Heptaplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Beef, Buffalo, Chicken, Cat, Dog, Pork, and Fish in Raw and Heat-Treated Food Products

Hybridization chain reaction cascaded amplification platform for sensitive detection of pathogen

Rapid, sensitive, and accurate identification of pathogens is vital for preventing and controlling fish disease, reducing economic losses in aquaculture, and interrupting the spread of food-borne diseases in human populations. Herein, we proposed a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) cascaded dual-signal amplification platform for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of pathogenic microorganisms. A couple of specific primers for target bacterial 16S rRNAs were used to obtain amplified target single-stranded DNAs (AT-ssDNA). Then, AT-ssDNA initiated HCR amplification along with the opening of fluorophore (FAM) and a quencher (BHQ1) labeled hairpin reporter probe (H1), and the FAM fluorescence signal recovered. The proposed strategy could achieve a detection limit down to 0.31 CFU/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), 0.49 CFU/mL for Escherichia coli (E. coli) in buffer, and a linear range from 1 to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL for S. aureus, 1 to 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL for E. coli. Furthermore, this platform enabled sensitive and precise detection of pathogenic microorganisms in complex samples such as fish blood and different organ tissues (large intestine, gallbladder, heart, liver, ren, gill, skin), which shows great potential in disease prevention and control in aquatic products.

DNA-based detection of pork content in food

Determination of halal food is essential in ensuring the tranquillity of consumers, especially Muslims. Halal products mean they are free from prohibited ingredients according to Islamic law. One ingredient that is prohibited is food products containing pork and its derivatives. An accurate verification method with a fast result is necessary to meet this requirement for halal food. DNA quantification of pork is now believed to be able to make accurate and quick decisions, as DNA acts as a reservoir or biological characterization of all living things, including pigs, according to specific characteristics of molecular and connection settings. Various DNA-based methods developed include PCR, biosensor and CRISPR methods. This review discussed various DNA-based Keywords: biosensor, CRISPR, detection, DNA, pork, PCR methods, including PCR, biosensor and CRISPR, to detect pork content in food. Among these methods, CRISPR is considered the easiest, fastest and most accurate. Therefore, it is important to develop this method further in the future. In this article, we provide a short review on DNA-based methods for detection of pork content in food products.

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

The Southeast Asian box turtle, Cuora amboinensis, is an ecologically important endangered species which needs an onsite monitoring device to protect it from extinction. An electrochemical DNA biosensor was developed to detect the C. amboinensis mitochondrial cytochrome b gene based on an in silico designed probe using bioinformatics tools, and it was also validated in wet-lab experiments. As a detection platform, a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) enhanced with a nanocomposite containing gold nanoparticles and graphene was used. The morphology of the nanoparticles was analysed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and structural characteristics were analysed by using energy-dispersive X-ray, UV-vis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thiol-modified synthetic DNA probe was immobilised on modified SPCEs to facilitate hybridisation with the reverse complementary DNA. The turtle DNA was distinguished based on hybridisation-induced electrochemical change in the presence of methylene blue compared to their mismatches, noncomplementary, and nontarget species DNA measured by DPV. The developed biosensor exhibited a selective response towards reverse complementary DNAs and was able to discriminate turtles from other species. The modified electrode displayed good linearity for reverse complementary DNAs in the range of 1 × 10-11-5 × 10-6 M with a limit of detection of 0.85 × 10-12 M. This indicates that the proposed biosensor has the potential to be applied for the detection of real turtle species.

Cleavable molecular beacon-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of adulterated chicken in meat

A simple, sensitive, specific and fast method based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique and cleavable molecular beacon (CMB) was developed for chicken authentication detection. LAMP and CMB were used for DNA amplification and amplicon analysis, respectively. Targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of chickens, five primers and one CMB probe were designed, and their specificity was validated against nine other animal species. The structure of CMB and concentrations of dNTPs, MgSO₄, betaine, RNase H2, primers and CMB were optimized. The CMB-LAMP assay was completed within 17 min, and its limit of detection for chicken DNA was 1.5 pg μL^-1. Chicken adulteration as low as 0.5% was detected in beef, and no cross-reactivity was observed. Finally, this assay was successfully applied to 20 commercial meat products. When combined with our developed DNA extraction method (the extraction time was 1 min: lysis for 10 s, washing for 20 s and elution for 30 s), the entire process (from DNA extraction to results analysis) was able to be completed within 20 min, which is at least 10 min shorter than other LAMP-based methods. Our method showed great potential for the on-site detection of chicken adulteration in meat.

Omics-Based Analytical Approaches for Assessing Chicken Species and Breeds in Food Authentication

Chicken is known to be the most common meat type involved in food mislabeling and adulteration. Establishing a method to authenticate chicken content precisely and identifying chicken breeds as declared in processed food is crucial for protecting consumers' rights. Categorizing the authentication method into their respective omics disciplines, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, and the implementation of bioinformatics or chemometrics in data analysis can assist the researcher in improving the currently available techniques. Designing a vast range of instruments and analytical methods at the molecular level is vital for overcoming the technical drawback in discriminating chicken from other species and even within its breed. This review aims to provide insight and highlight previous and current approaches suitable for countering different circumstances in chicken authentication.

Short targeting multiplex PCR assay to detect and discriminate beef, buffalo, chicken, duck, goat, sheep and pork DNA in food products

Food fraud is a global problem raising increased concerns during the past decades and food authenticity is now a burning issue. Beef, buffalo, chicken, duck, goat, sheep, and pork are heavily consumed meats bearing nutritional, economic and cultural/religious importance and are often found to be adulterated in raw and processed states. To authenticate these species, we developed and validated a highly specific multiplex (heptaplex) PCR assay targeting short length amplicons (73-263 bp) using seven pairs of species-specific primer sets targeting mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes. Specificity checking (in silico and in vitro) against 25 non-target species revealed no cross-species amplification. The developed multiplex assay was validated with various adulterated and heat-treated (boiled, microwaved and autoclaved) meatball products and were found to show high sensitivity and stability under all processing conditions. The assay was sensitive enough to detect 0.01-0.005 ng of DNA from raw meat and 0.5% (w/w) adulterated meat in mixed matrices. A market survey revealed mislabelling of 95% beef and 15% chicken products while pork products were found pure. Given some advantageous features including short sizes of amplicons, exceptional stability and superior sensitivity, the developed assay could be conveniently used for discriminatory detection of target species with a variety of raw meat as well as processed meat products undergoing extreme processing treatments.

Detection of meat from horse, donkey and their hybrids (mule/hinny) by duplex real-time fluorescent PCR

Meat adulteration is currently a common practice worldwide. In China, adulteration of donkey meat products with the similar species (horse and mule/hinny) meat and mislabeling are becoming widespread concerns. In this study, a sensitive and species-specific duplex real-time PCR assay based on the simultaneous amplification of fragments of the creatine kinase muscle gene family, was developed and optimized for the identification of horse, donkey and mule /hinny species in raw and heat-processed meat products. Duplex real-time PCR results showed different fluorescence amplification curves for horse and donkey. Both kinds of fluorescence amplification curves appeared simultaneously for mule/hinny. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was up to 0.01 ng /μL. The method and strategy developed in this study could be applied to detect the presence of adulterants from horse and mule /hinny meat in raw donkey meat and meat products.

Development of the Saltatory Rolling Circle Amplification Assay for Rapid and Visual Detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in Apple Juice

A novel nucleic acid isothermal amplification method based on saltatory rolling circle amplification (SRCA) for rapid and visual detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple juice was established. Fourteen A. acidoterrestris strains and 44 non-A. acidoterrestris strains were used to confirm the specificity. The sensitivity of SRCA was 4.5 × 10¹ CFU/mL by observing the white precipitate with the naked eye, while it was 4.5 × 10⁰ CFU/mL by fluorescence visualization. The detection limit of SRCA in artificially inoculated apple juice was 7.1 × 10¹ and 7.1 × 10⁰ CFU/mL via visualization of the white precipitate and fluorescence, respectively. Compared with the traditional PCR method, SRCA exhibited at least a 100-fold higher sensitivity and 100-fold lower detection limit. Seventy samples were investigated for A. acidoterrestris contamination, and the results showed 100% sensitivity, 97.01% specificity, and 97.14% accuracy compared with those by the conventional microbiological cultivation method. Overall, this method is a potentially useful tool for visual and rapid detection of A. acidoterrestris.

Current analytical methods for porcine identification in meat and meat products

Authentication of meat products is critical in the food industry. Meat adulteration may lead to religious apprehensions, financial gain and food-toxicities such as meat allergies. Thus, empirical validation of the quality and constituents of meat is paramount. Various analytical methods often based on protein or DNA measurements are utilized to identify meat species. Protein-based methods, including electrophoretic and immunological techniques, are at times unsuitable for discriminating closely related species. Most of these methods have been replaced by more accurate and sensitive detection methods, such as DNA-based techniques. Emerging technologies like DNA barcoding and mass spectrometry are still in their infancy when it comes to their utilization in meat detection. Gold nanobiosensors have shown some promise in this regard. However, its applicability in small scale industries is distant. This article comprehensively reviews the recent developments in the field of analytical methods used for porcine identification.