1
|
Wang H, Zhu B. Directed preparation of algal oligosaccharides with specific structures by algal polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134093. [PMID: 39053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides have a wide range of sources and rich content, with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, and blood pressure lowering. They can be applied in fields such as food, agriculture, and medicine. However, the poor solubility of macromolecular seaweed polysaccharides limits their further application. Reports have shown that some biological activities of seaweed oligosaccharides are more extensive and superior to that of seaweed polysaccharides. Therefore, reducing the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides will be the key to the high value utilization of seaweed polysaccharide resources. There are three main methods for degrading algal polysaccharides into algal oligosaccharides, physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Among them, enzymatic degradation has been a hot research topic in recent years. Various types of algal polysaccharide hydrolases and related glycosidases are powerful tools for the preparation of algal oligosaccharides, including α-agarases, β-agaroses, α-neoagarose hydrolases and β-galactosidases that are related to agar, κ-carrageenases, ι-carrageenases and λ-carrageenases that are related to carrageenan, β-porphyranases that are related to porphyran, funoran hydrolases that are related to funoran, alginate lyases that are related to alginate and ulvan lyases related to ulvan. This paper describes the bioactivities of agar oligosaccharide, carrageenan oligosaccharide, porphyran oligosaccharide, funoran oligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharide and ulvan oligosaccharide and provides a detailed review of the progress of research on the enzymatic preparation of these six oligosaccharides. At the same time, the problems and challenges faced are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of algal oligosaccharides in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Zheng L, Liu G, Shen J, Chen G, Mei X, Chang Y, Xue C. The α-linkage in funoran and agarose could be hydrolyzed by a GH96 family enzyme: Discovery of the α-funoranase. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122201. [PMID: 38763726 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Agarans represent a group of galactans extracted from red algae. Funoran and agarose are the two major types and commercially applied polysaccharides of agaran. Although the glycoside hydrolases targeting β-glycosidic bonds of agaran have been widely investigated, those capable of degrading α-glycosidic bonds of agarose were limited, and the enzyme degrading α-linkages of funoran has not been reported till now. In this study, a GH96 family enzyme BiAF96A_Aq from a marine bacterium Aquimarina sp. AD1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. BiAF96A_Aq exhibited dual activities towards the characteristic structure of funoran and agarose, underscoring the multifunctionality of GH96 family members. Glycomics and NMR analysis revealed that BiAF96A_Aq hydrolyzed the α-1,3 glycosidic bonds between 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactopyranose (LA) and β-d-galactopyranose-6-sulfate (G6S) of funoran, as well as LA and β-d-galactopyranose (G) of agarose, through an endo-acting manner. The end products of BiAF96A_Aq were majorly composed of disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. The identification of the activity of BiAF96A_Aq on funoran indicated the first discovery of the funoran hydrolase for α-1,3 linkage. Considering the novel catalytic reaction, we proposed to name this activity as "α-funoranase" and recommended the assignment of a dedicated EC number for its classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Long Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Guangning Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Xuanwei Mei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China; Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China; Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng X, Tian Y, Kong H, Li Z, Gu Z, Li C, Hong Y, Cheng L, Ban X. Catalytic Mode and Product Specificity of an α-Agarase Reveal Its Direct Catalysis for the Production of Agarooligosaccharides. Foods 2024; 13:2351. [PMID: 39123543 PMCID: PMC11311870 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many α-agarases have been characterized and are utilized for producing agarooligosaccharides through the degradation of agar and agarose, which are considered valuable for applications in the food and medicine industries. However, the catalytic mechanism and product transformation process of α-agarase remain unclear, limiting further enzyme engineering for industrial applications. In this study, an α-agarase from Catenovulum maritimus STB14 (Cm-AGA) was employed to degrade agarose oligosaccharides (AGOs) with varying degrees of polymerization (DPs) to investigate the catalytic mechanism of α-agarases. The results demonstrated that Cm-AGA could degrade agarose into agarotetraose and agarohexaose. The reducing ends of agarotetraose and agarohexaose spontaneously release unstable 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactose molecules, which were further degraded into agarotriose and agaropentose. Cm-AGA cannot act on α-1,3-glucoside bonds in agarotriose, agarotetraose, neoagarobiose, and neoagarotetraose but can act on AGOs with a DP greater than four. The product analysis was further verified by β-galactosidase hydrolysis, which specifically cleaves the non-reducing glycosidic bond of agarooligosaccharides. Multiple sequence alignment results showed that two conserved residues, Asp994 and Glu1129, were proposed as catalytic residues and were further identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Molecular docking of Cm-AGA with agaroheptose revealed the potential substrate binding mode of the α-agarase. These findings enhance the understanding of Cm-AGA's catalytic mode and could guide enzyme engineering for modulating the production of agarooligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Yixiong Tian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Haocun Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
You Y, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Ban X, Li Z. Carbohydrate binding modules: Compact yet potent accessories in the specific substrate binding and performance evolution of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108365. [PMID: 38677391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan D, Lv H, Wang T, Rao Y, Tang Y, Chu Y, Wang X, Lin J, Gao P, Song T. Biochemical characterization and key catalytic residue identification of a novel alpha-agarase with CBM2 domain. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100915. [PMID: 38144741 PMCID: PMC10740060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarooligosaccharides have great potential in food industry because of their various bio-activities, while the limited availability and diversity of α-agarases hinder agarooligosaccharides' broader application. To overcome this limitation, a computer-assisted method was used to screen and identify novel agarases. Firstly, one novel α-agarase, AgaB, with an N-terminal CBM2 domain (the first report of this domain in agarases), was discovered. Purified agarases only exhibited activity against agarose, with optimum activity at 40℃ and pH 8.0. Analysis of hydrolysis products indicated that AgaB is an endo-type α-agarase, producing agarotetraose and agarohexaose. Secondly, AgaB truncated CBM2 showed increased Km values, suggesting that CBM2 aids in substrate binding. Thirdly, E468 and D333 are possibly catalytic amino acids, which was supported by molecular docking results and mutants. Biochemical characterization of first reported CBM2-containing agarase and catalytic mechanism study lay the foundation for the exploration and development of α-agarases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Yuan
- Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hua Lv
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Yulu Rao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Jiafu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Tao Song
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, 610106 Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen J, Dan M, Li Y, Tao X, Zhao G, Wang D. Controllable and complete conversion of agarose into oligosaccharides and monosaccharides by microwave-assisted hydrothermal and enzymatic hydrolysis and antibacterial activity of agaro-oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126319. [PMID: 37582437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of agar or agarose can yield two types of oligosaccharides: agaro-oligosaccharides (AOS) and neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS). These oligosaccharides have various biological activities and promising applications in the future food industry and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we prepared AOS from agarose by microwave-assisted hydrothermal hydrolysis and then used a commercial β-galactosidase to treat AOS for producing NAOS. A complete conversion from agarose to AOS or NAOS can be achieved by microwave hydrothermal treatment and one-step enzyme reaction, and the production process was completely green. In addition, we combined β-galactosidase and α-neoagarobiose hydrolase from Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 (SdNABH) to treat AOS, and AOS was completely converted into monosaccharides. Then the results of the inhibitory activity of AOS on the growth of Streptococcus mutans showed that AOS might be a good potential sugar substitute for dental caries prevention. This study provides an efficient approach for the production of multiple mixed degrees of polymerization (DP) of pure AOS and NAOS without requiring acid catalyst and agarases while simplifying the production processes and reducing costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Shen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, PR China
| | - Meiling Dan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanping Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqi Tao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng C, Zhao M, Zhao Q, Zhao L. Advances in green bioproduction of marine and glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
8
|
Jiang C, Zhang T, Xu Y, Mao X. Characterization of a GH50 β-Agarase: A Biotechnological Tool for Preparing Oligosaccharides from Agarose and Porphyran. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9931-9940. [PMID: 35866448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agarase is of vital significance for functional agaro-oligosaccharides production from algal dived agarose. Especially, the exolytic agarases have the advantage of obtaining agaro-oligosaccharides with a specific degree of polymerization. Herein, we cloned and expressed a novel glycoside hydrolase (GH) 50 family β-agarase OUC-PgJC50 from Photobacterium gaetbulicola. The degradation pattern analysis indicated that OUC-PgJC50 not only showed an exolytic activity with main products of neoagarotetraose from hydrolyzing agarose but also show a hydrolytic activity to transform neoagarotetraose into neoagarobiose. This is the first time that the discovery of a neoagarotetraose-producing exolytic GH50 β-agarase possesses the activity to transform neoagarotetraose into neoagarobiose, which provided new insight into the recognition of the degradation mode of agarases. Molecular docking and sequence alignment analysis further revealed the His654 residue in OUC-PgJC50 may play a vital role in forming a strong force with l-AHG residue at -4 subsite that helps to produce neoagarotetraose from catalyzing agarose. Moreover, the catalytic ability of OUC-PgJC50 toward another agar polysaccharide porphyran was also described that could hydrolyze porphyran into sulfated oligosaccharides, in which the LA6S-d-Gal was the main products. This study is of vital significance for developing the application range of GH50 β-agarases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuxian Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, He Z, Liang Y, Peng T, Hu Z. Insights into Algal Polysaccharides: A Review of Their Structure, Depolymerases, and Metabolic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1749-1765. [PMID: 35124966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, marine macroalgae with extensive biomass have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Furthermore, algal polysaccharides have been widely studied in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields because of their various kinds of bioactivities. However, there are immense barriers to their application as a result of their high molecular size, poor solubility, hydrocolloid nature, and low physiological activities. Unique polysaccharides, such as laminarin, alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, porphyran, ulvan, and other complex structural polysaccharides, can be digested by marine bacteria with many carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) by breaking down the limitation of glycosidic bonds. However, structural elucidation of algal polysaccharides, metabolic pathways, and identification of potential polysaccharide hydrolases that participate in different metabolic pathways remain major obstacles restricting the efficient utilization of algal oligosaccharides. This review focuses on the structure, hydrolase families, metabolic pathways, and potential applications of seven macroalgae polysaccharides. These results will contribute to progressing our understanding of the structure of algal polysaccharides and their metabolic pathways and will be valuable for clearing the way for the compelling utilization of bioactive oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiao He
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang P, Wong ACY, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Recent Advances in Bioutilization of Marine Macroalgae Carbohydrates: Degradation, Metabolism, and Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1438-1453. [PMID: 35089725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae are considered renewable natural resources due to their high carbohydrate content, which gives better utilization value in biorefineries and higher value conversion than first- and second-generation biomass. However, due to the diverse composition, complex structure, and rare metabolic pathways of macroalgae polysaccharides, their bioavailability needs to be improved. In recent years, enzymes and pathways related to the degradation and metabolism of macroalgae polysaccharides have been continuously developed, and new microbial fermentation platforms have emerged. Aiming at the bioutilization and transformation of macroalgae resources, this review describes the latest research results from the direction of green degradation, biorefining, and metabolic pathway design, including summarizing the the latest biorefining technology and the fermentation platform design of agarose, alginate, and other polysaccharides. This information will provide new research directions and solutions for the biotransformation and utilization of marine macroalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanping Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ann C Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 11421 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee Y, Jo E, Lee YJ, Eom TY, Gang Y, Kang YH, Marasinghe SD, Hettiarachchi SA, Kang DH, Oh C. A Novel Agarase, Gaa16B, Isolated from the Marine Bacterium Gilvimarinus agarilyticus JEA5, and the Moisturizing Effect of Its Partial Hydrolysis Products. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010002. [PMID: 35049857 PMCID: PMC8778308 DOI: 10.3390/md20010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a β-agarase, Gaa16B, in the marine bacterium Gilvimarinus agarilyticus JEA5. Gaa16B, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 16 family of β-agarases, shows less than 70.9% amino acid similarity with previously characterized agarases. Recombinant Gaa16B lacking the carbohydrate-binding region (rGaa16Bc) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Activity assays revealed the optimal temperature and pH of rGaa16Bc to be 55 °C and pH 6–7, respectively, and the protein was highly stable at 55 °C for 90 min. Additionally, rGaa16Bc activity was strongly enhanced (2.3-fold) in the presence of 2.5 mM MnCl2. The Km and Vmax of rGaa16Bc for agarose were 6.4 mg/mL and 953 U/mg, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed that rGaa16Bc can hydrolyze agarose into neoagarotetraose and neoagarobiose. Partial hydrolysis products (PHPs) of rGaa16Bc had an average molecular weight of 88–102 kDa and exhibited > 60% hyaluronidase inhibition activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, whereas the completely hydrolyzed product (CHP) showed no hyaluronidase at the same concentration. The biochemical properties of Gaa16B suggest that it could be useful for producing functional neoagaro-oligosaccharides. Additionally, the PHP of rGaa16Bc may be useful in promoting its utilization, which is limited due to the gel strength of agar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeuk Lee
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Eunyoung Jo
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyangro, Busan 49111, Korea;
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Yang Eom
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Yehui Gang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeok Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Svini Dileepa Marasinghe
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Sachithra Amarin Hettiarachchi
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63349, Korea; (Y.L.); (E.J.); (T.-Y.E.); (Y.G.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.D.M.); (S.A.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-798-6102; Fax: +82-64-798-6039
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Furusawa G, Azami NA, Teh AH. Genes for degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides of a marine bacterium Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10929. [PMID: 33732545 PMCID: PMC7953866 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligosaccharides from polysaccharides containing uronic acids are known to have many useful bioactivities. Thus, polysaccharide lyases (PLs) and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) involved in producing the oligosaccharides have attracted interest in both medical and industrial settings. The numerous polysaccharide lyases and glycoside hydrolases involved in producing the oligosaccharides were isolated from soil and marine microorganisms. Our previous report demonstrated that an agar-degrading bacterium, Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4, isolated from a coastal area of Penang, Malaysia, possessed 183 glycoside hydrolases and 43 polysaccharide lyases in the genome. We expected that the strain might degrade and use uronic acid-containing polysaccharides as a carbon source, indicating that the strain has a potential for a source of novel genes for degrading the polysaccharides. METHODS To confirm the expectation, the QB4 cells were cultured in artificial seawater media with uronic acid-containing polysaccharides, namely alginate, pectin (and saturated galacturonate), ulvan, and gellan gum, and the growth was observed. The genes involved in degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides were explored in the QB4 genome using CAZy analysis and BlastP analysis. RESULTS The QB4 cells were capable of using these polysaccharides as a carbon source, and especially, the cells exhibited a robust growth in the presence of alginate. 28 PLs and 22 GHs related to the degradation of these polysaccharides were found in the QB4 genome based on the CAZy database. Eleven polysaccharide lyases and 16 glycoside hydrolases contained lipobox motif, indicating that these enzymes play an important role in degrading the polysaccharides. Fourteen of 28 polysaccharide lyases were classified into ulvan lyase, and the QB4 genome possessed the most abundant ulvan lyase genes in the CAZy database. Besides, genes involved in uronic acid metabolisms were also present in the genome. These results were consistent with the cell growth. In the pectin metabolic pathway, the strain had genes for three different pathways. However, the growth experiment using saturated galacturonate exhibited that the strain can only use the pathway related to unsaturated galacturonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azura Azami
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Agarose degradation for utilization: Enzymes, pathways, metabolic engineering methods and products. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107641. [PMID: 33035614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red algae are important renewable bioresources with very large annual outputs. Agarose is the major carbohydrate component of many red algae and has potential to be of value in the production of agaro-oligosaccharides, biofuels and other chemicals. In this review, we summarize the degradation pathway of agarose, which includes an upstream part involving transformation of agarose into its two monomers, D-galactose (D-Gal) and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose (L-AHG), and a downstream part involving monosaccharide degradation pathways. The upstream part involves agarolytic enzymes such as α-agarase, β-agarase, α-neoagarobiose hydrolase, and agarolytic β-galactosidase. The downstream part includes the degradation pathways of D-Gal and L-AHG. In addition, the production of functional agaro-oligosaccharides such as neoagarobiose and monosaccharides such as L-AHG with different agarolytic enzymes is reviewed. Third, techniques for the setup, regulation and optimization of agarose degradation to increase utilization efficiency of agarose are summarized. Although heterologous construction of the whole agarose degradation pathway in an engineered strain has not been reported, biotechnologies applied to improve D-Gal utilization efficiency and construct L-AHG catalytic routes are reviewed. Finally, critical aspects that may aid in the construction of engineered microorganisms that can fully utilize agarose to produce agaro-oligosaccharides or as carbon sources for production of biofuels or other value-adding chemicals are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Characterization of the hydrolysate and catalytic cavity of α-agarase AgaD. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1919-1925. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
A Novel Route for Agarooligosaccharide Production with the Neoagarooligosaccharide-Producing β-Agarase as Catalyst. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are catalysts with high specificity. Different compounds could be produced by different enzymes. In case of agaro-oligosaccharides, agarooligosaccharide (AOS) can be produced by α-agarase through cleaving the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose, while neoagarooligosaccharide (NAOS) can be produced by β-agarase through cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose. However, in this study, we showed that β-agarase could also be used to produce AOSs with high purity and yield. The feasibility of our route was confirmed by agarotriose (A3) and agaropentaose (A5) formation from agaroheptaose (A7) and agarononoses (A9) catalyzed by β-agarase. Agarose was firstly liquesced by citric acid into a mixture of AOSs. The AOSs mixture was further catalyzed by β-agarase. When using the neoagarotetraose-forming β-agarase AgWH50B, agarotriose could be produced with the yield of 48%. When using neoagarotetraose, neoagarohexaose-forming β-agarase DagA, both agarotriose and agaropentaose could be produced with the yield of 14% and 13%, respectively. Our method can be used to produce other value-added agaro-oligosaccharides from agarose by different agarolytic enzymes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Park SH, Lee CR, Hong SK. Implications of agar and agarase in industrial applications of sustainable marine biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2815-2832. [PMID: 32036436 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a major component of the cell wall of red algae, is an interesting heteropolysaccharide containing an unusual sugar, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. It is widely used as a valuable material in various industrial and experimental applications due to its characteristic gelling and stabilizing properties. Agar-derived oligosaccharides or mono-sugars produced by various agarases have become a promising subject for research owing to their unique biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, skin-whitening, skin-moisturizing, anti-fatigue, and anti-cariogenic activities. Agar is also considered as an alternative sustainable source of biomass for chemical feedstock and biofuel production to substitute for the fossil resource. In this review, we summarize various biochemically characterized agarases, which are useful for industrial applications, such as neoagarooligosaccharide or agarooligosaccharide production and saccharification of agar. Additionally, we succinctly discuss various recent studies that have been conducted to investigate the versatile biological activities of agar-derived saccharides and biofuel production from agar biomass. This review provides a basic framework for understanding the importance of agarases and agar-derived saccharides with broad applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and bioenergy industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ro Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|