Simultaneous Enrichment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cu(2+) in Water Using Tetraazacalix[2]arene[2]triazine as a Solid-Phase Extraction Selector

[Recent advance of new sample preparation materials in the analysis and detection of environmental pollutants]

针对复杂样品的分析和痕量目标物的检测,样品前处理是必不可少的,高效的样品前处理技术不仅可以去除或减小样品基质干扰而且能够实现分析物的富集,提高分析检测的准确性和灵敏度。近年来,固相萃取、磁分散固相萃取、枪头固相萃取、搅拌棒萃取、固相微萃取等高效的样品前处理技术已在环境污染物分析检测中获得广泛关注,萃取效率主要取决于萃取材料,所以新型的高效萃取材料一直是样品前处理研究领域的重要发展方向。该文总结和讨论了近年来新型样品前处理材料在环境污染物分析检测中的研究进展,主要聚焦在石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、无机气凝胶、有机气凝胶、三嗪基功能材料、三嗪基聚合物、分子印迹聚合物、共价有机框架材料、金属有机框架材料以及它们的功能化萃取材料等。这些材料已经被应用于环境样品中不同类别污染物的萃取富集,如重金属离子、多环芳烃、塑化剂、烷烃、苯酚、氯酚、氯苯、多溴联苯醚、全氟磺酸、全氟羧酸、雌激素、药物残留、农药残留等。这些样品前处理材料具有高的表面积、大量的吸附位点,并涉及多种萃取机理如π-π、静电、疏水、亲水、氢键、卤键等相互作用。基于这些萃取材料的多种样品前处理技术与各类检测方法如色谱、质谱、原子吸收光谱、荧光光谱、离子迁移谱等相结合,已广泛应用于环境污染物的高灵敏分析检测。最后,该文总结了样品前处理发展中存在的问题,并展望了其未来在环境分析中的发展趋势。

Recent Advances of Triazine-Based Materials for Adsorbent Based Extraction Techniques

This review mainly focused on the synthesis and properties of triazine-based materials as well as the state-of-the-art development of these materials in adsorption-based extraction techniques in the past 5 years, such as solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction, and the detection of various pollutants, including metal ions, drugs, estrogens, nitroaromatics, pesticides, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and parabens. In the triazine-functionalized composites, triazine-based polymers and covalent triazine frameworks have been developed as the adsorbents with potential for environmental pollutants, mainly relying on the large surface area and the affinity of triazinyl groups with the targets. Triazine-based adsorbents have satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity towards different types of analytes, attributed from various mechanisms including π-π, electrostatics, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects. The prospects of the materials for adsorption-based extraction were also presented, which can offer an outlook for the further development and applications.

Advances in water treatment technologies for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Existing concepts, emerging trends, and future prospects

In the last two decades, environmental experts have focused on the development of several biological, chemical, physical, and thermal methods/technologies for remediation of PAH-polluted water. Some of the findings have been applied to field-scale treatment, while others have remained as prototypes and semi-pilot studies. Existing treatment options include extraction, chemical oxidation, bioremediation, photocatalytic degradation, and adsorption (employing adsorbents such as biomass derivatives, geosorbents, zeolites, mesoporous silica, polymers, nanocomposites, and graphene-based materials). Electrokinetic remediation, advanced phytoremediation, green nanoremediation, enhanced remediation using biocatalysts, and integrated approaches are still at the developmental stage and hold great potential. Water is an essential component of the ecosystem and highly susceptible to PAH contamination due to crude oil exploration and spillage, and improper municipal and industrial waste management, yet comprehensive reviews on PAH remediation are only available for contaminated soils, despite the several treatment methods developed for the remediation of PAH-polluted water. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging methods/technologies, in order to bridge information gaps toward ensuring a green and sustainable remedial approach for PAH-contaminated aqueous systems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Comprehensive review of existing and emerging technologies for remediation of PAH-polluted water. Factors influencing efficiency of various methods, challenges and merits were discussed. Green nano-adsorbents, nano-oxidants and bio/phytoremediation are desirous for ecofriendly and economical PAH remediation. Adoption of an integrated approach for the efficient and sustainable remediation of PAH-contaminated water is recommended.

Efficient removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ using a Cu(i)–Br coordination polymer constructed with an amino-rich ligand

Coordination polymers with amino-rich ligands can rapidly and efficiently remove Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The adsorption capacity were found to be 598.8 mg g⁻¹ and 2175 mg g⁻¹, respectively.

Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). Compared to the conventional sample preparation techniques, these novel techniques show some benefits, including reduced organic solvent consumption, while they are time and cost efficient. A plethora of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been successfully coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques. This review focuses on the recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs from environmental matrices, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents.