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Krutz NL, Kimber I, Winget J, Nguyen MN, Limviphuvadh V, Maurer-Stroh S, Mahony C, Gerberick GF. Identification and semi-quantification of protein allergens in complex mixtures using proteomic and AllerCatPro 2.0 bioinformatic analyses: a proof-of-concept investigation. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2305452. [PMID: 38291955 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2305452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for botanicals and natural substances in consumer products has increased in recent years. These substances usually contain proteins and these, in turn, can pose a risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and allergy. However, no method has yet been accepted or validated for assessment of potential allergenic hazards in such materials. In the studies here, a dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach is proposed to evaluate holistically allergenic hazards in complex mixtures of plants, insects, or animal proteins. Twelve commercial preparations of source materials (plant products, dust mite extract, and preparations of animal dander) known to contain allergenic proteins were analyzed by label-free proteomic analyses to identify and semi-quantify proteins. These were then evaluated by bioinformatics using AllerCatPro 2.0 (https://allercatpro.bii.a-star.edu.sg/) to predict no, weak, or strong evidence for allergenicity and similarity to source-specific allergens. In total, 4,586 protein sequences were identified in the 12 source materials combined. Of these, 1,665 sequences were predicted with weak or strong evidence for allergenic potential. This first-tier approach provided top-level information about the occurrence and abundance of proteins and potential allergens. With regards to source-specific allergens, 129 allergens were identified. The sum of the relative abundance of these allergens ranged from 0.8% (lamb's quarters) to 63% (olive pollen). It is proposed here that this dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach has the potential to provide detailed information on the presence and relative abundance of allergens, and can play an important role in identifying potential allergenic hazards in complex protein mixtures for the purposes of safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Global Product Stewardship, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Minh N Nguyen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vachiranee Limviphuvadh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang Y, Che H, Li C, Jin T. Food Allergens of Plant Origin. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112232. [PMID: 37297475 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food allergens in plant sources, focusing on the few protein families that contribute to multiple food allergens from different species and protein families recently found to contain food allergens. The structures and structural components of the food allergens in the allergen families may provide further directions for discovering new food allergens. Answers as to what makes some food proteins allergens are still elusive. Factors to be considered in mitigating food allergens include the abundance of the protein in a food, the property of short stretches of the sequence of the protein that may constitute linear IgE binding epitopes, the structural properties of the protein, its stability to heat and digestion, the food matrix the protein is in, and the antimicrobial activity to the microbial flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, recent data suggest that widely used techniques for mapping linear IgE binding epitopes need to be improved by incorporating positive controls, and methodologies for mapping conformational IgE binding epitopes need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Huilian Che
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caiming Li
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
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3
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Fuhrmann V, Huang HJ, Akarsu A, Shilovskiy I, Elisyutina O, Khaitov M, van Hage M, Linhart B, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Sekerel BE. From Allergen Molecules to Molecular Immunotherapy of Nut Allergy: A Hard Nut to Crack. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742732. [PMID: 34630424 PMCID: PMC8496898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanuts and tree nuts are two of the most common elicitors of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy. Nut allergy is frequently associated with systemic reactions and can lead to potentially life-threatening respiratory and circulatory symptoms. Furthermore, nut allergy usually persists throughout life. Whether sensitized patients exhibit severe and life-threatening reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), mild and/or local reactions (e.g., pollen-food allergy syndrome) or no relevant symptoms depends much on IgE recognition of digestion-resistant class I food allergens, IgE cross-reactivity of class II food allergens with respiratory allergens and clinically not relevant plant-derived carbohydrate epitopes, respectively. Accordingly, molecular allergy diagnosis based on the measurement of allergen-specific IgE levels to allergen molecules provides important information in addition to provocation testing in the diagnosis of food allergy. Molecular allergy diagnosis helps identifying the genuinely sensitizing nuts, it determines IgE sensitization to class I and II food allergen molecules and hence provides a basis for personalized forms of treatment such as precise prescription of diet and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Currently available forms of nut-specific AIT are based only on allergen extracts, have been mainly developed for peanut but not for other nuts and, unlike AIT for respiratory allergies which utilize often subcutaneous administration, are given preferentially by the oral route. Here we review prevalence of allergy to peanut and tree nuts in different populations of the world, summarize knowledge regarding the involved nut allergen molecules and current AIT approaches for nut allergy. We argue that nut-specific AIT may benefit from molecular subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) approaches but identify also possible hurdles for such an approach and explain why molecular SCIT may be a hard nut to crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fuhrmann
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegul Akarsu
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Elisyutina
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University, Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Solubility and emulsifying properties of phosphorylated walnut protein isolate extracted by sodium trimetaphosphate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu Y, Fang X, Sun X, Niu B, Chen Q. Detection of Allergen Genes in Peanut and Soybean by Circular Fluorescence Probe-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wu L, Zhang M, Xin X, Lai F, Wu H. Physicochemical and functional properties of a protein isolate from maca (Lepidium meyenii) and the secondary structure and immunomodulatory activity of its major protein component. Food Funct 2019; 10:2894-2905. [PMID: 31070610 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maca protein isolate (MPI) was extracted from maca root, and its physicochemical and functional properties, and the secondary structure and immunomodulatory activity of its major protein component, MMP, were investigated. The MPI lacked essential amino acids compared with soybean protein isolate (SPI) and casein, but was rich in cysteine and proline. The MPI had rich free sulfhydryl (20.6 μmol g-1), and its surface hydrophobicity (H0, 812.4), oil absorption capacity (7.4 g g-1), foaming capacity (100%) and emulsifying activity (58.2 m2 g-1) were higher than that of SPI. However, the thermal stability (Td, 87.4 °C), foaming stability (75%) and emulsifying stability (26.3 min) of the MPI were weaker than that of the SPI. MMP was a pentamer with a molecular weight of 22 kDa and rich in β-sheets. MMP could significantly enhance the phagocytic capacity and promote the NO, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion of RAW 264.7 cells, involving toll-like receptor 4 and complement receptor 3 mainly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
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Yuan D, Kong J, Fang X, Chen Q. A graphene oxide-based paper chip integrated with the hybridization chain reaction for peanut and soybean allergen gene detection. Talanta 2019; 196:64-70. [PMID: 30683412 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Allergen genes of the peanut and soybean were selected as model targets. Four hairpin DNA probes, H1, H2, H3, H4 were designed. Cy3-labeled H1 and H2 were used to detect peanut DNA, while FAM-labeled H3 and H4 were used to detect soybean DNA. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as the adsorption material for capturing the hairpin probes, and as a selective fluorescence quencher to reduce the background signal. To develop an allergen gene detection system with a GO-based paper chip format, we integrated the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in our design. The results showed that in the absence of peanut DNA (TP) and soybean DNA (TS), the detection probes attached to the GO surface, which quenched their fluorescence. In the presence of TP or TS, however, complementary probe binding to the targets initiated HCR, producing long double-stranded DNA products that could not be absorbed onto the GO surface. Hence, a strong red or green fluorescent signal was generated. The detection limit for both peanut and soybean DNA was 1 nM using this method, indicating the high sensitivity of our approach. This method also exhibited good specificity and a single chip could be used to simultaneously detect two different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Suchuang Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, PR China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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8
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Hamada Y, Haramiishi R, Ojima Y, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M, Sawamoto A, Okuyama S, Furukawa Y, Nakajima M. Hydrolysable tannins, gallic acid, and ellagic acid in walnut reduced 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction in T-Cells cultured from the spleen of mice. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Blankestijn MA, den Hartog Jager CF, Blom WM, Otten HG, de Jong GAH, Gaspari M, Houben GF, Knulst AC, Verhoeckx KCM. A subset of walnut allergic adults is sensitized to walnut 11S globulin Jug r 4. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1206-1213. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Blankestijn
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. F. den Hartog Jager
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - W. M. Blom
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - H. G. Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - G. A. H. de Jong
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - M. Gaspari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; Catanzaro Italy
| | - G. F. Houben
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - A. C. Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - K. C. M. Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
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10
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Yuan D, Kong J, Li X, Fang X, Chen Q. Colorimetric LAMP microfluidic chip for detecting three allergens: peanut, sesame and soybean. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8682. [PMID: 29875429 PMCID: PMC5989197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies can greatly harm people's health, and therefore detecting allergens in foods is extremely important. By integrating loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with a microfluidic chip, we have developed a method for detecting the allergen genes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and soybean (Glycine max) using a colorimetric method suitable for the naked eye, known as the colorimetric LAMP microfluidic chip. In the presence of peanut, sesame, or soybean in the samples, the corresponding reaction well of the microfluidic chip will appear pink, or otherwise remain light brown. This method of detection is specific and can easily distinguish these three allergens from others in foods. The detection limit for peanut, sesame and soybean allergens was 0.4 ng/μL using the LAMP-microfluidic chip. The accuracy of this novel and rapid method was validated using allergenic foods obtained commercially and was comparable with that of the typical TaqMan real-time PCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Shanghai Suchuang Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, P.R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P.R. China.
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Wang YJ, Li L, Song WJ, Zhou YJ, Cao MD, Zuo XR, Wei JF. Canis familiaris allergen Can f 6: expression, purification and analysis of B-cell epitopes in Chinese dog allergic children. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90796-90807. [PMID: 29207604 PMCID: PMC5710885 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog allergy is common worldwide. However, the allergenicity of dog allergy is still unclear in China as well as in special group, such as children. In this study, we chose Can f 6, a major dog allergen which belongs to the lipocalin to study its allergenicity in Chinese dog allergic children. Can f 6 gene was subcloned into pET-28a vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells for expression. The recombinant Can f 6 was purified by nickel affinity chromatography, identified by SDS-PAGE, and tested for its allergenicity by Western blot with sera and basophil activation test. Secondary structures, B cell epitopes and homology modeling of Can f 6 were predicted by using a series of bioinformatical approaches. And the verification of B cell epitopes was detected by ELISA. The recombinant allergen showed an explicit band with the molecular weight of 20 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Sera from 56.3 % (18/32) of dog-allergic children patients reacted with Can f 6. The induction of the expression of CD63 and CCR3 of dog allergic children in passively sensitized basophils was up to approximately 5.0 times higher than healthy subjects. The secondary structure of Can f 6 contains 3 α-helices, 9 β-sheets and random coils. Five B cell epitopes of Can f 6 were predicted and were confirmed successfully by ELISA. The results showed Can f 6 is a major allergen in Chinese children, which provides a basis for further study of Can f 6 in diagnosis and treatment of symptoms in children in China. The structural information of Can f 6 will help to form a foundation for the future design of vaccines and therapies for Can f 6 related allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Li
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Juan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Da Cao
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Zuo
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jin T, Wang C, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen YW, Guo F, Howard A, Cao MJ, Fu TJ, McHugh TH, Zhang Y. Crystal Structure of Cocosin, A Potential Food Allergen from Coconut (Cocos nucifera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7560-7568. [PMID: 28712292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is an important palm tree. Coconut fruit is widely consumed. The most abundant storage protein in coconut fruit is cocosin (a likely food allergen), which belongs to the 11S globulin family. Cocosin was crystallized near a century ago, but its structure remains unknown. By optimizing crystallization conditions and cryoprotectant solutions, we were able to obtain cocosin crystals that diffracted to 1.85 Å. The cocosin gene was cloned from genomic DNA isolated from dry coconut tissue. The protein sequence deduced from the predicted cocosin coding sequence was used to guide model building and structure refinement. The structure of cocosin was determined for the first time, and it revealed a typical 11S globulin feature of a double layer doughnut-shaped hexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Andrew Howard
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Tong-Jen Fu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Tara H McHugh
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
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