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Shan H, Guo Y, Li J, Liu Z, Chen S, Dashnyam B, McClements DJ, Cao C, Xu X, Yuan B. Impact of Whey Protein Corona Formation around TiO 2 Nanoparticles on Their Physiochemical Properties and Gastrointestinal Fate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4958-4976. [PMID: 38381611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we found that whey proteins form biomolecular coronas around titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Here, the gastrointestinal fate of whey protein-coated TiO2 nanoparticles and their interactions with gut microbiota were investigated. The antioxidant activity of protein-coated nanoparticles was enhanced after simulated digestion. The structure of the whey proteins was changed after they adsorbed to the surfaces of the TiO2 nanoparticles, which reduced their hydrolysis under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The presence of protein coronas also regulated the impact of the TiO2 nanoparticles on colonic fermentation, including promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids. Bare TiO2 nanoparticles significantly increased the proportion of harmful bacteria and decreased the proportion of beneficial bacteria, but the presence of protein coronas alleviated this effect. In particular, the proportion of beneficial bacteria, such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, was enhanced for the coated nanoparticles. Our results suggest that the formation of a whey protein corona around TiO2 nanoparticles may have beneficial effects on their behavior within the colon. This study provides valuable new insights into the potential impact of protein coronas on the gastrointestinal fate of inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Shan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Zimo Liu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Shaoqin Chen
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Badamkhand Dashnyam
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Chongjiang Cao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Mi S, Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Xie Y, Yao W. The impact of modified polystyrene on lysozyme fibrillation studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124937. [PMID: 37217050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics could modulate the fibrillation of amyloid proteins. However, many chemical functional groups are adsorbed to change the interfacial chemistry of nanoplastics in the real world. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effects of polystyrene (PS), carboxyl modified PS (PS-COOH), and amino modified PS (PS-NH2) on the fibrillation of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL). Due to the differences in the interfacial chemistry, concentration was considered an essential factor. PS-NH2 (10 μg/mL) could promote the fibrillation of HEWL similar to PS (50 μg/mL) and PS-COOH (50 μg/mL). Moreover, promoting the primary nucleation step of amyloid fibril formation was the primary reason. The differences in spatial conformation of HEWL were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Strikingly, a particular signal of SERS of HEWL incubated with PS-NH2 at 1610 cm-1 was found due to the interaction between amino group of PS-NH2 and tryptophan (or tyrosine) of HEWL. Therefore, a new perspective was provided to understand the regulation of interfacial chemistry of nanoplastics on the fibrillation of amyloid proteins. Additionally, this study suggested that SERS could be a powerful method to investigate the interactions between proteins and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingrun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuna Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, No.235 Daxue West Road, Hohhot 010021, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Shan H, Zhao Q, Guo Y, Gao M, Xu X, McClements DJ, Cao C, Yuan B. Impact of pH on the Formation and Properties of Whey Protein Coronas around TiO 2 Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5756-5769. [PMID: 37013898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In aqueous media, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles can interact with proteins in their environment and form a protein corona. The pH of the aqueous media affects the structure and properties of the protein corona, and currently there is a lack of understanding of the effects of pH on the characteristics of protein coronas. In this study, we examined the impact of pH (2-11) on the structural and physicochemical properties of whey protein coronas formed around TiO2 nanoparticles. The pH of the solution influenced the structure of whey protein molecules, especially around their isoelectric point. Thermogravimetric and quartz crystal microbalance analyses showed that the adsorption capacity of the whey proteins was the largest at their isoelectric points and the lowest under highly acidic or alkaline conditions. The majority of the proteins were tightly bound to the nanoparticle surfaces, forming a hard corona. The influence of solution pH on protein corona properties was mainly attributed to its impact on the electrostatic forces in the system, which impacted the protein conformation and interactions. This study provides useful insights into the influence of pH on the formation and properties of protein coronas around inorganic nanoparticles, which may be important for understanding the gastrointestinal and environmental fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Shan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaorun Zhao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengchao Gao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Chongjiang Cao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
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Rolo D, Assunção R, Ventura C, Alvito P, Gonçalves L, Martins C, Bettencourt A, Jordan P, Vital N, Pereira J, Pinto F, Matos P, Silva MJ, Louro H. Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with the Ingestion of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-A Systematic Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193275. [PMID: 36234403 PMCID: PMC9565478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used, and humans are exposed through food (E171), cosmetics (e.g., toothpaste), and pharmaceuticals. The oral and gastrointestinal (GIT) tract are the first contact sites, but it may be systemically distributed. However, a robust adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has not been developed upon GIT exposure to TiO2-NPs. The aim of this review was to provide an integrative analysis of the published data on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered after the ingestion of TiO2-NPs, proposing plausible AOPs that may drive policy decisions. A systematic review according to Prisma Methodology was performed in three databases of peer-reviewed literature: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 787 records were identified, screened in title/abstract, being 185 used for data extraction. The main endpoints identified were oxidative stress, cytotoxicity/apoptosis/cell death, inflammation, cellular and systemic uptake, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. From the results, AOPs were proposed where colorectal cancer, liver injury, reproductive toxicity, cardiac and kidney damage, as well as hematological effects stand out as possible adverse outcomes. The recent transgenerational studies also point to concerns with regard to population effects. Overall, the findings further support a limitation of the use of TiO2-NPs in food, announced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinto
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Qiaorun Z, Honghong S, Yao L, Bing J, Xiao X, Julian McClements D, Chongjiang C, Biao Y. Investigation of the interactions between food plant carbohydrates and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cao Y. Nutrient molecule corona: An update for nanomaterial-food component interactions. Toxicology 2022; 476:153253. [PMID: 35811011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of biological molecules to nanomaterials (NMs) will significantly impact NMs' behavior in complex microenvironments. Previously we proposed the need to consider the interactions between food components and NMs for the evaluation of oral toxicity of NMs. This review updated this concept as nutrient molecule corona, that the adsorption of nutrient molecules alters the uptake of nutrient molecules and/or NMs, as well as the signaling pathways to induce a combined toxicity due to the biologically active nature of nutrient molecules. Even with the presence of protein corona, nutrient molecules may still bind to NMs to change the identities of NMs in vivo. Furthermore, this review proposed the binding of excessive nutrient molecules to NMs to induce a combined toxicity under pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases. The structures of nutrient molecules and physicochemical properties of NMs determine nutrient molecule corona formation, and these aspects should be considered to limit the unwanted effects brought by nutrient molecule corona. In conclusion, similar to other biological molecule corona, the formation of nutrient molecule corona due to the presence of food components or excessive nutrient molecules in pathophysiological microenvironments will alter the behaviors of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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7
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Tao X, Shi H, Cao A, Cai L. Understanding of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of ovalbumin-sodium alginate composite nanoparticle-encapsulated kaempferol/tannin acid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18115-18126. [PMID: 35874031 PMCID: PMC9245490 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, ovalbumin (OVA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as the materials to prepare an OVA–SA composite carrier, which protected and encapsulated the hydrophobic kaempferol (KAE) and the hydrophilic tannic acid (TA) (OVA–SA, OVA–TA–SA, OVA–KAE–SA, and OVA–TA–KAE–SA). Results showed that the observation of small diffraction peaks in carriers proved the successful encapsulation of KAE/TA. The protein conformation of the composite nanoparticles changed. OVA–TA–SA composite nanoparticles had the highest α-helix content and the fewest random coils, so the protein structure of it had the strongest stability. OVA–TA–KAE–SA composite nanoparticles had the strongest system stability and thermal stability, which might be due to the synergistic effect of the two polyphenols, suggesting the encapsulation of KAE/TA increased the system stability and the thermal stability of OVA–SA composite nanoparticles. Additionally, the composite nanoparticles were endowed with antioxidant ability and antibacterial ability (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in the order OVA–TA–SA > OVA–TA–KAE–SA > OVA–KAE–SA based on the difference in antibacterial diameter (D, mm) and square (S, mm2), indicating that polyphenols enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant ability of OVA–SA composite nanoparticles, and the enhancement effect of TA was stronger than that of KAE. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of OVA–SA composite nanoparticles in the delivery of bioactive compounds. Ovalbumin (OVA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as materials to prepare an OVA–SA composite carrier, which encapsulated the hydrophobic kaempferol (KAE) and the hydrophilic tannic acid (TA) (OVA–SA, OVA–TA–SA, OVA–KAE–SA, and OVA–TA–KAE–SA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Tao
- Ningbo Research Institute, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China +86 571 88982726 +86 571 88982726.,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Hang Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University Jinzhou 121013 China
| | - Ailing Cao
- Hangzhou Customs District Hangzhou 310007 China
| | - Luyun Cai
- Ningbo Research Institute, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China +86 571 88982726 +86 571 88982726
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Tao X, Shi H, Cao A, Cai L. Influence of polyphenol-metal ion-coated ovalbumin/sodium alginate composite nanoparticles on the encapsulation of kaempferol/tannin acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1288-1297. [PMID: 35460758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this research, ovalbumin (OVA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as the materials to prepare OVA-SA composite carriers, which protected and encapsulated the hydrophobic kaempferol (KAE) and the hydrophilic tannic acid (TA). To achieve the purpose of targeted delivery, the TA-Fe3+ coating film was prepared. Results showed that the observation of small diffraction peaks in carriers proved the formation of TA/Fe3+ coating film on the surface of four composite nanoparticles (pOVA, pOVA-SA, pOVA-KAE-SA, and pOVA-KAE-TA-SA). The protein structure of the composite nanoparticles coated with TA/Fe3+ changed, and the order of the changes was pOVA-KAE > pOVA > pOVA-KAE-SA > pOVA-KAE-TA-SA > pOVA-SA. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the chromophore -C=O and the auxo-chromophore -OH are in the opposite position in the benzene ring of TA, and the two substituents have opposite effects and synergize, resulting in the different degrees of redshift of the composite nanoparticle λmax. Additionally, pOVA-SA had the highest α-helix content and the lowest random coils, conferring the protein structure the strongest stability. The coating of TA/Fe3+ increased the system stability and the thermal stability of the composite nanoparticles. Additionally, the carriers were endowed with antioxidant activity, and their antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was pOVA-KAE-TA-SA > pOVA-KAE-SA > pOVA-KAE > pOVA-SA > pOVA based on the difference in antibacterial diameter (D, mm) and square (S, mm2). pOVA-KAE-TA-SA had the strongest antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability, which improved the bioavailability of TA/KAE. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of OVA-SA composite nanoparticles in the delivery of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Tao
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Ailing Cao
- Hangzhou Customs District, Hangzhou 310007, China.
| | - Luyun Cai
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Titanium Dioxide (E171) Induces Toxicity in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts and Ex Vivo Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:713-726. [PMID: 35633469 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Food-grade TiO2 (E171) is the most widely used additive in the food industry. Existing evidence shows TiO2 nanoparticles reach systemic circulation through biological barriers, penetrate cell membranes, accumulate in cells of different organs, and cause damage; however, their effects on cardiac cells and the development of heart diseases are still unexplored. Therefore, in this work, we tested E171 toxicity in rat cardiomyoblasts and hearts. E171 internalization and impact on cell viability, proliferation, mitochondria, lysosomes, F-actin distribution, and cell morphology were evaluated in H9c2 cells. Additionally, effects of E171 were measured on cardiac function in ex vivo rat hearts. E171 was uptaken by cells and translocated into the cytoplasm. E171 particles changed cell morphology reducing proliferation and metabolic activity. Higher caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression as well as Tunel-positive cells induced by E171 exposure indicate apoptotic death. Mitochondrial and lysosome alterations resulting from mitophagy were detected after 24 and 48 h exposure, respectively. Additionally, high E171 concentrations caused rearrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Finally, hearts exposed to E171 showed impaired cardiac function. These results support E171 toxicity in cardiac cells in vitro altering cardiac function in an ex vivo model, indicating that consumption of this food additive could be toxic and may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Tan Y, Zhou H, McClements DJ. Application of static in vitro digestion models for assessing the bioaccessibility of hydrophobic bioactives: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Recent Advances in the Gastrointestinal Fate of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles in Foods. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071099. [PMID: 35407216 PMCID: PMC9000219 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic or organic nanoparticles are often incorporated into foods to enhance their quality, stability, nutrition, or safety. When they pass through the gastrointestinal environment, the properties of these nanoparticles are altered, which impacts their biological effects and potential toxicity. Consequently, there is a need to understand how different kinds of nanoparticles behave within the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, the current understanding of the gastrointestinal fate of nanoparticles in foods is reviewed. Initially, the fundamental physicochemical and structural properties of nanoparticles are discussed, including their compositions, sizes, shapes, and surface chemistries. Then, the impact of food matrix effects and gastrointestinal environments on the fate of ingested nanoparticles is discussed. In particular, the influence of nanoparticle properties on food digestion and nutraceutical bioavailability is highlighted. Finally, future research directions are highlighted that will enable the successful utilization of nanotechnology in foods while also ensuring they are safe.
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12
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Yuan B, Jiang B, Li H, Xu X, Li F, McClements DJ, Cao C. Interactions between TiO2 nanoparticles and plant proteins: Role of hydrogen bonding. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Formation of protein corona on interaction of pepsin with chitin nanowhiskers in simulated gastric fluid. Food Chem 2022; 383:132393. [PMID: 35182870 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein corona (PC) usually changes the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and determines their ultimate fate in the physiological environment. As NPs are widely used in food, it is important to obtain a deep understanding of PC formation in the gastrointestinal fluid. Herein, we explored the adsorption of pepsin to chitin nanowhiskers (CNWs) and their interactions in simulated gastric fluid. Results suggest that the binding of pepsin reduced the surface potential of CNWs from 22.4 ± 0.15 to 12.9 ± 0.51 mV and caused their aggregation. CNWs quenched the fluorescence of pepsin and induced slightly changes in its secondary structure containing a reduction in the β-sheet content (∼ 3%) and an increase in the random coils (∼ 2%). The isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) data suggested that the interaction forces between CNWs and pepsin were mainly hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
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14
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Marczynski M, Kimna C, Lieleg O. Purified mucins in drug delivery research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113845. [PMID: 34166760 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the field of drug delivery remains the development of strategies to efficiently transport pharmaceuticals across mucus barriers, which regulate the passage and retention of molecules and particles in all luminal spaces of the body. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms, which govern such selective permeability, is key for achieving efficient translocation of drugs and drug carriers. For this purpose, model systems based on purified mucins can contribute valuable information. In this review, we summarize advances that were made in the field of drug delivery research with such mucin-based model systems: First, we give an overview of mucin purification procedures and discuss the suitability of model systems reconstituted from purified mucins to mimic native mucus. Then, we summarize techniques to study mucin binding. Finally, we highlight approaches that made use of mucins as building blocks for drug delivery platforms or employ mucins as active compounds.
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15
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Barreau F, Tisseyre C, Ménard S, Ferrand A, Carriere M. Titanium dioxide particles from the diet: involvement in the genesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34330311 PMCID: PMC8323234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex interface between the external environment and the immune system. Its ability to control uptake across the mucosa and to protect the body from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as the intestinal barrier function (IBF). The IBF involves four elements: the intestinal microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium and the immune system. Its dysfunction is linked with human diseases including inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and neurologic disorders. Most of these diseases are complex and involve genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Over the past 10 years, many genetic polymorphisms predisposing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been identified. Yet, it is now clear that they are insufficient to explain the onset of these chronic diseases. Although it has been evidenced that some environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or carbohydrate intake are associated with IBD, other environmental factors also present potential health risks such as ingestion of food additives introduced in the human diet, including those composed of mineral particles, by altering the four elements of the intestinal barrier function. The aim of this review is to provide a critical opinion on the potential of TiO2 particles, especially when used as a food additive, to alter the four elements of the intestinal barrier function, and consequently to evaluate if this additive would likely play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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16
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Mou B, Liu Y, Yang W, Song S, Shen C, Lai OM, Tan CP, Cheong LZ. Effects of dairy processing on phospholipidome, in-vitro digestion and Caco-2 cellular uptake of bovine milk. Food Chem 2021; 364:130426. [PMID: 34175616 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Present work investigated the effects of processing (homogenization, sterilization) and cold storage on physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cellular uptake of bovine milk. Extreme heat sterilization and low temperature storage have significant impact on particle size and phospholipidome of bovine milk. In addition, cold storage of bovine milks led to formation of β' polymorphs crystals and endothermic peak with Toffset higher than body temperature. Processing and cold storage also increased the initial digestibility but reduced the overall digestibility of bovine milk. This might be related to the decreased particle size of the milk fat globules, changed in the phospholipidome of the MFGM and formation of β' polymorphs crystals in frozen milk. It is interesting to note that PE has relatively faster digestion meanwhile SM has relatively slower digestion. HTST milk which demonstrated lesser changed in terms of phospholipidome demonstrated highest cellular uptakes of most fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Mou
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cai Shen
- Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinses Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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17
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Quan Y, Su R, Yang S, Chen L, Wei M, Liu H, Yang J, Gao M, Li B. In-situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on MTi 20 nanoflowers: Monitoring and degradation of contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125209. [PMID: 33517057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and in-situ monitoring of chemical reactions has attracted great attention in many fields. In this work, we in-situ monitored the photodegradation reaction process of methylene blue (MB) by Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. An effective and versatile SERS platform assembled from MoS2 nanoflowers (NFs) and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was prepared successfully. The optimized MoS2/TiO2 substrate (MTi20) exhibits not only an ultra-high SERS response but also the excellent catalytic degradation performance to the contaminant MB, which provided a new material for real-time and in-situ monitoring the photodegradation process. Experiments prove that the detection limit is as low as 10-13 M, and degradation rate is as high as 97.2% in 180 s, respectively. And the activity of the substrate kept in the air for 90 days is almost unchanged. Furthermore, as a practical SERS substrate, MTi20 can also detect trace amounts of other harmful substances including malachite green (MG), bisphenol A (BPA) and endosulfan. Thus, this study come up with a new orientation at the real-time and in-situ monitoring of photocatalytic reaction and may be applied in environmental monitoring and food security fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Rui Su
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Science, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Huilian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Jinghai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, PR China.
| | - Baizhi Li
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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18
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Wang T, Liu M, Huang S, Yuan H, Zhao J, Chen J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method for classification of doxycycline hydrochloride and tylosin in duck meat using gold nanoparticles. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101165. [PMID: 33975036 PMCID: PMC8131734 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated on 478 duck meat samples for the identification of 2 kinds of antibiotics, that is, doxycycline hydrochloride and tylosin, that were classified based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with multivariate techniques. The optimal detection parameters, including the effects of the adsorption time, and 2 enhancement substrates (i.e., gold nanoparticles as well as gold nanoparticles and NaCl) on Raman intensities, were analyzed using single factor analysis method. The results showed that the optimal adsorption time between gold nanoparticles and analytes was 2 min, and the colloidal gold nanoparticles without NaCl as the active substrate were more conducive to enhance the Raman spectra signal. The SERS data were pretreated by using the method of adaptive iterative penalty least square method (air-PLS) and second derivative, and from which the feature vectors were extracted with the help of principal component analysis. The first four principal components scores were selected as the input values of support vector machines model. The overall classification accuracy of the test set was 100%. The experimental results showed that the combination of SERS and multivariate analysis could identify the residues of doxycycline hydrochloride and tylosin in duck meat quickly and sensitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Muhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuanggen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Haichao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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19
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Setyawati MI, Zhao Z, Ng KW. Transformation of Nanomaterials and Its Implications in Gut Nanotoxicology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001246. [PMID: 32495486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is inevitable due to their widespread utilization in the agrifood industry. Safety evaluation has become pivotal to identify the consequences on human health of exposure to these ingested ENMs. Much of the current understanding of nanotoxicology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is derived from studies utilizing pristine ENMs. In reality, agrifood ENMs interact with their microenvironment, and undergo multiple physicochemical transformations, such as aggregation/agglomeration, dissolution, speciation change, and surface characteristics alteration, across their life cycle from synthesis to consumption. This work sieves out the implications of ENM transformations on their behavior, stability, and reactivity in food and product matrices and through the GIT, in relation to measured toxicological profiles. In particular, a strong emphasis is given to understand the mechanisms through which these transformations can affect ENM induced gut nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Biomedical Science Institutes, Immunos, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
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