Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Fish Oil Solid Lipid Nanoparticle in the Presence of Palmitic Acid and Quercetin

Leveraging the Recent Advancements in GelMA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An Assessment of Challenges and Opportunities

The field of bone tissue engineering has seen significant advancements in recent years. Each year, over two million bone transplants are performed globally, and conventional treatments, such as bone grafts and metallic implants, have their limitations. Tissue engineering offers a new level of treatment, allowing for the creation of living tissue within a biomaterial framework. Recent advances in biomaterials have provided innovative approaches to rebuilding bone tissue function after damage. Among them, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel is emerging as a promising biomaterial for supporting cell proliferation and tissue regeneration, and GelMA has exhibited exceptional physicochemical and biological properties, making it a viable option for clinical translation. Various methods and classes of additives have been used in the application of GelMA for bone regeneration, with the incorporation of nanofillers or other polymers enhancing its resilience and functional performance. Despite promising results, the fabrication of complex structures that mimic the bone architecture and the provision of balanced physical properties for both cell and vasculature growth and proper stiffness for load bearing remain as challenges. In terms of utilizing osteogenic additives, the priority should be on versatile components that promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis while reinforcing the structure for bone tissue engineering applications. This review focuses on recent efforts and advantages of GelMA-based composite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering, covering the literature from the last five years.

Selenium Ameliorated Oxidized Fish Oil-Induced Lipotoxicity via the Inhibition of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, Remodeling of Usp4-Mediated Deubiquitination, and Stabilization of Pparα

Aims: Studies demonstrated that oxidized fish oil (OFO) promoted oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial dysfunction and lipotoxicity, which attenuated beneficial effects of fish oil supplements in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The current study was performed on yellow catfish, a good model to study NAFLD, and its hepatocytes to explore whether selenium (Se) could alleviate OFO-induced lipotoxicity via the inhibition of oxidative stress and determine its potential mechanism. Results: The analysis of triglycerides content, oxidative stress parameters, and histological and transmission electronic microscopy observation showed that high dietary Se supplementation alleviated OFO-induced lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury and dysfunction. RNA-sequencing and immunoblotting analysis indicated that high dietary Se reduced OFO-induced decline of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα) and ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (Usp4) protein expression. High Se supplementation also alleviated OFO-induced reduction of thioredoxin reductase 2 (txnrd2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level and activity. The txnrd2 knockdown experiments revealed that txnrd2 mediated Se- and oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid (oxEPA)-induced changes of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and further altered Usp4 mediated-deubiquitination and stabilization of Pparα, which, in turn, modulated mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and metabolism. Mechanistically, Usp4 deubiquitinated Pparα and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated Pparα degradation contributed to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Innovation: These findings uncovered a previously unknown mechanism by which Se and OFO interacted to affect lipid metabolism via the Txnrd2-mtROS-Usp4-Pparα pathway, which provides the new target for NAFLD prevention and treatment. Conclusion: Se ameliorated OFO-induced lipotoxicity via the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress, remodeling of Usp4-mediated deubiquitination, and stabilization of Pparα. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 433-452.

Advances in the construction and application of konjac glucomannan-based delivery systems

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) has been widely used to deliver bioactive components due to its naturalness, non-toxicity, excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and other characteristics. This review presents an overview of konjac glucomannan as a matrix, and the types of konjac glucomannan-based delivery systems (such as hydrogels, food packaging films, microencapsulation, emulsions, nanomicelles) and their construction methods are introduced in detail. Furthermore, taking polyphenol compounds, probiotics, flavor substances, fatty acids, and other components as representatives, the applied research progress of konjac glucomannan-based delivery systems in food are summarized. Finally, the prospects for research directions in konjac glucomannan-based delivery systems are examined, thereby providing a theoretical basis for expanding the application of konjac glucomannan in other industries, such as food and medicine.

Effect of some local plant extracts on fatty acid composition of fish (Alestes baremoze) during smoking and sun drying in the Far-North region of Cameroon

The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activities of three plant extracts (Moringa oleifera leaves, Xylopia aethiopica fruits, and Allium cepa leaves) and to evaluate their effects on the preservation of fish polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during smoking and sun-drying processes. PUFAs are highly prone to oxidation during fish processing. The plant extracts were analyzed for their polyphenol contents and were evaluated for their total antiradical capacity. The polyphenol components of each plant were characterized. The hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts were added to the fish at concentrations of 3, 6, 9, and 12 g/L and 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/L, respectively. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a positive control at a concentration of 2 g/L to compare the antioxidant effects of the plant extracts. The treated fish was subjected to smoking or sun drying and the fatty acid composition of the fish lipid extract was assessed. The results showed that the total polyphenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents varied significantly from one plant extract to the other (p < .05). The radical scavenging and FRAP increased significantly with the concentration of the plant extracts (p < .05). An HPLC analysis of the extracts led to the preliminary identification of four hydroxycinnamic acids in M. oleifera and X. aethiopica, one anthocyanin and one flavone glycoside in M. oleifera, and four flavan-3-ols in X. aethiopica. Moreover, eight flavonols were preliminarily identified in the three plants. Compared to the control product, these plant extracts significantly protected fish PUFAs from oxidation (p < .05). The aqueous extract of A. cepa at 40 g/L better preserved omega-3 in fish during smoking and sun drying than the control product. Incorporating the three plant extracts during smoking and sun-drying processes can effectively preserve the PUFAs in fish. Therefore, these plants are viable sources of natural antioxidants in the preservation of fish products.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Enriched Hydrogels for Skin Topical Administration of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acid

Chronic skin exposure to external hostile agents (e.g., UV radiation, microorganisms, and oxidizing chemicals) may increase oxidative stress, causing skin damage and aging. Because of their well-known skincare and protective benefits, quercetin (Q) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) have attracted the attention of the dermocosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. However, both bioactives have inherent properties that limit their efficient skin delivery. Therefore, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and enriched PFC® hydrogels (HGs) have been developed as a dual-approach vehicle for Q and/or ω3 skin topical administration to improve bioactives' stability and skin permeation. Two NLC formulations were prepared with the same lipid composition but differing in surfactant composition (NLC1-soy lecithin and poloxamer 407; NLC2-Tween® 80 and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS)), which have an impact on physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical and therapeutic performance. Despite both NLCs presenting high Q loading capacity, NLC2's physicochemical properties make them more suitable for topical skin administration and ensure longer colloidal stability. Additionally, NLC2 demonstrated a more sustained Q release, indicating higher bioactive storage while improving permeability. The occlusive effect of NLCs-enriched HGs also has a positive impact on skin permeability. Q-loaded NLC2, with or without ω3, -enriched HGs demonstrated efficacy as antioxidant and photoprotective formulations as well as effective reduction in S. aureus growth, indicating that they constitute a promising approach for topical skin administration to prevent skin aging and other damaging cutaneous processes.

Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Flavonoids and Flavonolignans: Liposomes, Nanoemulsions, and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Herbal chemicals with a long history in medicine have attracted a lot of attention. Flavonolignans and flavonoids are considered as two classes of the above-mentioned compounds with different functional groups which exhibit several therapeutic capabilities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Based on the studies, high hydrophobic properties of the aforementioned compounds limit their bioavailability inside the human body and restrict their wide application. Nanoscale formulations such as solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and other types of lipid-based delivery systems have been introduced to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. This approach allows the aforementioned hydrophobic therapeutic compounds to be encapsulated between hydrophobic structures, resulting in improving their bioavailability. The above-mentioned enhanced delivery system improves delivery to the targeted sites and reduces the daily required dosage. Lowering the required daily dose improves the performance of the drug by diminishing its side effects on non-targeted tissues. The present study aims to highlight the recent improvements in implementing lipid-based nanocarriers to deliver flavonolignans and flavonoids.

Bioactive fatty acid analog-derived hybrid nanoparticles confer antibody-independent chemo-immunotherapy against carcinoma

Typical chemo-immunotherapy against malignant carcinoma, is characterized by the combined application of chemotherapeutic agents and monoclonal antibodies for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Temporary ICB with antibodies would not depress tumor intrinsic PD-L1 expression and potential PD-L1 adaptive upregulation during chemotherapy, thus exerting limited immunotherapy efficacy. Herein, we developed novel polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (2-BP/CPT-PLNs) for inducing PD-L1 degradation by inhibiting palmitoylation with bioactive palmitic acid analog 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) to replace PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1) for ICB therapy, thus achieving highly efficient antitumor immune via immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by potentiated chemotherapy. GSH-responsive and biodegradable polymer-prodrug CPT-ss-PAEEP₁₀ assisted as a cationic helper polymer could help to stabilize 2-BP/CPT-PLNs co-assembled with 2-BP, and facilitate the tumor site-specific delivery and intracellular release of water-insoluble camptothecin (CPT) in vivo. 2-BP/CPT-PLNs would reinforce cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell-mediated antitumor immune response via promoting intratumoral lymphocytes cells infiltration and activation. 2-BP/CPT-PLNs significantly prevented melanoma progression and prolonged life survival of mice beyond the conventional combination of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) and αPD-L1. Our work first provided valuable instructions for developing bioactive lipid analogs-derived nanoparticles via lipid metabolism intervention for oncotherapy.

Formulation Approaches to Crystalline Status Modification for Carotenoids: Impacts on Dissolution, Stability, Bioavailability, and Bioactivities

Carotenoids, including carotenes and xanthophylls, have been identified as bioactive ingredients in foods and are considered to possess health-promoting effects. From a biopharmaceutical perspective, several physicochemical characteristics, such as scanty water solubility, restricted dissolution, and susceptibility to oxidation may influence their oral bioavailability and eventually, their effectiveness. In this review, we have summarized various formulation approaches that deal with the modification of crystalline status for carotenoids, which may improve their physicochemical properties, oral absorption, and biological effects. The mechanisms involving crystalline alteration and the typical methods for examining crystalline states in the pharmaceutical field have been included, and representative formulation approaches are introduced to unriddle the mechanisms and effects more clearly.

Effects of Dietary Selenium and Oxidized Fish Oils on Intestinal Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Responses of Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Currently, the effect of selenium and oxidized fish oil interactions on the intestinal lipid metabolism and antioxidant responses of fish remains unknown. Herein, yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (weight: 3.99 ± 0.01 g) were used as experimental animals and were fed four diets: an adequate amount of selenium (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) with fresh fish oil (A-Se+FFO), an adequate amount of selenium with oxidized fish oil (A-Se+OFO), a high amount of selenium (0.50 mg kg⁻¹) with fresh fish oil (H-Se+FFO), and a high amount of selenium with oxidized fish oil (H-Se+OFO). The feeding experiment was conducted for 10 weeks. The results showed that selenium supplementation alleviated the intestinal tissue damage and reduced the lipid accumulation that was induced by oxidized fish oils. Meanwhile, we also found that 0.50 mg kg⁻¹ selenium reduced the oxidative stress that is caused by oxidized fish oils through increasing the GSH and the activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes. Dietary selenium and oxidized fish oils also affected the mRNA expression of intestinal selenoproteins including selenow2a, selenop2, and selenot2. Mechanistically, Se and oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid (oxEPA) influenced the GSH content by affecting the DNA binding ability of activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 to the slc7a11 promoter. For the first time, our results suggested that selenium alleviated the oxidized fish oil-induced intestinal lipid deposition and the oxidative stress of the fish. We also elucidated the novel mechanism of selenium increasing the GSH content by affecting the interaction of ATF3 and the slc7a11 promoter.

[Experimental study of resveratrol-solid lipid nanoparticles in promotion of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) on enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro by resveratrol (Res), and provide a method for the treatment of bone homeostasis disorders.

METHODS

Res-SLNs were prepared by high-temperature emulsification and low-temperature solidification method, and then the 2nd-3rd generation BMSCs from Sprague Dawley rat were co-cultured with different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) of Res and Res-SLNs. The effects of Res and Res-SLNs on the cell viability of BMSCs were detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) and live/dead cell staining; the effects of Res and Res-SLNs on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining after osteogenic differentiation induction, and the optimal concentration of Res-SLNs for gene detection was determined. Anti-osteocalcin (OCN) immunofluorescence staining and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to detect the effect of Res and Res-SLNs on osteoblast-related genes (ALP and OCN) of BMSCs.

RESULTS

Live/dead cell staining showed that there was no significant difference in the number of dead cells between Res and Res-SLNs groups; CCK-8 detection showed that the activity of BMSCs in Res group was significantly reduced at the concentration of 20 μmol/L (P<0.05), while Res-SLNs activity was not affected by Res concentration (P>0.05). After osteogenic differentiation, the staining intensity of ALP and ARS in both groups was dose-dependent. The percentage of ALP positive staining area and the percentage of mineralized nodule area in Res group and Res-SLNs group reached the maximum at the concentrations of 10 μmol/L and 1 μmol/L, respectively (P<0.05), and then decreased gradually; the most effective concentration of Res-SLNs was 1 μmol/L. The expression of OCN and the relative expression of ALP and OCN mRNA in Res-SLNs group were significantly higher than those in Res group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Encapsulation of SLNs can improve the effect of Res on promoting osteogenesis, and achieve the best effect of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at a lower concentration, which is expected to be used in the treatment of bone homeostasis imbalance diseases.

Influence of polyphenol-metal ion-coated ovalbumin/sodium alginate composite nanoparticles on the encapsulation of kaempferol/tannin acid

In this research, ovalbumin (OVA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as the materials to prepare OVA-SA composite carriers, which protected and encapsulated the hydrophobic kaempferol (KAE) and the hydrophilic tannic acid (TA). To achieve the purpose of targeted delivery, the TA-Fe³⁺ coating film was prepared. Results showed that the observation of small diffraction peaks in carriers proved the formation of TA/Fe³⁺ coating film on the surface of four composite nanoparticles (pOVA, pOVA-SA, pOVA-KAE-SA, and pOVA-KAE-TA-SA). The protein structure of the composite nanoparticles coated with TA/Fe³⁺ changed, and the order of the changes was pOVA-KAE > pOVA > pOVA-KAE-SA > pOVA-KAE-TA-SA > pOVA-SA. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the chromophore -C=O and the auxo-chromophore -OH are in the opposite position in the benzene ring of TA, and the two substituents have opposite effects and synergize, resulting in the different degrees of redshift of the composite nanoparticle λ_max. Additionally, pOVA-SA had the highest α-helix content and the lowest random coils, conferring the protein structure the strongest stability. The coating of TA/Fe³⁺ increased the system stability and the thermal stability of the composite nanoparticles. Additionally, the carriers were endowed with antioxidant activity, and their antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was pOVA-KAE-TA-SA > pOVA-KAE-SA > pOVA-KAE > pOVA-SA > pOVA based on the difference in antibacterial diameter (D, mm) and square (S, mm²). pOVA-KAE-TA-SA had the strongest antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability, which improved the bioavailability of TA/KAE. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of OVA-SA composite nanoparticles in the delivery of bioactive compounds.

Design of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Products: Insights into Nomenclature Revision of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects a quarter of the worldwide population. Natural products have been extensively utilized in treating NAFLD because of their distinctive advantages over chemotherapeutic drugs, despite the fact that there are no approved drugs for therapy. Notably, the limitations of many natural products, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability in vivo, low hepatic distribution, and lack of targeted effects, have severely restricted their clinical application. These issues could be resolved via hepatic targeted drug delivery systems (HTDDS) that boost clinical efficacy in treating NAFLD and decrease the adverse effects on other organs. Herein an overview of natural products comprising formulas, single medicinal plants, and their crude extracts has been presented to treat NAFLD. Also, the clinical efficacy and molecular mechanism of active monomer compounds against NAFLD are systematically discussed. The targeted delivery of natural products via HTDDS has been explored to provide a different nanotechnology-based NAFLD treatment strategy and to make suggestions for natural-product-based targeted nanocarrier design. Finally, the challenges and opportunities put forth by the nomenclature update of NAFLD are outlined along with insights into how to improve the NAFLD therapy and how to design more rigorous nanocarriers for the HTDDS. In brief, we summarize the up-to-date developments of the NAFLD-HTDDS based on natural products and provide viewpoints for the establishment of more stringent anti-NAFLD natural-product-targeted nanoformulations.

Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel scaffold carrying resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and effective bone regeneration

Critical-sized bone defects caused by traumatic fractures, tumour resection and congenital malformation are unlikely to heal spontaneously. Bone tissue engineering is a promising strategy aimed at developing in vitro replacements for bone transplantation and overcoming the limitations of natural bone grafts. In this study, we developed an innovative bone engineering scaffold based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel, obtained via a two-step procedure: first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were loaded with resveratrol (Res), a drug that can promote osteogenic differentiation and bone formation; these particles were then encapsulated at different concentrations (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.08%) in GelMA to obtain the final Res-SLNs/GelMA scaffolds. The effects of these scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and bone regeneration in rat cranial defects were evaluated using various characterization assays. Our in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that the different Res-SLNs/GelMA scaffolds improved the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, with the ideally slow and steady release of Res; the optimal scaffold was 0.02 Res-SLNs/GelMA. Therefore, the 0.02 Res-SLNs/GelMA hydrogel is an appropriate release system for Res with good biocompatibility, osteoconduction and osteoinduction, thereby showing potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

Oxidized fish oils increased lipid deposition via oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and the CREB1-Bcl2-Beclin1 pathway in the liver tissues and hepatocytes of yellow catfish

At present, the harmful effects and relevant mechanism of oxidized fish oils on fish and fish cells remain unknown. Our study found that oxidized fish oils increased lipogenesis, and reduced lipolysis, activated oxidative stress by decreasing glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, increasing malondialdhyde (MDA) content and damaging mitochondrial structure, and activated autophagy in the liver of yellow catfish; oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid (oxEPA) induced oxidative stress in yellow catfish hepatocytes. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and lipophagy mediated oxEPA induced-variations in lipid metabolism. Our further investigation indicated that oxEPA-activated lipophagy was via inhibiting the DNA binding capacity of the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-1 to the region of Bcl-2 promoter, which in turn suppressed the binding activity of Bcl-2 to Beclin1 and promoted autophagosome formation. For the first time, our study elucidated the mechanisms of oxidized fish oils-induced lipid deposition by the oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and CREB1-Bcl-2-Beclin1 pathway in fish.

Application of Advanced Emulsion Technology in the Food Industry: A Review and Critical Evaluation

The food industry is one of the major users of emulsion technology, as many food products exist in an emulsified form, including many dressings, sauces, spreads, dips, creams, and beverages. Recently, there has been an interest in improving the healthiness, sustainability, and safety of foods in an attempt to address some of the negative effects associated with the modern food supply, such as rising chronic diseases, environmental damage, and food safety concerns. Advanced emulsion technologies can be used to address many of these concerns. In this review article, recent studies on the development and utilization of these advanced technologies are critically assessed, including nanoemulsions, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), Pickering emulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), multiple emulsions, and emulgels. A brief description of each type of emulsion is given, then their formation and properties are described, and finally their potential applications in the food industry are presented. Special emphasis is given to the utilization of these advanced technologies for the delivery of bioactive compounds.

Plant oils: From chemical composition to encapsulated form use

The last decade has witnessed a burgeoning global movement towards essential and vegetable oils in the food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries thanks to their natural and safe status, broad acceptance by consumers, and versatile functional properties. However, efforts to develop new therapy or functional agents based on plant oils have met with challenges of limited stability and/or reduced efficacy. As a result, there has been increased research interest in the encapsulation of plant oils, whereby the nanocarriers serve as barrier between plant oils and the environment and control oil release leading to improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and enhanced patient compliance and convenience. In this review, special concern has been addressed to the encapsulation of essential and vegetable oils in three types of nanocarriers: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. First, the chemical composition of essential and vegetable oils was handled. Moreover, we gather together the research findings reported by the literature regarding the different techniques used to generate these nanocarriers with their significant findings. Finally, differences and similarities between these nanocarriers are discussed, along with current and future applications that are warranted by their structures and properties.

Enhanced physicochemical stability of ω-3 PUFAs concentrates-loaded nanoliposomes decorated by chitosan/gelatin blend coatings

To enhance the physicochemical stability of ω-3 PUFAs concentrates from fish oil, biopolymer coating based on chitosan (CH) and gelatin (GE) deposited on the surface of nanoliposomes (NLs) has been synthesized and characterized. The mean particle size of surface-decorated nanoliposomes (SDNLs) containing ω-3 PUFAs concentrates was found to be in the range of 209.5-454.3 nm. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical shape and smooth surface of the nanovesicles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction observations confirmed that the NLs have been successfully coated by biopolymeric blends. The highest entrapment efficiency of 81.6% was obtained in polymer-stabilized NLs with a concentration ratio of 0.3:0.1 (CH:GE). Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed enhanced thermal stability of vesicles after polymeric blend desorption. Finally, the oxidative stability assays demonstrated that the ω-3 PUFAs concentrates entrapped in SDNLs was protected against oxidation in comparison to the free ω-3 PUFAs concentrates.

Development of a Gemini Interfacial Antioxidant for Oil in Water Emulsion with Gallic Acid and Dodecyl Gemini Chains

In this study, development of the gemini gallate (GG) interfacial antioxidant for oil in water (O/W) emulsion was performed employing Steglich esterification with gallic acid and dodecyl gemini chains through a prepacked column and peristaltic pump-based purification system. The structural identity and purity of the prepared GG and monogallate (MG) were confirmed by NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further evaluation revealed that the GG possessed excellent radical scavenging activity and superior antioxidant activity in an O/W emulsion relative to the MG, especially under the condition of a reduced amount of the emulsifier. Microscopic investigation by a fluorescent probe and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) unveiled that the extraordinary antioxidant performance in the O/W emulsion was presumably attributed to preferable interfacial location because of the unique gemini molecular architecture. The superior antioxidant activity of the gemini antioxidant holds great promise for antioxidation in O/W emulsions.

Oxidative stability of spray dried matcha-tuna oil powders

Matcha-tuna oil and matcha-maltodextrin-tuna oil emulsions (25% oil, dry basis), formulated to have protein: carbohydrate ratios of 1:1.1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, were spray dried. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed effective emulsification of oil in all emulsions. All powders had low surface fat (2.9-4.2%). The addition of maltodextrin enhanced the bulk density and flowability of powders. Water sorption isotherms indicated that addition of maltodextrin increased water uptake of powders. The oxidative stability of the powders under accelerated conditions in an Oxipres® was highest for the matcha-tuna oil powder. Increasing amounts of added maltodextrin decreased oxidative stability. A comparison of levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neat oil and tuna oil powders over 12 weeks at 40 °C, demonstrated that % remaining EPA and DHA were higher for all spray dried powders compared to neat oil. There was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the amount of the loss of tea catechins and % remaining EPA and DHA after 12 weeks at 40 °C, suggesting that the catechins had a major role in protecting the tuna oil against oxidation. This study has demonstrated the potential of using a whole biomass (matcha) as the single encapsulant for protection and delivery of omega-3 oils.