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Mukherjee A, Singh BN, Kaur S, Sharma M, Ferreira de Araújo AS, Pereira APDA, Morya R, Puopolo G, Melo VMM, Verma JP. Unearthing the power of microbes as plant microbiome for sustainable agriculture. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127780. [PMID: 38970905 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, research into the complex interactions and crosstalk between plants and their associated microbiota, collectively known as the plant microbiome has revealed the pivotal role of microbial communities for promoting plant growth and health. Plants have evolved intricate relationships with a diverse array of microorganisms inhabiting their roots, leaves, and other plant tissues. This microbiota mainly includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses, forming a dynamic and interconnected network within and around the plant. Through mutualistic or cooperative interactions, these microbes contribute to various aspects of plant health and development. The direct mechanisms of the plant microbiome include the enhancement of plant growth and development through nutrient acquisition. Microbes have the ability to solubilize essential minerals, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and convert organic matter into accessible forms, thereby augmenting the nutrient pool available to the plant. Additionally, the microbiome helps plants to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogen attacks and adverse environmental conditions, by priming the plant's immune responses, antagonizing phytopathogens, and improving stress tolerance. Furthermore, the plant microbiome plays a vital role in phytohormone regulation, facilitating hormonal balance within the plant. This regulation influences various growth processes, including root development, flowering, and fruiting. Microbial communities can also produce secondary metabolites, which directly or indirectly promote plant growth, development, and health. Understanding the functional potential of the plant microbiome has led to innovative agricultural practices, such as microbiome-based biofertilizers and biopesticides, which harness the power of beneficial microorganisms to enhance crop yields while reducing the dependency on chemical inputs. In the present review, we discuss and highlight research gaps regarding the plant microbiome and how the plant microbiome can be used as a source of single and synthetic bioinoculants for plant growth and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Bansh Narayan Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Simranjit Kaur
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia; Crop Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- CARAH ASBL, Rue Pal Pastur 11, Ath 7800, Belgium; China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315000, China
| | | | | | - Raj Morya
- Department of Civil and Environmental engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy; Research and Innovation center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michelle all'Adige 38098, Italy
| | - Vânia Maria Maciel Melo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Ceará, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Mukherjee A, Singh S, Gaurav AK, Chouhan GK, Jaiswal DK, de Araujo Pereira AP, Passari AK, Abdel-Azeem AM, Verma JP. Harnessing of phytomicrobiome for developing potential biostimulant consortium for enhancing the productivity of chickpea and soil health under sustainable agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155550. [PMID: 35508232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present work was to explore culturable bacteria and to develop potential microbial consortium as bio-inoculants for enhancing plant productivity, nutritional content, and soil health. For this study, we selected two bacterial strains e.g., Enterobacter hormaechei (BHUJPCS-15) and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis (BHUJPVCRS-1) based on plant growth-promoting activities We developed a consortium of both strains and estimated plant growth promotion (PGP) activity which recorded significant better production of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (61.53 μg/ml), siderophore (12.66%), ammonia (98.66 μg/ml), phosphate solubilisation (942.64 μg/ml), potassium solubilisation, and antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp. than individual bacterial strains. Bacterial consortium (E. hormaechei + B. naejangsanensis) treatment significantly enhanced plant growth attributes, grain yields, nutritional content in plant and seed, followed by E. hormaechei as compared to control. Seed treated with consortium recorded a significant increase in available N P K, enzymes and microbial communities in soils. Microbiome analysis revealed that the dominance of bacterial group and its functional properties is directly correlated with plant growth attributes, nutrient content, soil N P K, and enzyme activity. The relative abundance of bacterial phyla Proteobacteria (98%) was dominantly recorded in all treatments. The microbiome of seed and soil, treated with consortium (E. hormaechei + B. naejangsanensis) showed high amount of diversity of bacterial phyla Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria than E. hormaechei (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria) and control (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria). In soil, root and shoot, E. hormaechei treatment enriched ligninolytic, nitrogen fixation, cellulolytic, nitrate ammonification among other pathways. The main finding is that the consortium treated seed of chickpea recorded significant enhancement of plant growth attributes, productivity, nutritional content, and soil health as well as microbial colonization in soil and seed part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Gaurav
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gowardhan Kumar Chouhan
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Department of Botany, Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Ajit Kumar Passari
- Departmento de Biología Moleculary Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City CDMX-04510, Mexico
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Devi R, Kaur T, Kour D, Yadav AN. Microbial consortium of mineral solubilizing and nitrogen fixing bacteria for plant growth promotion of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondrius L.). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marra R, Lombardi N, Piccolo A, Bazghaleh N, Prashar P, Vandenberg A, Woo S. Mineral Biofortification and Growth Stimulation of Lentil Plants Inoculated with Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites. Microorganisms 2021; 10:87. [PMID: 35056535 PMCID: PMC8779936 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofortification of crops via agricultural interventions represents an excellent way to supply micronutrients in poor rural populations, who highly suffer from these deficiencies. Soil microbes can directly influence plant growth and productivity, e.g., by contrasting plant pathogens or facilitating micronutrient assimilation in harvested crop-food products. Among these microbial communities, Trichoderma fungi are well-known examples of plant symbionts widely used in agriculture as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents. In this work, eleven Trichoderma strains and/or their bioactive metabolites (BAMs) were applied to lentil plants to evaluate their effects on plant growth and mineral content in greenhouse or field experiments. Our results indicated that, depending upon the different combinations of fungal strain and/or BAM, the mode of treatment (seed and/or watering), as well as the supplementary watering with solutions of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), the mineral absorption was differentially affected in treated plants compared with the water controls. In greenhouse conditions, the largest increase in Fe and Zn contents occurred when the compounds were applied to the seeds and the strains (in particular, T. afroharzianum T22, T. harzianum TH1, and T. virens GV41) to the soil. In field experiments, Fe and Zn contents increased in plants treated with T. asperellum strain KV906 or the hydrophobin HYTLO1 compared with controls. Both selected fungal strains and BAMs applications improved seed germination and crop yield. This biotechnology may represent an important challenge for natural biofortification of crops, thus reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.L.); (A.P.)
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.L.); (A.P.)
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.L.); (A.P.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for the Environment, Agro-Food and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Navid Bazghaleh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada; (N.B.); (P.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Pratibha Prashar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada; (N.B.); (P.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada; (N.B.); (P.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Sheridan Woo
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Rai N, Rai SP, Sarma BK. Prospects for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops Utilizing Phyto- and Bio-Stimulants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.754853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors such as salinity, drought, high temperature, high rainfall, etc. have already demonstrated the negative impacts on plant growth and development and thereby limiting productivity of the crops. Therefore, in the time to come, more sustainable efforts are required in agricultural practices to ensure food production and security under such adverse environmental conditions. A most promising and eco-friendly way to achieve this goal would be to apply biostimulants to address the environmental concerns. Non-microbial biostimulants such as humic substances (HA), protein hydrolysate, plant-based products and seaweed extracts (SWE), etc. and/or microbial inoculants comprising of plant growth-promoting microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), fluorescent and non-fluorescent Pseudomonas, Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp. etc. have tremendous potentiality to enhance plant growth, flowering, crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and translocation, as well as enhancing tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses by modifying physiological, biological and biochemical processes of the crop-plants. Similarly, application techniques and timing are also important to achieve the desired results. In this article we discussed the prospects of using seaweed, microbial, and plant-based biostimulants either individually or in combination for managing environmental stresses to achieve food security in a sustainable way. Particular attention was given to the modifications that take place in plant's physiology under adverse environmental conditions and how different biostimulants re-program the host's physiology to withstand such stresses. Additionally, we also discussed how application of biostimulants can overcome the issue of nutrient deficiency in agricultural lands and improve their use efficiency by crop plants.
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Benjelloun I, Thami Alami I, El Khadir M, Douira A, Udupa SM. Co-Inoculation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with Either Bacillus sp. or Enterobacter aerogenes on Chickpea Improves Growth and Productivity in Phosphate-Deficient Soils in Dry Areas of a Mediterranean Region. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:571. [PMID: 33802918 PMCID: PMC8002673 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation requires a large amount of phosphorus (P). However, most of the soils are P-deficient and the extensive use of P- chemical fertilizers constitute a serious threat to the environment. In this context, two field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of co-inoculation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus sp., and Enterobacter aerogenes, on chickpea as an alternative to chemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorous fertilizers in P-deficient soils in dry areas of Morocco. The results revealed that combined inoculation of chickpea with rhizobia and PSB showed a significant enhancement of chickpea nodulation, biomass production, yields and N, P, and protein content in grains as compared to single inoculation or single application of N or P. A significantly higher increase was obtained by inoculating chickpea with Mesorhizobium sp. MA72 combined with E. aerogenes P1S6. This combination allowed an enhancement of more than 270% in nodulation, 192% in shoot dry weight and 242% in grain yield. The effect of this combination was equivalent to the effect of combined application of N and P fertilizers. Formulation of biofertilizers based on tasted strains could be used for chickpea co-inoculation in P-deficient soils for an eco-friendly sustainable production of chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Benjelloun
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Agronomical Research (INRA), 10 000 Rabat, Morocco; (I.B.); (I.T.A.); (M.E.K.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, 14 020 Kénitra, Morocco;
- ICARDA-INRA Cooperative Research Project, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imane Thami Alami
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Agronomical Research (INRA), 10 000 Rabat, Morocco; (I.B.); (I.T.A.); (M.E.K.)
| | - Mohamed El Khadir
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Agronomical Research (INRA), 10 000 Rabat, Morocco; (I.B.); (I.T.A.); (M.E.K.)
| | - Allal Douira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, 14 020 Kénitra, Morocco;
| | - Sripada M. Udupa
- ICARDA-INRA Cooperative Research Project, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
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Marra R, Lombardi N, d'Errico G, Troisi J, Scala G, Vinale F, Woo SL, Bonanomi G, Lorito M. Application of Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites Enhances Soybean Productivity and Nutrient Content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1814-1822. [PMID: 30657682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma fungi are effectively marketed worldwide as biocontrol agents and plant biostimulants on numerous crops due to their demonstrated effects in direct antagonism against fungal pathogens and plant growth promotion. Here, we examined the effects of single and combined applications of Trichoderma strains and their bioactive metabolites (BAMs) harzianic acid (HA), 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP), and hydrophobin1 (HYTLO1) on the growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of soybean plants. Significant promotion of plant growth (up to 39%), as well as an increase in mineral content, was achieved with BAMs, used alone or combined with T. harzianum. Interestingly, the treatments also increased the level of fatty acids (oleic, linolenic, 11-eicosenoic, and stearic). This work demonstrates the usefulness of natural compound and microbe combinations to enhance oilseed productivity, and reports for the first time the ability of Trichoderma and/or its BAMs to increase the lipid content in harvested seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection , National Research Council , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
| | - Giada d'Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana″ , University of Salerno , 84081 Baronissi , Salerno , Italy
- Theoreo Srl , 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Giovanni Scala
- Theoreo Srl , 84090 Montecorvino Pugliano , Salerno , Italy
- Hosmotic Srl , 80069 Vico Equense , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection , National Research Council , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection , National Research Council , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies , University of Naples Federico II , 80131 Naples , Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection , National Research Council , 80055 Portici , Naples , Italy
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Mishra A, Nautiyal CS. A novel Trichoderma fusant for enhancing nutritional value and defence activity in chickpea. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:411-422. [PMID: 29692549 PMCID: PMC5911255 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the rise in food consumption, much of the attention has been focused to increase the yield of the agricultural crops which resulted in compromised nutritional quality. Efforts have to be undertaken to enhance the nutritional attributes of legumes, cereals and staple food crops by increasing amino acids and mineral content. In the present study, we evaluated a protoplast fusant (H. lixii MTCC 5659) for its ability to enhance nutritional value and defence activity in chickpea. Essential amino acids; methionine (9.82 mg kg-1 dw), cysteine (2.61 mg kg-1 dw), glycine (11.34 mg kg-1 dw), valine (9.26 mg kg-1 dw), and non-essential amino acids; aspartic acid (39.19 mg kg-1 dw) and serine (17.53 mg kg-1 dw) were significantly higher in seeds of fusant inoculated chickpea. Fusant significantly improved accumulation of mineral nutrients i.e. Cu (157.73 mg kg-1 dw), Co (0.06 mg kg-1 dw), Ni (1.85 mg kg-1 dw), Zn (157.73 mg kg-1 dw) and S (16.29 mg kg-1 dw) in seeds. Biocontrol and defence activities of chickpea increased from 20 to 35% in fusant inoculated plants suggesting its potential to ameliorate biotic stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an increase in amino acids and mineral content of chickpea by fusant inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal
- Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
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Lu T, Ke M, Peijnenburg WJGM, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Sun L, Fu Z, Qian H. Investigation of Rhizospheric Microbial Communities in Wheat, Barley, and Two Rice Varieties at the Seedling Stage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2645-2653. [PMID: 29474068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant rhizosphere microbiota plays multiple roles in plant growth. We investigated the taxonomic and functional variations in the rhizosphere microbial community, examining both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, of four crops at the seedling stage: wheat, barley, and two rice varieties ( indica and japonica) seeded in paddy soil. The diversity of rhizosphere communities in these four species was determined. Results showed that wheat and barley had much stronger selection effects than rice for the rhizosphere microbial community. Functional metagenomic profiling indicated that a series of sequences related to glycan, limonene, and pinene degradation pathways as well as some relatively rare functions related to N or S metabolism were enriched in the rhizosphere soil. We conclude that the four tested crops induced the formation of the microbial community with specific features that may influence the plant growth but stochastic processes also appreciably influenced the functional selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) , Leiden University , 2300 RA Leiden , Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Center for Safety of Substances and Products , Post Office Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Haifeng Qian
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ürümqi , Xinjiang 830011 , People's Republic of China
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