup, i.e., subgroup I (CNRZ1066, CS8, EPS, and S9). Clusters and subgroups observed for S. thermophilus indicate the existence of lineages within the species, an observation which was further supported to a variable degree by the distribution and/or the architecture of several genomic traits. These would include exopolysaccharide (EPS) gene clusters, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs)-CRISPR associated (Cas) systems, as well as restriction-modification (R-M) systems and genomic islands (GIs). Of note, the histidine biosynthetic cluster was found present in all cluster A strains (plus strain NCTC12958T) but was absent from all strains in cluster B. Other loci related to lactose/galactose catabolism and urea metabolism, aminopeptidases, the majority of amino acid and peptide transporters, as well as amino acid biosynthetic pathways were found to be conserved in all strains suggesting their central role for the species. Our study highlights the necessity of sequencing and analyzing more S. thermophilus complete genomes to further elucidate important aspects of strain diversity within this starter culture that may be related to its application in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voula Alexandraki
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kazou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bruno Pot
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Effie Tsakalidou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hafeez Z, Cakir-Kiefer C, Lecomte X, Miclo L, Dary-Mourot A. The X-prolyl dipeptidyl-peptidase PepX of Streptococcus thermophilus initially described as intracellular is also responsible for peptidase extracellular activity. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:113-123. [PMID: 30391182 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the hypothesis that the extracellular cell-associated X-prolyl dipeptidyl-peptidase activity initially described in Streptococcus thermophilus could be attributable to the intracellular X-prolyl dipeptidyl-peptidase PepX. For this purpose, a PepX-negative mutant of S. thermophilus LMD-9 was constructed by interrupting the pepX gene and named LMD-9-ΔpepX. When cultivated, the S. thermophilus LMD-9 wild type strain grew more rapidly than its ΔpepX mutant counterpart. Thus, the growth rate of the LMD-9-ΔpepX strain was reduced by a factor of 1.5 and 1.6 in milk and LM17 medium (M17 medium supplemented with 2% lactose), respectively. The negative effect of the PepX inactivation on the hydrolysis of β-casomorphin-7 was also observed. Indeed, when incubated with this peptide, the LMD-9-ΔpepX mutant cells were unable to hydrolyze it, whereas this peptide was completely degraded by the S. thermophilus LMD-9 wild type cells. This hydrolysis was not due to leakage of intracellular PepX, as no peptide hydrolysis was highlighted in cell-free filtrate of wild type strain. Therefore, based on these results, it can be presumed that though lacking an export signal, the intracellular PepX might have accessed the β-casomorphin-7 externally, perhaps via its galactose-binding domain-like fold, this domain being known to help enzymes bind to several proteins and substrates. Therefore, the identification of novel distinctive features of the proteolytic system of S. thermophilus will further enhance its credibility as a starter in milk fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Hafeez
- Université de Lorraine, Composés Alimentaires: Biofonctionnalités et Risques Neurotoxiques (CALBINOTOX), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Céline Cakir-Kiefer
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Produits Animaux (URAFPA), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Lecomte
- Université de Lorraine, Composés Alimentaires: Biofonctionnalités et Risques Neurotoxiques (CALBINOTOX), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Miclo
- Université de Lorraine, Composés Alimentaires: Biofonctionnalités et Risques Neurotoxiques (CALBINOTOX), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Annie Dary-Mourot
- Université de Lorraine, Composés Alimentaires: Biofonctionnalités et Risques Neurotoxiques (CALBINOTOX), F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Brasca M, Hogenboom JA, Morandi S, Rosi V, D'Incecco P, Silvetti T, Pellegrino L. Proteolytic Activity and Production of γ-Aminobutyric Acid by Streptococcus thermophilus Cultivated in Microfiltered Pasteurized Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8604-8614. [PMID: 27787997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A set of 191 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus were preliminarily screened for the presence of the genes codifying for cell envelope-associated proteinase (prtS) and for glutamate decarboxylase (gadB) responsible for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. The growth and proteolytic activity of the gadB-positive strains (9 presenting the prtS gene and 11 lacking it) were studied in microfiltered pasteurized milk. Degradation of both caseins (capillary electrophoresis) and soluble nitrogen fractions (HPLC) and changes in the profile of free amino acids (FAAs; ion-exchange chromatography) were evaluated at inoculation and after 6 and 24 h of incubation at 41 °C. None of the strains was capable of hydrolyzing caseins and β-lactoglobulin, and only two hydrolyzed part of α-lactalbumin, these proteins being present in their native states in pasteurized milk. Contrarily, most strains were able to hydrolyze peptones and peptides. For initial growth, most strains relied on the FAAs present in milk, whereas, after 6 h, prtS+ strains released variable amounts of FAA. One prtS+ strain expressed a PrtS- phenotype, and two prtS- strains showed a rather intense proteolytic activity. Only five strains (all prtS+) produced GABA, in variable quantities (up to 100 mg/L) and at different rates, depending on the acidification strength. Addition of glutamate did not induce production of GABA in nonproducing strains that, however, unexpectedly were shown to adopt the degradation of arginine into citrulline and ornithine as an alternative acid resistance system and likely as a source of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy , Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes A Hogenboom
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy , Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Rosi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Incecco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy , Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Pellegrino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
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Guo T, Ouyang X, Xin Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Kong J. Characterization of a New Cell Envelope Proteinase PrtP from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC11055. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6985-92. [PMID: 27585760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell envelope proteinases (CEPs) play essential roles in lactic acid bacteria growth in milk and health-promoting properties of fermented dairy products. The genome of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC11055 possesses two putative CEP genes prtP and prtR2, and the PrtP displays the distinctive domain organization from PrtR2 reported. The PrtP was purified and biochemically characterized. The results showed that the optimal activity occurred at 44 °C, pH 6.5. p-Amidinophenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride obviously inhibited enzymatic activity, suggesting PrtP was a member of serine proteinases. Under the optimal conditions, β-casein was a favorite substrate over αS1- and κ-casein, and 35 oligopeptides were identified in the β-casein hydrolysate, including the phosphoserine peptide and bioactive isoleucine-proline-proline. By analysis of the amino acid sequences of those oligopeptides, proline was the preferred residue at the breakdown site. Therefore, we speculated that PrtP was a new type of CEPs from Lb. rhamnosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Susu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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El Hatmi H, Jrad Z, Khorchani T, Jardin J, Poirson C, Perrin C, Cakir-Kiefer C, Girardet JM. Identification of bioactive peptides derived from caseins, glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GlyCAM-1), and peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 (PGRP-1) in fermented camel milk. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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