1
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Yoshida K. Chemical and biological study of flavonoid-related plant pigment: current findings and beyond. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:705-718. [PMID: 38632052 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant constituents. Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments found in higher plants that show a wide variety of colors ranging from red through purple to blue. The blue color of the flowers is mostly attributed to anthocyanins. However, only a few types of anthocyanidin, chromophore of anthocyanin, exist in nature, and the extracted pigments are unstable with the color fading away. Therefore, the wide range and stable nature of colors in flowers have remained a mystery for more than a century. The mechanism underlying anthocyanin-induced flower coloration was studied using an interdisciplinary method involving chemistry and biology. Furthermore, the chemical studies on flavonoid pigments in various edible plants, synthetic and biosynthetic studies on anthocyanins were conducted. The results of these studies have been outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Emeritus professor, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Katahira, Nagakute, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Japan
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2
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Maranata GJ, Megantara S, Hasanah AN. An Update in Computational Methods for Environmental Monitoring: Theoretical Evaluation of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of Natural Pigment-Metal Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:1680. [PMID: 38611959 PMCID: PMC11013237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metals are beneficial to life, but the presence of these elements in excessive amounts can harm both organisms and the environment; therefore, detecting the presence of metals is essential. Currently, metal detection methods employ powerful instrumental techniques that require a lot of time and money. Hence, the development of efficient and effective metal indicators is essential. Several synthetic metal detectors have been made, but due to their risk of harm, the use of natural pigments is considered a potential alternative. Experiments are needed for their development, but they are expensive and time-consuming. This review explores various computational methods and approaches that can be used to investigate metal-pigment interactions because choosing the right methods and approaches will affect the reliability of the results. The results show that quantum mechanical methods (ab initio, density functional theory, and semiempirical approaches) and molecular dynamics simulations have been used. Among the available methods, the density functional theory approach with the B3LYP functional and the LANL2DZ ECP and basis set is the most promising combination due to its good accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Various experimental studies were also in good agreement with the results of computational methods. However, deeper analysis still needs to be carried out to find the best combination of functions and basis sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Josephine Maranata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
| | - Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
- Drug Development Study Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Aliya Nur Hasanah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
- Drug Development Study Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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3
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Metal-induced color change in blackberry wine. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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Zhao YW, Wang CK, Huang XY, Hu DG. Anthocyanin stability and degradation in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1987767. [PMID: 34686106 PMCID: PMC9208790 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1987767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, have evolved in plants since the land was colonized by plants. These bioactive compounds play critical roles in diverse physiological processes. They are synthesized in the cytosol and transported into the vacuole for storage or to other destinations, where they function as bioactive molecules. The mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis and transport have been well studied. However, the precise regulation of the mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation remains to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the understanding of the characteristics and functions of anthocyanins and class III peroxidases, as well as of the existing evidence of the effects of class III peroxidases on the degradation of anthocyanins and the possible regulatory mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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5
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Granados Mendoza C, Martínez Salas EM, Goetghebeur P, Wanke S, Samain MS. Molecular Phylogeny, Character Evolution, and Biogeography of Hydrangea Section Cornidia, Hydrangeaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661522. [PMID: 34267769 PMCID: PMC8276264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hydrangea section Cornidia consists of 26 currently accepted species and a yet undefined number of new species and erroneously synonymized taxa. This clade consists of (sub)tropical lianas occurring from northern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina, and one species from Southeast Asia. Currently, no molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is available that includes more than a few species of this section. Hence, a resolved and well-sampled molecular phylogenetic hypothesis may help to enforce taxonomic decisions. In this study, we present a phylogenetic framework based on sequences from two low copy nuclear genes from a comprehensive taxon sampling of H. section Cornidia and a selection of outgroups. Our phylogenetic reconstructions prove the non-monophyly of the traditionally recognized subsections Monosegia and Polysegia and their corresponding series, Speciosae and Aphananthae, and Synstyleae and Chorystyleae, respectively. Three morphologically defined species were recovered with high support as monophyletic, namely, Hydrangea panamensis, Hydrangea serratifolia, and Hydrangea tarapotensis. However, statistical support for some shallow nodes did not allow to refute, with high support, the monophyly of several of the herein recognized species for which more than one individual could be analyzed. Based on the obtained phylogenetic framework, we reconstructed the evolution of selected reproductive characters. Hydrangea section Cornidia is the only genus section for which dioecism has been extensively documented. Our character reconstruction of sexual dimorphism shows that dioecism is the ancestral state in this section and that this was reversed to monoecy in Hydrangea seemannii and Hydrangea integrifolia. Character reconstruction for the enlarged marginal flowers recovered their presence as the ancestral character state in H. section Cornidia, although at least three internal lineages independently lost them; thus, losses were reconstructed to be more likely than gain. With respect to the flower color, more species exhibit white than red flowers, and white is reconstructed as the ancestral state. Cornidia also shows an unusual disjunct geographic distribution between Asia and Central Mesoamerica-South America, as it is not present in the USA and Canada. The origin of Cornidia is reconstructed to be the New World with higher probability, and the presence of one species in Asia is likely due to long-distance dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Granados Mendoza
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Esteban Manuel Martínez Salas
- Herbario Nacional de México, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Goetghebeur
- Ghent University Museum, Botanical Garden, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Stéphanie Samain
- Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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6
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Yoshida K, Ito D, Miki N, Kondo T. Single-cell analysis clarifies mosaic color development in purple hydrangea sepal. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3549-3557. [PMID: 33220077 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3-O-glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+ ). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors. In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single-cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co-pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro-HPLC. We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions. Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Miki
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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7
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YOSHIDA K, OYAMA KI, KONDO T. Insight into chemical mechanisms of sepal color development and variation in hydrangea. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:51-68. [PMID: 33563878 PMCID: PMC7897900 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a unique flower because it is composed of sepals rather than true petals that have the ability to change color. In the early 20th century, it was known that soil acidity and Al3+ content could intensify the blue hue of the sepals. In the mid-20th century, the anthocyanin component 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and the copigment components 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids (2-4) were reported. Interestingly, all hydrangea colors from red to purple to blue are produced by the same organic components. We were interested in this phenomenon and the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea color variation. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea sepal color development, including the structure of the blue complex, transporters involved in accumulation of aluminum ion (Al3+), and distribution of the blue complex and aluminum ions in living sepal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi YOSHIDA
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kin-ichi OYAMA
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadao KONDO
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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8
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The Regulation of Floral Colour Change in Pleroma raddianum (DC.) Gardner. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204664. [PMID: 33066182 PMCID: PMC7587386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral colour change is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms, but poorly understood from the genetic and chemical point of view. This article investigates this phenomenon in Pleroma raddianum, a Brazilian endemic species whose flowers change from white to purple. To this end, flavonoid compounds and their biosynthetic gene expression were profiled. By using accurate techniques (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)), thirty phenolic compounds were quantified. Five key genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were partially cloned, sequenced, and the mRNA levels were analysed (RT-qPCR) during flower development. Primary metabolism was also investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS), where carbohydrates and organic acids were identified. Collectively, the obtained results suggest that the flower colour change in P. raddianum is determined by petunidin and malvidin whose accumulation coincides with the transcriptional upregulation of early and late biosynthetic genes of the flavonoid pathway, mainly CHS and ANS, respectively. An alteration in sugars, organic acids and phenolic co-pigments is observed together with the colour change. Additionally, an increment in the content of Fe3+ ions in the petals, from the pink to purple stage, seemed to influence the saturation of the colour.
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9
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Prado JM, Veggi PC, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA. Extraction Methods for Obtaining Natural Blue Colorants. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181115125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive
to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing
health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look
for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which
are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from
natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins,
iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed.
Methods:
A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature.
The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of
finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing
the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption.
Results:
The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin.
While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are
algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana
L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources,
from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted
extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction,
and enzyme-assisted extraction.
Conclusion:
There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food
additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants
recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary
to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety
and acceptance of colored food using these additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C. Veggi
- Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), School of Chemical Engineering, 210 Sao Nicolau Street, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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10
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Ito T, Aoki D, Fukushima K, Yoshida K. Direct mapping of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5450. [PMID: 30932024 PMCID: PMC6443790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The original sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is blue, although it is well known that sepal color easily changes from blue through purple to red. All the colors are due to a unique anthocyanin, 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, and both aluminum ion (Al3+) and copigments, 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid are essential for blue coloration. A mixture of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, 5-O-acylquinic acid, and Al3+ in a buffer solution at pH 4 produces a stable blue solution with visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra identical to those of the sepals, then, we named this blue pigment as ‘hydrangea blue-complex’. The hydrangea blue-complex consists of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+, and 5-O-acylquinic acid in a ratio 1:1:1 as determined by the electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To map the distribution of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues, we carried out cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The spectrum of the reproduced hydrangea blue-complex with negative mode-detection gave a molecular ion at m/z = 841, which was consistent with the results of ESI-TOF MS. The same molecular ion peak at m/z = 841 was detected in freeze-fixed blue sepal-tissue. In sepal tissues, the blue cells were located in the second layer and the mass spectrometry imaging of the ion attributable to hydrangea blue-complex overlapped with the same area of the blue cells. In colorless epidermal cells, atomic ion of Al3+ was hardly detected and potassium adduct ion of 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 3-O-acylquinic acid were found. This is the first report about the distribution of aluminum, potassium, hydrangea blue-complex, and copigment in sepal tissues and the first evidence that aluminum and hydrangea blue-complex exist in blue sepal cells and are involved in blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Yoshida K, Ito D, Kondo T. Formation of an Aluminum Complex of 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid with Chiral Molecular Stacking under Vacuolar Condition. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Li X, Siddique F, Silva GTM, Quina FH, Lischka H, Aquino AJA. Quantum chemical evidence for the origin of the red/blue colors of Hydrangea macrophylla sepals. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ab initio quantum chemical study of the spectral properties of pigments that contribute to the color difference of red and blue Hydrangea macrophylla sepals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Farhan Siddique
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | | | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Hans Lischka
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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13
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Ito T, Oyama KI, Yoshida K. Direct Observation of Hydrangea Blue-Complex Composed of 3- O-Glucosyldelphinidin, Al 3+ and 5- O-Acylquinic Acid by ESI-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:E1424. [PMID: 29895788 PMCID: PMC6100629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue sepal color of hydrangea is due to a metal complex anthocyanin composed of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and an aluminum ion with the co-pigments 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2) and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (3). The three components, namely anthocyanin, Al3+ and 5-O-acylquinic acids, are essential for blue color development, but the complex is unstable and only exists in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the complex did not give analyzable NMR spectra or crystals. Therefore, many trials to determine the detailed chemical structure of the hydrangea-blue complex have not been successful to date. Instead, via experiments mixing 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3 in a buffered solution at pH 4.0, we obtained the same blue solution derived from the sepals. However, the ratio was not stoichiometric but fluctuated. To determine the composition of the complex, we tried direct observation of the molecular ion of the complex using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. In a very low-concentration buffer solution (2.0 mM) at pH 4.0, we reproduced the hydrangea-blue color by mixing 1, 2 and Al3+ in ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:3:1. All solution gave the same molecular ion peak at m/z = 843, indicating that the blue solution has a ratio of 1:1:1 for the complex. By using 3, the observed mass number was m/z = 827 and the ratio of 1, 3 and Al3+ was also 1:1:1. A mixture of 1, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) and Al3+ did not give any blue color but instead was purple, and the intensity of the molecular ion peak at m/z = 843 was very low. These results strongly indicate that the hydrangea blue-complex is composed of a ratio of 1:1:1 for 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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14
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da Silva C, Pioli RM, Liu L, Zheng S, Zhang M, Silva GTM, Carneiro VMT, Quina FH. Improved Synthesis of Analogues of Red Wine Pyranoanthocyanin Pigments. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:954-960. [PMID: 31457941 PMCID: PMC6641511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An improved procedure is described for the preparation of pyranoflavylium cations from the reaction of 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium cation with aromatic aldehydes. Modifications of the procedure of Chassaing et al. (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 6999-7004; Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 3066-3078) circumvent the reported restriction to electron-rich benzaldehydes and provide access to a wide variety of substituted pyranoflavylium cations, including those with electron-withdrawing substituents or an attached heterocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring. This opens the way for studies of substituent and structural effects on the ground and excited states of these pyranoanthocyanin analogues, the behavior of which should mirror fundamental aspects of the chemistry and photophysics of the pyranoanthocyanin chromophores present in mature red wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio
Pacheco da Silva
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renan Moraes Pioli
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Liu Liu
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shasha Zheng
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | | | - Vânia Maria Teixeira Carneiro
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal
de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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QUINA FRANKH, BASTOS ERICKL. Chemistry Inspired by the Colors of Fruits, Flowers and Wine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:681-695. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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From vine to wine: photophysics of a pyranoflavylium analog of red wine pyranoanthocyanins. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the ground state, the p-methoxyphenyl-substituted pyranoflavylium cation I, prepared by the reaction of the 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium cation with p-methoxybenzaldehyde, is a weak acid (pKa=3.7±0.1). In its lowest excited singlet state, I is a moderate photoacid (pKa*=0.67) in 30% methanol-water acidified with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In comparison to anthocyanins and 7-hydroxyflavylium cations, the photoacidity of I is much less pronounced and the rate of proton loss from the excited acid form of I much slower (by a factor of up to 100). In 50% ethanol:0.10 mol dm−3 HClO4, the excited state of the acid form of I undergoes fast (12 ps) initial relaxation (potentially in the direction of an intramolecular charge transfer state), followed by much slower (340 ps) adiabatic deprotonation to form the excited base. The excited base in turn exhibits a moderately fast relaxation (70 ps), consistent with solvent hydrogen-bond reorganization times, followed by slower but efficient decay (1240 ps) back to the ground state. As in uncomplexed anthocyanins and 7-hydroxyflavylium cations, the photophysical behavior of I points to excited state proton transfer as the dominant excited state deactivation pathway of pyranoanthocyanins, consistent with relatively good photostability of natural pyranoanthocyanins.
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17
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Kimura Y, Maeda T, Iuchi S, Koga N, Murata Y, Wakamiya A, Yoshida K. Characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using five pure anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosides possessing different chromophores. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Bojórquez-Quintal E, Escalante-Magaña C, Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M. Aluminum, a Friend or Foe of Higher Plants in Acid Soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1767. [PMID: 29075280 PMCID: PMC5643487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, but its availability depends on soil pH. Despite this abundance, Al is not considered an essential element and so far no experimental evidence has been put forward for a biological role. In plants and other organisms, Al can have a beneficial or toxic effect, depending on factors such as, metal concentration, the chemical form of Al, growth conditions and plant species. Here we review recent advances in the study of Al in plants at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, focusing mainly on the beneficial effect of Al in plants (stimulation of root growth, increased nutrient uptake, the increase in enzyme activity, and others). In addition, we discuss the possible mechanisms involved in improving the growth of plants cultivated in soils with acid pH, as well as mechanisms of tolerance to the toxic effect of Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Bojórquez-Quintal
- CONACYT-Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, Mexico
| | - Camilo Escalante-Magaña
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Manuel Martínez-Estévez,
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Vallverdú-Queralt A, Biler M, Meudec E, Guernevé CL, Vernhet A, Mazauric JP, Legras JL, Loonis M, Trouillas P, Cheynier V, Dangles O. p-Hydroxyphenyl-pyranoanthocyanins: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Their Acid-Base Properties and Molecular Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111842. [PMID: 27827954 PMCID: PMC5133842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of the wine pigments catechyl-pyranomalvidin-3-O-glucoside (PA1) and guaiacyl-pyranomalvidin-3-O-glucoside (PA2) are extensively revisited using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and quantum chemistry density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In mildly acidic aqueous solution, each cationic pigment undergoes regioselective deprotonation to form a single neutral quinonoid base and water addition appears negligible. Above pH = 4, both PA1 and PA2 become prone to aggregation, which is manifested by the slow build-up of broad absorption bands at longer wavelengths (λ ≥ 600 nm), followed in the case of PA2 by precipitation. Some phenolic copigments are able to inhibit aggregation of pyranoanthocyanins (PAs), although at large copigment/PA molar ratios. Thus, chlorogenic acid can dissociate PA1 aggregates while catechin is inactive. With PA2, both chlorogenic acid and catechin are able to prevent precipitation but not self-association. Calculations confirmed that the noncovalent dimerization of PAs is stronger with the neutral base than with the cation and also stronger than π–π stacking of PAs to chlorogenic acid (copigmentation). For each type of complex, the most stable conformation could be obtained. Finally, PA1 can also bind hard metal ions such as Al3+ and Fe3+ and the corresponding chelates are less prone to self-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28903 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Michal Biler
- INSERM UMR 850, University of Limoges, School of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Christine Le Guernevé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Aude Vernhet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Mazauric
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Legras
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Michèle Loonis
- INRA, UMR408 SQPOV, University of Avignon, 84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, University of Limoges, School of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, tř. 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Véronique Cheynier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX, France.
| | - Olivier Dangles
- INRA, UMR408 SQPOV, University of Avignon, 84000 Avignon, France.
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