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de Figueiredo MRA, Barnes H, Boot CM, de Figueiredo ABTB, Nissen SJ, Dayan FE, Gaines TA. Identification of a Novel 2,4-D Metabolic Detoxification Pathway in 2,4-D-Resistant Waterhemp ( Amaranthus tuberculatus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15380-15389. [PMID: 36453610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A 2,4-dichlorophenoxyactic acid (2,4-D)-resistant population of Amaranthus tuberculatus (common waterhemp) from Nebraska, USA, was previously found to have rapid metabolic detoxification of the synthetic auxin herbicide 2,4-D. We purified the main 2,4-D metabolites from resistant and susceptible plants, solved their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and synthesized the metabolites to determine their in planta toxicity. Susceptible plants conjugated 2,4-D to aspartate to form 2,4-D-aspartic acid (2,4-D-Asp), while resistant plants had a unique metabolic profile where 2,4-D was hydroxylated into 5-OH-2,4-D, followed by conjugation into a sugar metabolite (2,4-D-5-O-d-glucopyranoside) and subsequent malonylation into 2,4-D-(6'-O-malonyl)-5-O-d-glucopyranoside. Toxicological studies on waterhemp and Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the hydroxylated metabolite lost its auxinic action and toxicity. In contrast, the 2,4-D-Asp metabolite found in susceptible plants retained some auxinic action and toxicity. These results demonstrate that 2,4-D-resistant A. tuberculatus evolved novel detoxification reactions not present in susceptible plants to rapidly metabolize 2,4-D, potentially mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes that perform the initial 5-hydroxylation reaction. This novel mechanism is more efficient to detoxify 2,4-D and produces metabolites with lower toxicity compared to the aspartic acid conjugation found in susceptible waterhemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R A de Figueiredo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hamlin Barnes
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Claudia M Boot
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Molecular Analysis Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | - Scott J Nissen
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Shan T, Zhang X, Guo C, Guo S, Zhao X, Yuan Y, Yue T. Identity, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity of Forchlorfenuron Metabolites in Kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9529-9535. [PMID: 34382788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is a plant growth regulator widely used in kiwifruit production. Although research on the toxicological and environmental effects of CPPU is well-established, the nature and toxicological properties of its metabolites are much less well-known. Using high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the CPPU previously unidentified metabolites in Xuxiang and Jinyan kiwifruit were identified as N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-urea (metabolite 1) and N-phenyl-N'-4-pyridinylurea (metabolite 2, CAS: 1932-35-0). Their structures were confirmed by synthesis (metabolite 1) and by comparison with a commercial standard (metabolite 2). Quantitative studies demonstrate that CPPU and its metabolites are mainly retained in the kiwifruit peel, while the content is dependent on the nature of the peel surface, with the smoother peel of Jinyan kiwifruit retaining smaller amounts of the compound. Cell viability experiments in Caco2 and Lo2 cells show that the metabolites may have a lower cytotoxicity compared to the parent compound CPPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunfeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shihuan Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xian 710000, China
| | - Xubo Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xian 710000, China
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Bassanini I, Kapešová J, Petrásková L, Pelantová H, Markošová K, Rebroš M, Valentová K, Kotik M, Káňová K, Bojarová P, Cvačka J, Turková L, Ferrandi EE, Bayout I, Riva S, Křen V. Glycosidase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Glycosyl Esters and Phenolic Glycosides of Aromatic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento MolecolareConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 I 20131 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Mangiagalli 25 I 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Jana Kapešová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Markošová
- Institute of BiotechnologySlovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 SK 81237 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of BiotechnologySlovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 SK 81237 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of theCzech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 CZ 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Turková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Erica E. Ferrandi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento MolecolareConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 I 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Ikram Bayout
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento MolecolareConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 I 20131 Milano Italy
- Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE)Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University B.P. 12 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento MolecolareConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 I 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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