Metabolomics for the Effect of Biotin and Nicotinamide on Transition Dairy Cows

Nicotinamide Supplementation Mitigates Oxidative Injury of Bovine Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Autophagy Modulation

The small intestine is important to the digestion and absorption of rumen undegradable nutrients, as well as the barrier functionality and immunological responses in ruminants. Oxidative stress induces a spectrum of pathophysiological symptoms and nutritional deficits, causing various gastrointestinal ailments. Previous studies have shown that nicotinamide (NAM) has antioxidant properties, but the potential mechanism has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of NAM on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative injury in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) and its potential mechanism. The results showed that NAM increased the cell viability and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in BIECs challenged by H2O2. The NAM exhibited increased expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase 2, and tight junction proteins. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was increased in BIECs challenged by H2O2, and NAM significantly decreased the expression of autophagy-related proteins. When an autophagy-specific inhibitor was used, the oxidative injury in BIECs was not alleviated by NAM, and the T-AOC and the release of LDH were not affected. Collectively, these results indicated that NAM could alleviate oxidative injury in BIECs by enhancing antioxidant capacity and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins, and autophagy played a crucial role in the alleviation.

Plasma metabolic profiling reveals that chromium yeast alleviates the negative effects of heat stress in mid-lactation dairy cows

Chromium yeast (CY) supplementation has the potential to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress in dairy cows, but the mechanism remains elusive. We aimed to identify the metabolic mechanisms whereby CY supplementation alleviates the negative effects of heat stress in mid-lactation dairy cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows with similar milk yield (24.6 ± 1.5 kg/d), parity (2 or 3) and days in milk (125 ± 8 d) were fed the same basal diet containing 0.09 mg of Cr/kg DM. They were allocated randomly to 2 groups: a control group (CON, without CY supplementation) and a CY group (CY, administered 0.36 mg Cr/kg DM). The experiment was performed over 8 weeks during a hot summer, in which the mean temperature-humidity index was 79.0 ± 3.13 (>72), indicating that the dairy cows were exposed to heat stress. Chromium yeast supplementation reduced rectal temperature (P = 0.032), and increased the lactation performance by increasing the yield of milk (+2.6 kg/d), protein, lactose and total solid, and protein and lactose percentages in the milk of the heat-stressed dairy cows (P < 0.05). Supplementation with CY increased the serum glucose and thyroxine concentrations, but reduced the urea nitrogen, insulin, and triiodothyronine concentrations on d 56 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plasma metabolomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, which identified 385 metabolites in the two groups. Subsequently, 16 significantly different metabolites in the plasma, were significantly higher in the CY group (variable importance for the projection >1.0, P < 0.05), and found to be involved in 6 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, including those involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Specifically, plasma concentration of nicotinamide was higher after CY supplementation, which might also contribute to the reduction of rectal temperature, the regulation of glucose homeostasis, and an improvement in the lactation performance of heat-stressed dairy cows. In conclusion, CY supplementation reduces rectal temperature, influences metabolism by reducing serum insulin concentration and increasing serum glucose and plasma nicotinamide concentrations, and finally increases lactation performance of heat-stressed dairy cows.

Nicotinamide supplementation alters plasma lipidomic profiles of peripartal dairy cows

Fatty liver syndrome, a common health problem in dairy cows, occurs during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. If the energy supplied to the cow's body cannot meet its needs, a negative energy balance ensues, and the direct response is fat mobilization. Nicotinamide (NAM) has been reported to reduce the nonesterified fatty acid concentration of postpartum plasma. To study the biochemical adaptations underlying this physiologic dysregulation, 12 dairy cows were sequentially assigned to a NAM (45 g/day) treatment or control group. Blood samples were collected on day (D) 1 and D21 relative to parturition. Changes to the plasma lipid metabolism of dairy cows in the two groups were compared using lipidomics. There were significant increases in plasma sphingomyelins d18:1/18:0, d18:1/23:0, d18:1/24:1, d18:1/24:0, and d18:0/24:0 in the NAM group on D1 relative to parturition. In addition, fatty acids 18:2, 18:1, 18:0, 16:1, and 16:0 were obviously decreased on D21 relative to calving. This research has provided insights into how NAM supplementation improves lipid metabolism in perinatal dairy cows.

Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of High Dietary Energy Density on the Metabolism of Transition Angus Cows

Simple Summary

The increase in the metabolic demand and the dramatically decreased feed intake of cows around parturition often cause a negative energy balance status in cows, which can cause metabolic disorders. Before parturition, dry matter intake of cows starts to decline, and this decline is practically unavoidable. Therefore, increasing the energy density of the diet is extremely important. We used untargeted metabolomics to reveal the effect of high dietary energy density on body metabolism and explore whether it can alleviate negative energy balance. Our research shows that feeding a high-energy diet could significantly improve antioxidant capacity, maintain phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and reduce the negative energy balance of cows by regulating lipid mobilization, muscle mobilization, and protein turnover.

Abstract

The diet energy level plays a vital role in the energy balance of transition cows. We investigated the effects of high dietary energy density on body metabolism. Twenty multiparous Angus cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (10 cows/treatment), one receiving a high-energy (HE) diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM) and the other administered a control (CON) diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM). The results indicated that feeding a high-energy diet resulted in higher plasma glucose concentration and lower concentrations of plasma NEFA and BHBA on d 14 relative to calving in the HE-fed cows compared to the CON-fed ones. The postpartum plasma levels of T-AOC were lower in cows that received the CON diet than in cows in the HE group, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Among the 51 significantly different metabolites, the concentrations of most identified fatty acids decreased in HE cows. The concentrations of inosine, glutamine, and citric acid were higher in HE-fed cows than in CON-fed cows. Enrichment analysis revealed that linoleic acid metabolism, valine, leucine as well as isoleucine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the two groups.

Metabolic response of Mercenaria mercenaria under heat and hypoxia stress by widely targeted metabolomic approach

In the context of global climatic changes, marine organisms have been exposed to environmental stressors including heat and hypoxia. This calls for the design of multi-stressors to uncover the impact of oceanic factors on aquatic organisms. So far, little is known about the metabolic response of marine organisms, especially bivalves, to the combined effects of heat and hypoxia. In this study, we employed widely targeted metabolomic analysis to study the metabolic response of gills in hard clam, a heat- and hypoxia-tolerant bivalve. A total of 810 metabolites were identified. Results showed that the heat group (HT) and heat plus hypoxia group (HL) had a higher number of differential metabolites than the hypoxia group (LO). Glycolysis was affected by the heat and heat plus hypoxia stress. Moreover, anaerobic metabolic biomarkers were accumulated marking the onset of anaerobic metabolism. Environmental stresses may affect Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Accumulation of carnitine and glycerophospholipid may promote fatty acid β oxidation and maintain cell membrane stability, respectively. The high content of oxidized lipids (i.e., Leukotriene) in HL and HT groups implied that the organisms were under ROS stress. The significantly differential metabolites of organic osmolytes and vitamins might relieve ROS stress. Moreover, accumulation of thermoprotective osmolytes (monosaccharide, Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)) accumulation was helpful to maintain protein homeostasis. This investigation provided new insights into the adaptation mechanisms of hard clam to heat, hypoxia and combined stress at the metabolite level and highlighted the roles of molecules and protectants.

Differences in the serum metabolome profile of dairy cows according to the BHB concentration revealed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR)

The mobilization of body reserves during the transition from pregnancy to lactation might predispose dairy cows to develop metabolic disorders such as subclinical ketosis or hyperketonemia. These conditions are not easily identifiable and are frequently related to other diseases that cause economic loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum metabolome differences according to the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration. Forty-nine Holstein Friesian dairy cows were enrolled between 15 and 30 days in milk. According to their serum BHB concentration, the animals were divided into three groups: Group 0 (G0; 12 healthy animals; BHB ≤ 0.50 mmol/L); Group 1 (G1; 19 healthy animals; 0.51 ≤ BHB < 1.0 mmol/L); and Group 2 (G2; 18 hyperketonemic animals; BHB ≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Animal data and biochemical parameters were examined with one-way ANOVA, and metabolite significant differences were examined by t-tests. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified in the serum samples. Thirteen metabolites showed significant effects and seemed to be related to the mobilization of body reserves, lipids, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and ruminal fermentation.

Untargeted metabolomic investigate milk and ruminal fluid of Holstein cows supplemented with Perilla frutescens leaf

Milk compounds are important for human nutrient requirements and health. The ruminal metabolic profile is responsible for dietary nutrition and determines milk production. Perilla frutescens leaf (PFL) is a commonly used medicinal herb due to its bioactive metabolites. This study elucidated the effects of PFL on the metabolome of two biofluids (rumen fluid and milk) of 14 cows fed a basic total mixed ration diet (CON, n = 7) and supplemented with 300 g/d PFL per cow (PFL, n = 7) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Milk PE-NMe (18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) and DG (18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), oleanolic acid, and nucleotides were upregulated, and milk medium-chain fatty acids (2-hydroxycaprylic acid) were down-regulated in response to PFL. The supplementation of PFL increased the abundance of pyrimidine nucleotides both in rumen fluid and milk. The pathways of pyrimidine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were enriched both in the rumen fluid and milk. We also found the milk 2-hydroxycaprylic acid was positively correlated with ruminal uridine 5-monophosphate, and was negatively correlated with ruminal deoxycytidine, and the milk thymidine was positively correlated with ruminal icosenoic acid. This study found that the supplementation of PFL could alter the ruminal metabolic profiles and milk synthesis through regulation of the pathways of pyrimidine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Our new findings provide comprehensive insights into the metabolomics profile of rumen fluid and milk, supporting the potential production of Perilla frutescens milk in dairy cows.

Metabolomic Profiling of Bos taurus Beef, Dairy, and Crossbred Cattle: A Between-Breeds Meta-Analysis

Cattle breeds may differ substantially in their metabolism. However, the metabolomes of dairy and beef cattle are not well-known. Knowledge of breed-specific metabolic features is essential for biomarker identification and to adopt specific nutritional strategies. The muscle hypertrophy (mh), a beef cattle phenotype present in Asturiana de los Valles (AV) but absent in Asturiana de la Montaña (AM) and Holsteins, may underlie such differences. We compared the plasma metabolomes of Holstein, AV, AM, and crossbred cattle recipients selected for meta-analysis within an embryo transfer (ET) program. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (oestrus) and day 7 (prior to ET) (N = 234 samples × 2 days). Nuclear magnetic resonance quantified N = 36 metabolites in plasma, and more metabolic differences between breeds were found on day 0 (N = 19 regulated metabolites) than on day 7 (N = 5). AV and AM largely differed from Holstein cattle (N = 55 and 35 enriched metabolic pathways, respectively); however, AV and AM differed in N = 6 enriched pathways. Metabolic activity was higher in AV than in Holstein cattle, as explained in part by the mh phenotype. The metabolomic characterization of breeds facilitates biomarker research and helps to define the healthy ranges of metabolite concentrations.

Urine metabolome alterations in malnutrition and the impact of glycerol or rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation in advanced pregnant ewes

The objective of this study was to explore the metabolic profiles of pregnancy malnutrition induced by feed restriction (FR) and the counteracting effects of glycerol and rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation. Two feeding trials were conducted. In the first experiment, twenty pregnant Hu sheep carrying multiple fetuses with a gestation period of 108 d were randomly divided into two groups. The ewes in the control (CON) group were offered 100 % of their nutritional requirements as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC), while the FR group was offered 30 % of feed intake of CON for 15 d. In the second experiment, eighteen pregnant Hu sheep were offered a feed intake comprising 30 % of the NRC-recommended nutritional requirements twice daily. The sheep were randomly divided into three groups: the FR group in the second experiment (FR2), with no supplementation, the glycerol (GLY) group, which received 40 ml of glycerol per d, and the rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC) group, which received 10 g of rumen-protected choline chloride per d for 9 d. In the first experiment, the urine metabolome of sixteen ewes showed significant difference between the CON group and FR group. Compared with the CON group, FR decreased the level of d-glucose, lactic acid, levoglucosan, α-ketoglutarate, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, glucose 6-phosphate and the methyl donors, while increasing the level of pyruvate, fumaric acid and carnitines in urine. Both the GLY and RPC treatments counteracted some of these changes and modulated the urine metabolome in advanced pregnant ewes suffering from malnutrition.

Impacts of Dietary Protein from Fermented Cottonseed Meal on Lipid Metabolism and Metabolomic Profiling in the Serum of Broilers

Dietary protein from fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM), widely used in poultry diets in China, had regulating effects on lipid metabolism. To understand the effects of FCSM on lipid metabolism in broilers, we analyzed the biochemical indexes, enzyme activity, hormone level and metabolites in serum responses to FCSM intake. One hundred and eighty 21-d-old Chinese yellow feathered broilers (536.07±4.43 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates and 3 diets with 6 % supplementation of unfermented CSM (control group), FCSM by C. Tropicalis (Ct CSM) or C. tropicalis plus S. Cerevisae (Ct-Sc CSM). Result showed that: (1) FCSM intake decreased significantly the content of triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P<0.05) in serum; (2) FCSM intake could significantly increase enzyme activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) (P<0.05); (3) Ct-Sc CSM intake increased significantly the levels of adiponectin (ADP) (P<0.05); (4) FCSM intake caused significant metabolic changes involving glycolysis, TCA cycle, synthesis of fatty acid and glycogen, and metabolism of glycerolipid, vitamins B group and amino acids. Our results strongly suggested that FCSM intake could significantly affect lipid metabolism via multiple pathways. These findings provided new essential information about the effect of FCSM on broilers and demonstrated the great potential of nutrimetabolomics, through which the research complex nutrients are included in animal diet.

Invited review: Advances and challenges in application of feedomics to improve dairy cow production and health

Dairy cattle science has evolved greatly over the past century, contributing significantly to the improvement in milk production achieved today. However, a new approach is needed to meet the increasing demand for milk production and address the increased concerns about animal health and welfare. It is now easy to collect and access large and complex data sets consisting of molecular, physiological, and metabolic data as well as animal-level data (such as behavior). This provides new opportunities to better understand the mechanisms regulating cow performance. The recently proposed concept of feedomics could help achieve this goal by increasing our understanding of interactions between the different components or levels and their impact on animal production. Feedomics is an emerging field that integrates a range of omics technologies (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics) to provide these insights. In this way, we can identify the best strategies to improve overall animal productivity, product quality, welfare, and health. This approach can help research communities elucidate the complex interactions among nutrition, environment, management, animal genetics, metabolism, physiology, and the symbiotic microbiota. In this review, we summarize the outcomes of the most recent research on omics in dairy cows and highlight how an integrated feedomics approach could be applied in the future to improve dairy cow production and health. Specifically, we focus on 2 topics: (1) improving milk yield and milk quality, and (2) understanding metabolic physiology in transition dairy cows, which are 2 important challenges faced by the dairy industry worldwide.