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Zhang B, Zhang H, Bai X, Zhang T, Xue J, Lu S, Kannan K. Placental transfer of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and its association with maternal health in a population in South of China. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2022; 1:244-250. [PMID: 38077258 PMCID: PMC10702892 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite high production and usage, little is known about exposure to bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and their derivatives in pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we determined nine BDGEs in 106 paired maternal and cord serum samples collected from e-waste dismantling sites in South of China. Bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·2H2O), bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O), and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were the major BDGEs, with median concentrations of 0.57, 4.07, and 1.60 ng/mL, respectively, in maternal serum, and of 3.58, 5.61, and 0.61 ng/mL, respectively, in cord serum. The transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) were estimated for BDGEs found in samples, and median values were in the range of 0.98 (BFDGE) to 5.91 (BADGE·2H2O). Our results suggested that passive diffusion plays a role in the placental transfer of BADGE·HCl·H2O and BFDGE, whereas several mechanisms contribute to the high accumulation of BADGE·2H2O in cord serum. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated significant associations between maternal serum concentrations of BDGEs and blood clinical biomarkers, especially those related to liver injuries, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of BDGEs in paired maternal-fetal serum samples and provide new insights into prenatal and fetal exposures. The newly discovered TTEs in maternal-fetal pairs contribute to a fuller inventory of the transmission activity of pollutants in the human body, ultimately adding to a more significant comprehensive risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Henglin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY10016, USA
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Yang R, Duan J, Li H, Sun Y, Shao B, Niu Y. Bisphenol-diglycidyl ethers in paired urine and serum samples from children and adolescents: Partitioning, clearance and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119351. [PMID: 35489536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), and their derivatives are frequently used in food packaging materials. Some toxicological studies have shown that the endocrine-disrupting activities of these compounds are similar to or higher than those of bisphenol A (BPA), which may also adversely affect the growth and development of children and adolescents. Here, we investigated nine bisphenol-diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) in 181 paired urine and serum samples from children and adolescents from Beijing to determine their partitioning, clearance and exposure levels. The results showed that nine BDGEs were detected in 181 urine and serum samples from children and adolescents from Beijing. Bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·2H2O) was the primary pollutant. The daily intake of ∑BDGEs was 15.217 ng/kg bw/day among children and adolescents in Beijing. The ranking of BDGEs in terms of renal clearance rate (CLrenal) in this study population was BADGE > BADGE·2H2O > BFDGE > bisphenol F bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BFDGE·2HCl) > bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O). In addition, the serum and urine ratios (S/U ratios) of BFDGE·2HCl, BADGE·2H2O, BFDGE, BADGE, and BADGE·HCl·H2O were higher than 1, indicating that these contaminants have a higher enrichment capacity in human blood. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the partitioning and renal clearance rate of BDGEs in paired urine and serum samples from children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiali Duan
- Office of Health Promotion, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Office of Health Promotion, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China.
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Yang R, Chen X, Niu Y, Shao B. Metabolic profiling of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113252. [PMID: 35738325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGE) is one class of human-made chemicals, and it is one of the most widely used raw materials for epoxy resins. As an active compound, BADGE undergoes biotransformation in vitro and in vivo. However, there is a limited understanding of the biotransformation of BADGE and toxicity studies on transformation products. We conducted comprehensive research on the metabolic transformation of BADGE in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that 12 metabolites and 7 metabolites were identified in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Four biotransformation products, including M1 (hydrolysis), M3 (dehydroxylation), M10 (carboxylation), and M11 (glucose conjugation), can be found in both in vitro and in vivo samples. The main metabolic pathways were hydroxylation, carboxylation, cysteine (Cys) conjugation, and glucose conjugation. Besides, our results suggested the existence of metabolic differences in BADGE between species and gender. Further, we investigated toxicities of BADGE metabolites in-silico. Importantly, some hydrolysis (M1, M2), hydroxylation (M7), and oxidation (M8) products showed similar or even higher potential toxicity than BADGE depending on the endpoint. These results enrich the biotransformation profiles of BADGE and provide useful information for understanding its biotransformation in humans and a reference for the comprehensive assessment for human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention &Control, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention &Control, Beijing, 100013, China.
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Iribarne-Durán LM, Peinado FM, Freire C, Castillero-Rosales I, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N. Concentrations of bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in human breast milk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150437. [PMID: 34583069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants but may be responsible for their exposure to environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals. AIM To review available evidence on the presence and concentrations of bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs) in human milk and to explore factors related to exposure levels. METHODS A systematic review was carried out using Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, conducting a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed original articles published during the period 2000-2020, including epidemiological and methodological studies. Inclusion criteria were met by 50 studies, which were compiled by calculating weighted detection frequencies and arithmetic mean concentrations of the chemicals. Their risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I checklist. RESULTS Among the 50 reviewed studies, concentrations of bisphenols were assessed by 37 (74.0%), PBs by 21 (42.0%), and BPs by 10 (20.0%). Weighted detection frequencies were 63.6% for bisphenol-A (BPA), 27.9-63.4% for PBs, and 39.5% for benzophenone-3 (BP-3). Weighted mean concentrations were 1.4 ng/mL for BPA, 0.2-14.2 ng/mL for PBs, and 24.4 ng/mL for BP-3. Mean concentrations ranged among studies from 0.1 to 3.9 ng/mL for BPA, 0.1 to 1063.6 ng/mL for PBs, and 0.5 to 72.4 ng/mL for BP-3. The highest concentrations of BPA and PBs were reported in samples from Asia (versus America and Europe). Higher BPA and lower methyl-paraben concentrations were observed in samples collected after 2010. Elevated concentrations of these chemicals were associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in eight studies (16.0%). Two epidemiological studies showed moderate/serious risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review contributes the first overview of the widespread presence and concentrations of bisphenols, PBs, and BPs in human breast milk, revealing geographical and temporal variations. The methodological heterogeneity of published studies underscores the need for well-conducted studies to assess the magnitude of exposure to these chemicals from human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Iribarne-Durán
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - F M Peinado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - C Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - F Artacho-Cordón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - N Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain; Unidad de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, E-18016 Granada, Spain
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Application of d-SPE before SPE and HPLC-FLD to Analyze Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164930. [PMID: 34443517 PMCID: PMC8401851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H2O, BADGE∙H2O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL−1. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.
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Ethoxylated Butoxyethanol-BADGE Adducts-New Potential Migrants from Epoxy Resin Can Coating Material. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133682. [PMID: 34279256 PMCID: PMC8269880 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The acetonitrile extracts of can-coating materials have been analyzed by using high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). On the basis of detected ions [M + H]+, [M + NH4]+, [M + Na]+ and product ions, the ethoxylated butoxyethanol-bisphenol A diglycidyl ether adducts were identified in two of the analyzed extracts. Although the oxyethylene unit-containing compounds are widely used for the production of different kinds of materials, the ethoxylated species have not been earlier detected in epoxy resin can-coatings.
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Differentiation of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether isomers and their derivatives by HPLC-MS and GC-MS-comment on the published data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1893-1903. [PMID: 33474590 PMCID: PMC7925483 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Positional isomers of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) have been analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS, GC-MS). Positional isomers of BFDGE derivatives (BFDGEx2H2O, BFDGExH2OxHCl) have been analyzed by HPLC-MS. On the basis of the obtained fragmentation patterns, the elution order of the isomers has been unequivocally determined, in standard solutions and in the sample of liquid obtained after rinsing an empty mackerel fish can with acetonitrile. Under HPLC condition, para,para isomers are eluted first, then ortho,para isomers’ elution follows, and ortho,ortho isomers are eluted last. Under GC condition, the reverse elution order has been obtained. For the first time, two ortho,para isomers of BFDGExH2OxHCl have been detected and their elution order has been determined. The obtained results are of key importance for determination of the isomer distribution of BFDGE and its derivatives in food samples.
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