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Felšöciová S, Sabo J, Čmiková N, Kowalczewski PŁ, Kačániová M. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220676. [PMID: 37711215 PMCID: PMC10499011 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological characteristics of the grapes are made up of a wide variety of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi. Their presence in grapes is traditionally associated with deterioration in quality. The health of the grapes is very important for obtaining quality wine. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of mycobiota on the surface and inside of different grapevine varieties at harvest time in the temperate climate of Slovakia and to identify potentially pathogenic isolates of Aspergillus and Penicillium producing selected mycotoxins. During the 2021 grape harvest, grapes were collected from the Small Carpathians wine region. Eleven grape samples were analyzed by the plating method and plating method with surface disinfection. Emphasis was placed on Aspergillus and Penicillium species because of their importance in mycotoxin production. Of the 605 fungal strains detected, 11 genera were identified in the exogenous mycobiota. The most common and abundant genera were Alternaria and Botrytis. In the genus Aspergillus, A. section Nigri is the most abundant, while in the genus Penicillium, P. raistrickii reached the highest frequency and abundance. Of the 379 strains detected and identified from the endogenous mycobiota, the most common genera were again Alternaria and Botrytis and the most abundant genus was Botrytis. Penicillium species were detected in 17% of all fungi found, with P. raistrickii dominating. The A. section Nigri reached only 4% of the relative density of all isolates. Potentially toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for toxinogenity by thin layer chromatography. The most important mycotoxin-producing species found were A. section Nigri but without ochratoxin A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Felšöciová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Sabo
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Natália Čmiková
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624Poznań, Poland
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
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Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020032. [PMID: 37218749 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Sophya B Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
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Conventional vs. organic vineyards: Black Aspergilli population structure, mycotoxigenic capacity and mycotoxin contamination assessment in wines, using a new Q-TOF MS-MS detection method. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dutra-Silva L, Pereira GE, Batista LR, Matteoli FP. Fungal diversity and occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi in tropical vineyards. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:112. [PMID: 34081209 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine cultivars are distributed worldwide, nevertheless the fermentation of its grape berries renders distinct wine products that are highly associated to the local fungal community. Despite the symbiotic association between wine and the fungal metabolism, impacting both the terroir and mycotoxin production, few studies have explored the vineyard ecosystem fungal community using both molecular marker sequencing and mycotoxin production assessment. In this study, we investigated the fungal community of three grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) in two tropical vineyards. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was performed on two biocompartments: grape berries (GB) and grapevine soil (GS); yielding a total of 578,495 fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 reads, which were used for taxonomic classification. GB and GS fungal communities were mainly constituted by Ascomycota phylum. GS harbors a significant richer and more diverse fungal community than GB. Among GB samples, Syrah grape berries exclusively shared fungal community included wine-associated yeasts (e.g. Saccharomycopsis vini) that may play key roles in wine terroir. Mycotoxin production assessment revealed the high potential of Aspergillus section Flavi and Penicillium section Citrina isolates to produce aflatoxin B1-B2 and citrinin, respectively. This is the first study to employ next-generation sequencing to investigate vineyard associated fungal community in Brazil. Our findings provide valuable insights on the available tools for fungal ecology assessment applied to food products emphasizing the coexistence between classical and molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Dutra-Silva
- Department of Food Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Giuliano E Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation/Embrapa Grape & Wine, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe P Matteoli
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Renaud JB, DesRochers N, Hoogstra S, Garnham CP, Sumarah MW. Structure Activity Relationship for Fumonisin Phytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1604-1611. [PMID: 33891387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by a number of species of Fusarium and Aspergillus. They are polyketides that possess a linear polyol structure with two tricarballylic acid side chains and an amine moiety. Toxicity results from their inhibition of Ceramide Synthase (CerS), which perturbs sphingolipid concentrations. The tricarballylic side chains and amine group of fumonisins are key molecular features responsible for inhibiting CerS, however their individual contributions toward overall toxicity are not fully understood. We have recently reported novel, deaminated fumonisins produced by A. niger and have identified an enzyme (AnFAO) responsible for their synthesis. Here we performed a structure/function activity assay to investigate the individual contributions of the tricarballylic acid and amine toward overall fumonisin toxicity. Lemna minor was treated at 40 μM against FB1, hydrolyzed FB1 (hFB1), deaminated FB1 (FPy1), or hydrolyzed/deaminated (hFPy1). Four end points were monitored: plant dry weight, frond surface area, lipidomics, and metabolomics. Overall, hFB1 was less toxic than FB1 and FPy1 was less toxic than hFB1. hFPy1 which lacks both the amine group and tricarballylic side chains was also less toxic than FB1 and hFB1, however it was not significantly less toxic than FPy1. Lipidomic analysis showed that FB1 treatment significantly increased levels of phosphotidylcholines, ceramides, and pheophorbide A, while significantly decreasing the levels of diacylglycerides, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides, and chlorophyll. Metabolomic profiling revealed a number of significantly increased compounds that were unique to FB1 treatment including phenylalanine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), S-methylmethionine, saccharopine, and tyrosine. Conversely, citrulline, N-acetylornithine and ornithine were significantly elevated in the presence of hFB1 but not any of the other fumonisin analogues. These data provide evidence that although removal of the tricarballylic side chains significantly reduces toxicity of fumonisins, the amine functional group is a key contributor to fumonisin toxicity in L. minor and justify future toxicity studies in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Natasha DesRochers
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shawn Hoogstra
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Christopher P Garnham
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Renaud JB, Hoogstra S, Quilliam MA, Sumarah MW. Normalization of LC-MS mycotoxin determination using the N-alkylpyridinium-3-sulfonates (NAPS) retention index system. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461901. [PMID: 33486444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for LC-MS analysis is the ability to compare data between laboratories and across instrument platforms. Currently, mycotoxin determination relies on dereplication strategies based on physicochemical properties such as the m/z of the precursor and product ions. Unlike these intrinsic properties, retention time (tR) is an extrinsic property impacted by LC conditions, including mobile phases and column chemistry, making exchange of data between groups difficult. To address this, we are introducing the concept of incorporating an electrospray compatible, retention index (RI) system based on a series of N-alkylpyridinium-3-sulfonates (NAPS) into routine mycotoxin determination. These standards of differing alkyl chain length span RI units from 100 to 2000, are UV active and have fixed positive and negative charges for electrospray ionization in either mode. Using high resolution LC-MS/MS, the RIs of 96 mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites were normalized as a proof of concept with the NAPS RI system under multiple pH, column and gradient chromatographic conditions. This method was then applied to the analysis of a crude extract of Penicillium roqueforti, where we were able to decrease the number of false positives by implementing an RI filter as well as a secondary correction factor. Additionally, we developed software that allows users to convert published RIs to a predicted tR values. Integration of the NAPS RI system into routine LC-MS analysis will improve compound identifications and help facilitate ease of data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shawn Hoogstra
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
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Garnham CP, Butler SG, Telmer PG, Black FE, Renaud JB, Sumarah MW. Identification and Characterization of an Aspergillus niger Amine Oxidase that Detoxifies Intact Fumonisins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13779-13790. [PMID: 33174732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin contamination of maize damaged by Fusarium verticillioides and related species is a major problem when it is grown under warm and dry conditions. Consumption of fumonisin contaminated food and feed is harmful to both humans and livestock. Novel tools for reducing or eliminating fumonisin toxicity may be useful to the agri-feed sector to deal with this worldwide problem. Enzymes capable of catabolizing fumonisins have been identified from microorganisms that utilize fumonisins as an energy source. However, fumonisin detoxifying enzymes produced by the very species that biosynthesize the toxin have yet to be reported. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a novel amine oxidase synthesized by the fumonisin-producing fungus Aspergillus niger. We have recombinantly expressed this A. niger enzyme in E. coli and demonstrated its ability to oxidatively deaminate intact fumonisins without requiring exogenous cofactors. This enzyme, termed AnFAO (A. niger fumonisin amine oxidase), displays robust fumonisin deamination activity across a broad range of conditions, has a high native melting temperature, and can be purified to >95% homogeneity at high yield in a one-step enrichment. AnFAO is a promising tool to remediate fumonisin-contaminated feed including maize destined for ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Garnham
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Shane G Butler
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Patrick G Telmer
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Friday E Black
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Huang X, Xiao Z, Kong F, Chen A, Perrone G, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang H. Diversity and ochratoxin A-fumonisin profile of black Aspergilli isolated from grapes in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are a common contaminant of grapes and a major source of mycotoxins. China is the largest producer of grape in the world now, however, the toxigenic Aspergillus population on grape in this country is still largely unknown. In this study, a total of 345 strains were isolated from grapes of 13 main grapevine producing regions in China. Based on calmodulin gene sequences, eight species within Aspergillus section Nigri were identified. Among them, Aspergillus tubingensis (48.7%) was predominant, followed by Aspergillus welwitschiae (20.6%) and Aspergillus aculeatinus (11%). Average of contamination level was up to 64.19%, and we found the occurrence of section Nigri species on the surface of fresh grapes was significantly influenced by the climate (P<0.05). The subtropical monsoon climate showed the highest fungal detection rate (72.45%), followed by the temperate monsoon climate (49.82%), and the lowest frequency was found in the temperate continental climate (37.23%). Regarding mycotoxin-producing capacity, 4.4% of the total tested section Nigri isolates (137) were positive for ochratoxin A (OTA) production and 59.6% were fumonisin B2 (FB2) producers. Of those, Aspergillus carbonarius was the main OTA producer and A. welwitschiae and Aspergillus niger were the main FB2 producers with different toxigenic ability. Our results highlight the potential risk of OTA and FB2 contamination by A. carbonarius and A. welwitschiae on grape in China, respectively; management strategies should be considered for preventing and reducing the toxigenic Aspergillus and its mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - Z. Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - F. Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.J. Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China P.R
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Z. Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
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High-throughput sequencing of microbial community diversity in soil, grapes, leaves, grape juice and wine of grapevine from China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193097. [PMID: 29565999 PMCID: PMC5863948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study Illumina MiSeq was performed to investigate microbial diversity in soil, leaves, grape, grape juice and wine. A total of 1,043,102 fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) reads and 2,422,188 high quality bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were used for taxonomic classification, revealed five fungal and eight bacterial phyla. At the genus level, the dominant fungi were Ascomycota, Sordariales, Tetracladium and Geomyces in soil, Aureobasidium and Pleosporaceae in grapes leaves, Aureobasidium in grape and grape juice. The dominant bacteria were Kaistobacter, Arthrobacter, Skermanella and Sphingomonas in soil, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Kaistobacter in grape and grapes leaves, and Oenococcus in grape juice and wine. Principal coordinate analysis showed structural separation between the composition of fungi and bacteria in all samples. This is the first study to understand microbiome population in soil, grape, grapes leaves, grape juice and wine in Xinjiang through High-throughput Sequencing and identify microorganisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus spp. that may contribute to the quality and flavor of wine.
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Choque E, Klopp C, Valiere S, Raynal J, Mathieu F. Whole-genome sequencing of Aspergillus tubingensis G131 and overview of its secondary metabolism potential. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:200. [PMID: 29703136 PMCID: PMC6389250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Black Aspergilli represent one of the most important fungal resources of primary and secondary metabolites for biotechnological industry. Having several black Aspergilli sequenced genomes should allow targeting the production of certain metabolites with bioactive properties. Results In this study, we report the draft genome of a black Aspergilli, A. tubingensis G131, isolated from a French Mediterranean vineyard. This 35 Mb genome includes 10,994 predicted genes. A genomic-based discovery identifies 80 secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters. Genomic sequences of these clusters were blasted on 3 chosen black Aspergilli genomes: A. tubingensis CBS 134.48, A. niger CBS 513.88 and A. kawachii IFO 4308. This comparison highlights different levels of clusters conservation between the four strains. It also allows identifying seven unique clusters in A. tubingensis G131. Moreover, the putative secondary metabolites clusters for asperazine and naphtho-gamma-pyrones production were proposed based on this genomic analysis. Key biosynthetic genes required for the production of 2 mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin, are absent from this draft genome. Even if intergenic sequences of these mycotoxins biosynthetic pathways are present, this could not lead to the production of those mycotoxins by A. tubingensis G131. Conclusions Functional and bioinformatics analyses of A. tubingensis G131 genome highlight its potential for metabolites production in particular for TAN-1612, asperazine and naphtho-gamma-pyrones presenting antioxidant, anticancer or antibiotic properties. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4574-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Choque
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,Present address: Unité de Recherche Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI-EA 3900), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plate-forme Genotoul Bioinfo, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Valiere
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - José Raynal
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, 1, avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Ferranti LDS, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP, Silva JJD, Penha RES, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Diversity of Aspergillus section Nigri on the surface of Vitis labrusca and its hybrid grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
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Zhang G, Zhu C, Huang Y, Yan J, Chen A. A Lateral Flow Strip Based Aptasensor for Detection of Ochratoxin A in Corn Samples. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020291. [PMID: 29385022 PMCID: PMC6017962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin identified as a contaminant in grains and wine throughout the world, and convenient, rapid and sensitive detection methods for OTA have been a long-felt need for food safety monitoring. Herein, we presented a new competitive format based lateral flow strip fluorescent aptasensor for one-step determination of OTA in corn samples. Briefly, biotin-cDNA was immobilized on the surface of a nitrocellulose filter on the test line. Without OTA, Cy5-labeled aptamer combined with complementary strands formed a stable double helix. In the presence of OTA, however, the Cy5-aptamer/OTA complexes were generated, and therefore less free aptamer was captured in the test zone, leading to an obvious decrease in fluorescent signals on the test line. The test strip showed an excellent linear relationship in the range from 1 ng·mL−1 to 1000 ng·mL−1 with the LOD of 0.40 ng·mL−1, IC15 value of 3.46 ng·mL−1 and recoveries from 96.4% to 104.67% in spiked corn samples. Thus, the strip sensor developed in this study is an acceptable alternative for rapid detection of the OTA level in grain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yafei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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17
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Wood LF, Wood MP, Fisher BS, Jaspan HB, Sodora DL. T Cell Activation in South African HIV-Exposed Infants Correlates with Ochratoxin A Exposure. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1857. [PMID: 29312338 PMCID: PMC5743911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of non-breastmilk foods to HIV-infected infants is associated with increased levels of immune activation, which can impact the rate of HIV disease progression. This is particularly relevant in countries where mother-to-child transmission of HIV still occurs at unacceptable levels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the levels of the toxic food contaminant ochratoxin A (OTA) in HIV-exposed South African infants that are either breastfed or consuming non-breast milk foods. OTA is a common mycotoxin, found in grains and soil, which is toxic at high doses but has immunomodulatory properties at lower doses. Samples from HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants enrolled in prospective observational cohort studies were collected and analyzed at birth through 14 weeks of age. We observed that infants consuming non-breast milk foods had significantly higher plasma levels of OTA at 6 weeks of age compared to breastfed infants, increasing until 8 weeks of age. The blood levels of OTA detected were comparable to levels observed in OTA-endemic communities. OTA plasma levels correlated with HIV target cell activation (CCR5 and HLADR expression on CD4+ T cells) and plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine CXCL10. These findings provide evidence that elevated OTA levels in South African infants are associated with the consumption of non-breastmilk foods and activation of the immune system. Reducing infant OTA exposure has the potential to reduce immune activation and provide health benefits, particularly in those infants who are HIV-exposed or HIV-infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna Frances Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Matthew P Wood
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bridget S Fisher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Divisions of Paediatrics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Donald L Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
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Burgess KMN, Renaud JB, McDowell T, Sumarah MW. Mechanistic Insight into the Biosynthesis and Detoxification of Fumonisin Mycotoxins. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2618-25. [PMID: 27444057 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins, notably FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, are economically important mycotoxins produced by a number Fusarium sp. that occur on corn, rice, and sorghum as well as by Aspergillus sp. on grapes. The fumonisin scaffold is comprised of a C18 polyketide backbone functionalized with two tricarballylic esters and an alanine derived amine. These functional groups contribute to fumonisin's ability to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis in animals, plants, and yeasts. We report for the first time the isolation and structure elucidation of two classes of nonaminated fumonisins (FPy and FLa) produced by Aspergillus welwitschiae. Using a Lemna minor (duckweed) bioassay, these new compounds were significantly less toxic in comparison to the fumonisin B mycotoxins, providing new insight into the mechanism of fumonisin toxicity. Time course fermentations monitoring the production of FB4, FPy4, and FLa4, as well as (13)C and (15)N stable isotope incorporation, suggest a novel postbiosynthetic oxidative deamination process for fumonisins. This pathway was further supported by a feeding study with FB1, a fumonisin not produced by Aspergillus sp., which resulted in its transformation to FPy1. This study demonstrates that Aspergillus have the ability to produce enzymes that could be used for fumonisin detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. N. Burgess
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Tim McDowell
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
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Susca A, Proctor RH, Morelli M, Haidukowski M, Gallo A, Logrieco AF, Moretti A. Variation in Fumonisin and Ochratoxin Production Associated with Differences in Biosynthetic Gene Content in Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae Isolates from Multiple Crop and Geographic Origins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1412. [PMID: 27667988 PMCID: PMC5016791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungi Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae are morphologically indistinguishable species used for industrial fermentation and for food and beverage production. The fungi also occur widely on food crops. Concerns about their safety have arisen with the discovery that some isolates of both species produce fumonisin (FB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxins. Here, we examined FB and OTA production as well as the presence of genes responsible for synthesis of the mycotoxins in a collection of 92 A. niger/A. welwitschiae isolates from multiple crop and geographic origins. The results indicate that (i) isolates of both species differed in ability to produce the mycotoxins; (ii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. niger had an intact fumonisin biosynthetic gene (fum) cluster; (iii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. welwitschiae exhibited multiple patterns of fum gene deletion; and (iv) OTA-nonproducing isolates of both species lacked the ochratoxin A biosynthetic gene (ota) cluster. Analysis of genome sequence data revealed a single pattern of ota gene deletion in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis suggest that the simplest explanation for this is that ota cluster deletion occurred in a common ancestor of A. niger and A. welwitschiae, and subsequently both the intact and deleted cluster were retained as alternate alleles during divergence of the ancestor into descendent species. Finally, comparison of results from this and previous studies indicate that a majority of A. niger isolates and a minority of A. welwitschiae isolates can produce FBs, whereas, a minority of isolates of both species produce OTA. The comparison also suggested that the relative abundance of each species and frequency of FB/OTA-producing isolates can vary with crop and/or geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, UOS Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
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