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Yang Y, Zhou L, Feng L, Jiang J, Huang L, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Liu Q. Deciphering the Role of Waxy Gene Mutations in Enhancing Rice Grain Quality. Foods 2024; 13:1624. [PMID: 38890853 PMCID: PMC11171567 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Amylose content (AC) stands as a pivotal determinant of rice grain quality, primarily governed by the Waxy gene (Wx). The allelic variation within this gene, particularly the presence of the Wxmp allele derived from the ancestral Wxmq allele, significantly influences AC and is prevalent among soft japonica rice varieties in southern China. Although both alleles are associated with lower AC, there remains a paucity of detailed understanding regarding the interplay between specific functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these alleles and the overarching rice grain quality. To investigate this, we engineered three distinct transgenic rice lines, each harboring the Wxmp, Wxmq, or Wxb-5c alleles in the background of the glutinous rice cultivar Nip(wx). This suite of transgenic rice lines showcased varying degrees of grain transparency inversely correlated to AC, which in turn influenced other physicochemical properties of the rice grains, such as taste value of cooked rice, gel consistency, and starch pasting properties. Additionally, analyses of gene expression and enzyme activity revealed that the functional SNPs, Ex4-53G to A and Ex5-53T to C, lead to a decline in the activity of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) without altering expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Agro-Biology, Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Linhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lichun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Agro-Biology, Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.F.); (J.J.); (L.H.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Yang X, Lu J, Shi WJ, Chen YH, Yu JW, Chen SH, Zhao DS, Huang LC, Fan XL, Zhang CQ, Zhang L, Liu QQ, Li QF. RGA1 regulates grain size, rice quality and seed germination in the small and round grain mutant srg5. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:167. [PMID: 38438916 PMCID: PMC10910726 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generating elite rice varieties with high yield and superior quality is the main goal of rice breeding programs. Key agronomic traits, including grain size and seed germination characteristics, affect the final yield and quality of rice. The RGA1 gene, which encodes the α-subunit of rice G-protein, plays an important role in regulating rice architecture, seed size and abiotic stress responses. However, whether RGA1 is involved in the regulation of rice quality and seed germination traits is still unclear. RESULTS In this study, a rice mutant small and round grain 5 (srg5), was identified in an EMS-induced rice mutant library. Systematic analysis of its major agronomic traits revealed that the srg5 mutant exhibited a semi-dwarf plant height with small and round grain and reduced panicle length. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of rice showed that the difference in rice eating and cooking quality (ECQ) between the srg5 mutant and its wild-type control was small, but the appearance quality was significantly improved. Interestingly, a significant suppression of rice seed germination and shoot growth was observed in the srg5 mutant, which was mainly related to the regulation of ABA metabolism. RGA1 was identified as the candidate gene for the srg5 mutant by BSA analysis. A SNP at the splice site of the first intron disrupted the normal splicing of the RGA1 transcript precursor, resulting in a premature stop codon. Additional linkage analysis confirmed that the target gene causing the srg5 mutant phenotype was RGA1. Finally, the introduction of the RGA1 mutant allele into two indica rice varieties also resulted in small and round rice grains with less chalkiness. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that RGA1 is not only involved in the control of rice architecture and grain size, but also in the regulation of rice quality and seed germination. This study sheds new light on the biological functions of RGA1, thereby providing valuable information for future systematic analysis of the G-protein pathway and its potential application in rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu-Jian Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Wen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sai-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Xiong M, Xu J, Zhou Z, Peng B, Shen Y, Shen H, Xu X, Li C, Deng L, Feng G. Salinity inhibits seed germination and embryo growth by reducing starch mobilization efficiency in barley. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e564. [PMID: 38312996 PMCID: PMC10835642 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Barley is one of the world's earliest domesticated crops, which is widely used for beer production, animal feeding, and health care. Barley seed germination, particularly in increasingly saline soils, is key to ensure the safety of crop production. However, the mechanism of salt-affected seed germination in barley remains elusive. Here, two different colored barley varieties were used to independently study the regulation mechanism of salt tolerance during barley seed germination. High salinity delays barley seed germination by slowing down starch mobilization efficiency in seeds. The starch plate test revealed that salinity had a significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity in barley seeds. Further, NaCl treatment down-regulated the expression of Amy1, Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds, thereby inhibiting α-amylase activity. In addition, the result of embryogenic culture system in vitro showed that the shoot elongation of barley was significantly inhibited by salt stress. These findings indicate that it is a feasible idea to study the regulation mechanism of salinity on barley seed germination and embryo growth from the aspect of starch-related source-sink communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiong
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Zhou Zhou
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Bin Peng
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Yuxiang Shen
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Huiquan Shen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural SciencesYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Xiao Xu
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural SciencesYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Changya Li
- Yancheng Grain and Oil Crop Technical Guidance StationYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Lina Deng
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Gongneng Feng
- College of Marine and Biology EngineeringYancheng Institute of TechnologyYanchengJiangsuChina
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Liang C, Xu H, You H, Zhang O, Han Y, Li Q, Hu Y, Xiang X. Physicochemical properties and molecular mechanisms of different resistant starch subtypes in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1313640. [PMID: 38259949 PMCID: PMC10800921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1313640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) can help prevent diabetes and decrease calorie intake and that from plants are the main source of mankind consumption. Rice is many people's staple food and that with higher RS will help health management. A significantly positive correlation exists between apparent amylose content (AAC) of rice and its RS content. In this study, 72 accessions with moderate or high AAC were selected to explore the regulatory mechanisms and physicochemical properties on different proceeding types of rice RS. RS in raw milled rice (RSm), hot cooked rice (RSc), and retrogradation rice (RSr) showed a wide variation and distinct controlling mechanisms. They were co-regulated by Waxy (Wx), soluble starch synthase (SS) IIb and SSI. Besides that, RSm was also regulated by SSIIa and SSIVb, RSc by granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) II and RSr by GBSSII and Pullulanase (PUL). Moreover, Wx had significant interactions with SSIIa, SSI, SSIIb and SSIVb on RSm, but only the dominant interactions with SSIIb and SSI on RSc and RSr. Wx was the key factor for the formation of RS, especially the RSc and RSr. The genes had the highest expression at 17 days after flowering and were beneficial for RS formation. The longer the chain length of starch, the higher the RS3 content. RSc and RSr were likely to be contained in medium-size starch granules. The findings favor understanding the biosynthesis of different subtypes of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Haoyang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Hui You
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Ouling Zhang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Yiman Han
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yungao Hu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
| | - Xunchao Xiang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan, Mianyang, China
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Zhang C, Xue W, Li T, Wang L. Understanding the Relationship between the Molecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soft Rice Starch. Foods 2023; 12:3611. [PMID: 37835265 PMCID: PMC10572268 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of soft rice starch (SRS) has been investigated in this research. The amylose content of SRS ranged from 10.76% to 11.85%, classified as the very low amylose type. Compared to waxy and japonica rice starch, the largest amount of small starch granules and the highest viscosity were shown in the SRS. The results of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared proved that the SRS depicted a typical A-type pattern with a low short-range ordered structure. Additionally, SRS had a great deal of A and B1 chains. Molecular weights and density of starch from soft rice were lower than those from waxy rice but higher than those from japonica rice. Furthermore, SRS possessed a higher amount of resistant starch. Correlation analysis indicated that the amylose content and the chain-length distributions of amylopectin play a major role in influencing the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of rice starch. In conclusion, the low amylose content, highest viscosity, and other excellent properties of soft rice starch make it have bright application prospects in instant rice and rice cakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China (T.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China (T.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China (T.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China (T.L.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
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Lu Y, Lv D, Zhou L, Yang Y, Hao W, Huang L, Fan X, Zhao D, Li Q, Zhang C, Liu Q. Combined effects of SSII-2RNAi and different Wx alleles on rice grain transparency and physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 308:120651. [PMID: 36813343 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Near-isogenic lines Nip(Wxb/SSII-2), Nip(Wxb/ss2-2), Nip(Wxmw/SSII-2), Nip(Wxmw/ss2-2), Nip(Wxmp/SSII-2) and Nip(Wxmp/ss2-2) in the Nipponbare (Nip) background containing the SSII-2RNAi cassette combined with different Waxy (Wx) alleles were investigated in terms of rice grain transparency and quality profiles. Rice lines carrying the SSII-2RNAi cassette displayed downregulation of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx genes. Introduction of the SSII-2RNAi cassette decreased apparent amylose content (AAC) in all transgenic lines, but grain transparency differed between low AAC rice lines. Grains from Nip(Wxb/SSII-2) and Nip(Wxb/ss2-2) were transparent, while those of rice were increasingly translucent with decreasing moisture due to cavities within starch granules. Rice grain transparency was positively correlated with grain moisture and AAC, but negatively correlated with cavity area within starch granules. Starch fine structure analysis revealed a marked increase in short amylopectin chains with DP 6-12, but a decrease in intermediate chains with DP 13-24, resulting in decreased gelatinisation temperature. Starch crystalline structure analysis showed that the transgenic rice starches have lower crystallinity and lamellar repeat distance than controls due to differences in starch fine structure. The results highlight the molecular basis underpinning rice grain transparency, and provide strategies for improving rice grain transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dongjing Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weizhuo Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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7
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Lu Z, Fang Z, Liu W, Lu D, Wang X, Wang S, Xue J, He X. Grain quality characteristics analysis and application on breeding of Yuenongsimiao, a high-yielding and disease-resistant rice variety. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6335. [PMID: 37072409 PMCID: PMC10113224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice quality is one of the main targets of rice breeding and is a complex trait that involves grain appearance, milling, cooking, eating and nutritional quality. For many years, rice breeding has contended with imbalances in rice yield, quality, and disease and lodging resistance. Here, the milling and appearance quality, cooking quality, starch rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) profile, and nutritional quality of grains of Yuenongsimiao (YNSM), an indica rice variety with high yield, high quality and disease resistance, were determined. YNSM had excellent appearance and quality, with low amylose contents and high gel consistency, and these characteristics exhibited significant correlations with the RVA profile such as hot paste viscosity, cool paste viscosity, setback viscosity, and consistency. Moreover, 5 genes related to length-to-width ratio (LWR) as well as the Wx gene were used to detect the main quality genotype of YNSM. The results showed that YNSM is a semilong-grain rice with a relatively high brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head rice yield and low chalkiness. The results indicated that the LWR and food quality of YNSM might be related to gs3, gw7 and Wxb. This study also reports the quality characteristics of hybrid rice developed using YNSM as a restorer line. The quality characteristics and the genotype for grain quality determined through gene analysis in YNSM may facilitate the breeding of new rice varieties that achieve a balance of grain yield, resistance and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Lu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongbai Lu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shiguang Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiuying He
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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8
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Song X, Chen Z, Du X, Li B, Fei Y, Tao Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Li W, Wang J, Liang G, Zhou Y, Tan X, Li Y, Yang J. Generation of new rice germplasms with low amylose content by CRISPR/CAS9-targeted mutagenesis of the FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138523. [PMID: 36993856 PMCID: PMC10040805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 (FLO2), encoding a tetratricopeptide repeat domain (TPR)-containing protein located in the nucleus, is considered to be a regulatory protein that controls the biosynthesis of seed storage substances. The diversity of flo2 allele is attributable for the variations in grain appearance, amylose content (AC), and physicochemical properties, influencing the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce loss-of-function mutations into the FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 gene in Suken118 (SK118), a widely cultivated elite japonica rice variety in Jiangsu, China. Physiochemical analyses of the flo2 mutants were congruent with previous studies, exhibiting lowered AC and viscosity, risen gel consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) values, which were all instrumental to the improvement of ECQ. However, the wrinkled opaque appearance and the decrease in grain width, grain thickness and grain weight imply trade-offs in grain yield. Despite the ex-ante estimation for low yielding, the superior ECQ in these novel genotypes generated by using genome editing approach may have the potential for formulating high value specialty food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xi Du
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunyan Fei
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Tao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fangquan Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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9
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Fan P, Xu J, Wang Z, Liu G, Zhang Z, Tian J, Wei H, Zhang H. Phenotypic differences in the appearance of soft rice and its endosperm structural basis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1074148. [PMID: 36818874 PMCID: PMC9929301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1074148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In view of the significant differences among genotypes in the appearance of soft rice, it is necessary to conduct research on the differences in the appearance quality of soft rice and their mechanisms. It can provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of superior appearance varieties at a later stage. In order to clarify the differences in appearance phenotypes between different soft rice genotypes and structural basis of endosperm structures behind the differences, four soft rice varieties were selected in this study, including two varieties with good-appearance and two varieties with cloudy appearance. The differences in appearance phenotypes and endosperm structure in mature grains of soft rice with different appearance phenotypes were scientifically analyzed. The development process of their endosperm differences at the filling stage was investigated. The results show that the difference in the rice appearance of soft rice varieties mainly lay in the chalk-free seed transparency and chalkiness. These differences were caused by two completely different types of endosperm structure. Fewer and smaller starch grain cavities were responsible for higher chalk-free transparency of soft rice grains, denser starch granules arrangement caused lower chalkiness of soft rice grains. Ten days after flowering, the starch granules in the back and heart of good-appearance soft rice were already significantly fuller and more closely packed than those of cloudy soft rice. At the same time, the number and area of starch granule holes were significantly smaller than those of cloudy soft rice. This difference gradually increased until maturity. Therefore, based on appearance evaluation, soft rice with good-appearance should have higher transparency and lower chalkiness. The endosperm starch granules should be full and tightly arranged. The number of starch grain cavities and the area should be smaller. These differences develop in the early stages of grouting and gradually increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiyan Wei
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Wei, ; Hongcheng Zhang,
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10
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Yan S, Li Z, Wang B, Li T, Li Z, Zhang N, Cui B. Correlation analysis on physicochemical and structural properties of sorghum starch. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1101868. [PMID: 36712512 PMCID: PMC9873550 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript analyzed physicochemical and structural properties of 30 different types of sorghum starches based on their apparent amylose content (AAC). Current results confirmed that sorghum starch exhibited irregular spherical or polygonal granule shape with 14.5 μm average particle size. The AAC of sorghum starch ranged from 7.42 to 36.44% corresponding to relative crystallinities of 20.5 to 32.4%. The properties of enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH), peak viscosity (PV), relative crystallinity (RC), degree of double helix (DD), degree of order (DO), and swelling power (SP) were negatively correlated with AAC, while the cool paste viscosity (CPV) and setback (SB) were positively correlated with AAC. Correlations analyzed was conducted on various physicochemical parameters. Using principal component analysis (PCA) with 20 variables, the difference between 30 different types of sorghum starch was displayed. Results of current study can be used to guide the selection and breeding of sorghum varieties and its application in food and non-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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11
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Zhao G, Xie S, Zong S, Wang T, Mao C, Shi J, Li J. Mutation of TL1, encoding a novel C 2H 2 zinc finger protein, improves grains eating and cooking quality in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3531-3543. [PMID: 35994056 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cloning and characterization of a novel C2H2 zinc finger protein that affects rice eating and cooking quality by regulating amylose content and amylopectin chain-length distribution in rice. One of the major objectives in rice breeding aims to increase simultaneously yield and grain quality especially eating and cooking quality (ECQ). Controlling amylose content (AC) and amylopectin chain-length distribution (ACLD) in rice is a major strategy for improving rice ECQ. Previous studies show that some starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) are required for normal AC and ACLD, but its underlying regulating network is still unclear. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel C2H2 zinc finger protein TL1 (Translucent endosperm 1) that positively regulates amylose synthesis in rice grains. Loss of TL1 function reduced apparent amylose content (AAC), total starch, gel consistency, and gelatinisation temperature, whereas increased viscosity, total lipid, and ratio of amylopectin A chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 6-12 to B1 chains with DP 13-24, resulting in an enhanced grain ECQ. The improved ECQ was accompanied by altered expression patterns of several tested SSRGs in tl1 mutant grains. Furthermore, knockout of TL1 in the high-yielding rice variety JiaHua NO.1 reduced AAC without obvious side effects on major agronomic traits. These findings expand our understanding of the regulating networks of grain starch metabolism and provide new insights into how rice ECQ quality can be improved via genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Shuifeng Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shipeng Zong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chanjuan Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianyue Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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12
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Screening methods for cereal grains with different starch components: A mini review. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Zhao D, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Genetic control of grain appearance quality in rice. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108014. [PMID: 35777622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Grain appearance, one of the key determinants of rice quality, reflects the ability to attract consumers, and is characterized by four major properties: grain shape, chalkiness, transparency, and color. Mining of valuable genes, genetic mechanisms, and breeding cultivars with improved grain appearance are essential research areas in rice biology. However, grain appearance is a complex and comprehensive trait, making it challenging to understand the molecular details, and therefore, achieve precise improvement. This review highlights the current findings of grain appearance control, including a detailed description of the key genes involved in the formation of grain appearance, and the major environmental factors affecting chalkiness. We also discuss the integration of current knowledge on valuable genes to enable accurate breeding strategies for generation of rice grains with superior appearance quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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14
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Chen F, Lu Y, Pan L, Fan X, Li Q, Huang L, Zhao D, Zhang C, Liu Q. The Underlying Physicochemical Properties and Starch Structures of indica Rice Grains with Translucent Endosperms under Low-Moisture Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101378. [PMID: 35626949 PMCID: PMC9141583 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice grain quality is a complex trait that includes processing, appearance, eating, cooking, and nutrition components. The amylose content (AC) in the rice endosperm affects the eating and cooking quality along with the appearance of milled rice. In this study, four indica rice varieties with different ACs were used to study the factors affecting endosperm transparency along with the physical and chemical characteristics and eating quality of translucent endosperm varieties. Endosperm transparency was positively correlated with water content and negatively correlated with the cumulative area of cavities within starch granules. The indica landrace 28Zhan had a translucent endosperm and exhibited good taste. Based on starch fine structure analysis, long-chain amylopectin and the B2 chain of amylopectin might be major contributors to the good taste and relatively slow digestion of this landrace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Lixu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Lichun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.C.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (D.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Shen L, Li J, Li Y. Resistant starch formation in rice: Genetic regulation and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100329. [PMID: 35576157 PMCID: PMC9251435 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), a healthy dietary fiber, is a particular type of starch that has attracted much research attention in recent years. RS has important roles in reducing glycemic index, postprandial blood glucose levels, and serum cholesterol levels, thereby improving and preventing many diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The formation of RS is influenced by intrinsic properties of starch (e.g., starch granule structure, starch crystal structure, and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio) and non-starch components (e.g., proteins, lipids, and sugars), as well as storage and processing conditions. Recent studies have revealed that several starch-synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) are crucial for the formation of RS during seed development. Several transcription factors and mRNA splicing factors have been shown to affect the expression or splicing of SSRGs that regulate RS content, suggesting their potential roles in RS formation. This review focuses mainly on recent research progress on the genetic regulation of RS content and discusses the emerging genetic and molecular mechanisms of RS formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
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16
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Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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17
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Zhou L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu Q. Genetic manipulation of endosperm amylose for designing superior quality rice to meet the demands in the 21st century. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Li P, Chen YH, Lu J, Zhang CQ, Liu QQ, Li QF. Genes and Their Molecular Functions Determining Seed Structure, Components, and Quality of Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35303197 PMCID: PMC8933604 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the improvement of people's living standards and rice trade worldwide, the demand for high-quality rice is increasing. Therefore, breeding high quality rice is critical to meet the market demand. However, progress in improving rice grain quality lags far behind that of rice yield. This might be because of the complexity of rice grain quality research, and the lack of consensus definition and evaluation standards for high quality rice. In general, the main components of rice grain quality are milling quality (MQ), appearance quality (AQ), eating and cooking quality (ECQ), and nutritional quality (NQ). Importantly, all these quality traits are determined directly or indirectly by the structure and composition of the rice seeds. Structurally, rice seeds mainly comprise the spikelet hull, seed coat, aleurone layer, embryo, and endosperm. Among them, the size of spikelet hull is the key determinant of rice grain size, which usually affects rice AQ, MQ, and ECQ. The endosperm, mainly composed of starch and protein, is the major edible part of the rice seed. Therefore, the content, constitution, and physicochemical properties of starch and protein are crucial for multiple rice grain quality traits. Moreover, the other substances, such as lipids, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals, included in different parts of the rice seed, also contribute significantly to rice grain quality, especially the NQ. Rice seed growth and development are precisely controlled by many genes; therefore, cloning and dissecting these quality-related genes will enhance our knowledge of rice grain quality and will assist with the breeding of high quality rice. This review focuses on summarizing the recent progress on cloning key genes and their functions in regulating rice seed structure and composition, and their corresponding contributions to rice grain quality. This information will facilitate and advance future high quality rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Huang L, Tan H, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperms: An updated review over the last decade. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100237. [PMID: 34746765 PMCID: PMC8554040 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a vital energy source for living organisms and is a key raw material and additive in the food and non-food industries. Starch has received continuous attention in multiple research fields. The endosperm of cereals (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, and barley) is the most important site for the synthesis of storage starch. Around 2010, several excellent reviews summarized key progress in various fields of starch research, serving as important references for subsequent research. In the past 10 years, many achievements have been made in the study of starch synthesis and regulation in cereals. The present review provides an update on research progress in starch synthesis of cereal endosperms over the past decade, focusing on new enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins involved in starch synthesis, regulatory networks of starch synthesis, and the use of elite alleles of starch synthesis-related genes in cereal breeding programs. We also provide perspectives on future research directions that will further our understanding of cereal starch biosynthesis and regulation to support the rational design of ideal quality grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Huang L, Gu Z, Chen Z, Yu J, Chu R, Tan H, Zhao D, Fan X, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Improving rice eating and cooking quality by coordinated expression of the major starch synthesis-related genes, SSII and Wx, in endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:419-432. [PMID: 34129189 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated regulation of amylose and amylopectin synthesis via manipulation of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx expression in endosperm can improve rice eating and cooking quality. With increasing rice consumption worldwide, many researchers are working to increase the yield and improve grain quality, especially eating and cooking quality (ECQ). The rice ECQ is mainly controlled by the expression of starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) in endosperm. Although the Wx and SSII-3/SSIIa/ALK genes, two major SSRGs, have been manipulated to improve rice ECQ via various breeding approaches, new methods to further improve ECQ are desired. In our previous study, we enhanced rice ECQ by knocking down SSII-2 expression in the japonica Nipponbare cultivar (carrying the Wxb allele) via RNA interference. Herein, the SSII-2 RNAi was introduced into two Nipponbare-derived near-isogenic lines (NILs), Nip(Wxa) and Nip(wx), carrying Wxa and wx alleles respond for high and no amylose levels, respectively. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed that the improved grain quality of SSII-2 RNAi transgenic lines was achieved by coordinated downregulating the expression of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx. To further confirm this conclusion, we generated ssii-2, ssii-3 and ssii-2ssii-3 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The amylopectin structure of the resulting ssii-2sii-3 mutants was similar to that in SSII-2 RNAi transgenic lines, and the absence of SSII-2 decreased the amylose content, gelatinisation temperature and rapid visco-analyser profile, indicating essential roles for SSII-2 in the regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis and amylose content in rice endosperm. The effect of SSII-2 was seen only when the activity of SSII-3 was very low or lacking. Our study provides novel approaches and valuable germplasm resources for improving ECQ via plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengwen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rui Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Adegoke TV, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu W, Liu X, Cheng YC, Tong X, Ying J, Zhang J. Posttranslational Modification of Waxy to Genetically Improve Starch Quality in Rice Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4845. [PMID: 34063649 PMCID: PMC8124582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy (Wx) gene, encoding the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), is responsible for amylose biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in defining eating and cooking quality. The waxy locus controls both the non-waxy and waxy rice phenotypes. Rice starch can be altered into various forms by either reducing or increasing the amylose content, depending on consumer preference and region. Low-amylose rice is preferred by consumers because of its softness and sticky appearance. A better way of improving crops other than downregulation and overexpression of a gene or genes may be achieved through the posttranslational modification of sites or regulatory enzymes that regulate them because of their significance. The impact of posttranslational GBSSI modifications on extra-long unit chains (ELCs) remains largely unknown. Numerous studies have been reported on different crops, such as wheat, maize, and barley, but the rice starch granule proteome remains largely unknown. There is a need to improve the yield of low-amylose rice by employing posttranslational modification of Wx, since the market demand is increasing every day in order to meet the market demand for low-amylose rice in the regional area that prefers low-amylose rice, particularly in China. In this review, we have conducted an in-depth review of waxy rice, starch properties, starch biosynthesis, and posttranslational modification of waxy protein to genetically improve starch quality in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingyong Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
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22
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Chen S, Liu X, Zhu J, Zhou L, Lu Y, Li Q, Fan X, Tang S, Gu M, Liu Q. A rare Waxy allele coordinately improves rice eating and cooking quality and grain transparency. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:889-901. [PMID: 32886440 PMCID: PMC8246539 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa), amylose content (AC) is the major factor that determines eating and cooking quality (ECQ). The diversity in AC is largely attributed to natural allelic variation at the Waxy (Wx) locus. Here we identified a rare Wx allele, Wxmw , which combines a favorable AC, improved ECQ and grain transparency. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of Wx genomic sequences from 370 rice accessions, we speculated that Wxmw may have derived from recombination between two important natural Wx alleles, Wxin and Wxb . We validated the effects of Wxmw on rice grain quality using both transgenic lines and near-isogenic lines (NILs). When introgressed into the japonica Nipponbare (NIP) background, Wxmw resulted in a moderate AC that was intermediate between that of NILs carrying the Wxb allele and NILs with the Wxmp allele. Notably, mature grains of NILs fixed for Wxmw had an improved transparent endosperm relative to soft rice. Further, we introduced Wxmw into a high-yielding japonica cultivar via molecular marker-assisted selection: the introgressed lines exhibited clear improvements in ECQ and endosperm transparency. Our results suggest that Wxmw is a promising allele to improve grain quality, especially ECQ and grain transparency of high-yielding japonica cultivars, in rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Shengjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Xueju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Jihui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Shuzhu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Minghong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
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Xu Y, Lin Q, Li X, Wang F, Chen Z, Wang J, Li W, Fan F, Tao Y, Jiang Y, Wei X, Zhang R, Zhu Q, Bu Q, Yang J, Gao C. Fine-tuning the amylose content of rice by precise base editing of the Wx gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:11-13. [PMID: 32558105 PMCID: PMC7769246 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Qiupeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringCenter for Genome EditingInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyKey Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingChinese Academy of SciencesHarbinChina
| | - Fangquan Wang
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Wenqi Li
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Fangjun Fan
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yajun Tao
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yanjie Jiang
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringCenter for Genome EditingInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Qingyun Bu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyKey Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingChinese Academy of SciencesHarbinChina
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Food CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice ImprovementNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringCenter for Genome EditingInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Generation of selectable marker-free soft transgenic rice with transparent kernels by downregulation of SSSII-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Starch Components, Starch Properties and Appearance Quality of Opaque Kernels from Rice Mutants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244580. [PMID: 31847303 PMCID: PMC6943482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice mutants with altered starch components and properties are important genetic resources in rice breeding programmes. In this study, 44 mutants with altered starch components were screened from 135 rice mutants with opaque kernels using a starch–iodine absorption spectrum method, and nine mutants from them were further selected for investigating their starch properties and kernel appearance quality. The results showed that the iodine absorption spectrum parameters, OD620, OD620/550, and λmax, could reflect the changes of starch components in rice mutants, and had significantly positive relationships with amylose content and negative relationships with the proportion of short branch-chains of amylopectin. The endosperm starches from nine mutants all showed A-type crystalline structure and similar short-range ordered structure, but had different relative crystallinities. The changes of starch components in mutants not only resulted in the different gelatinization properties of starch but also changed the appearance quality of brown rice kernels. This study provided abundant genetic plants for studying the molecular mechanism of starch synthesis and the quality regulation of rice kernels.
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Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhang J, Cai X, Liu Q, Wei C. Relationships between transparency, amylose content, starch cavity, and moisture of brown rice kernels. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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