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Wang H, Li M, Li S, Chen X, Li B, Shao H, Jin F. Dissipation and potential risk of tristyrylphenol ethoxylate homologs in peanuts by spraying and root irrigation: A comparative assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134486. [PMID: 38714052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Peanuts, known for their nutritional value, health benefits, and delicious taste, are susceptible to agricultural chemical contamination, posing a challenge to the peanut industry in China. While tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOs) have garnered attention for their widespread use in pesticide formulations, their dissipation and potential risks in peanuts remain a gap in knowledge. This study, unique in its focus on TSPEOs, investigates their dissipation and potential risks under two common application modes: spraying and root irrigation. The concentration of total TSPEOs in peanut plants was significantly higher when sprayed (435-37,693 μg/kg) than in root irrigation (24-1602 μg/kg). The dissipation of TSPEOs was faster in peanuts and soil when sprayed, with half-lives of 3.67-5.59 d (mean: 4.37 d) and 5.41-7.07 d (mean: 5.95 d), respectively. The residue of TSPEOs in peanut shells and soil were higher with root irrigation (8.9-65.2 and 25.4-305.1 μg/kg, respectively) than with spraying (5.4-30.6 and 8.8-146.5 μg/kg, respectively). These results indicated that the dissipation behavior of TSPEOs in peanuts was influenced by application modes. While the healthy and ecological risk assessments of TSPEOs in soil and peanut shells showed no risks, root irrigation might pose a higher potential risk than spraying. This research provides valuable data for the judicious application of pesticides during peanut cultivation to enhance pesticide utilization and reduce potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition & Foods, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Lan F, Wang X, Wang X, Ruan Y, Ding L, Liu D, Zhang T, Wang J. Simultaneous determination of four fungicide residues in figs using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e5935. [PMID: 38924114 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Dissipative behavior and final residue levels of difenoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin in figs were investigated using field trials and laboratory assays. A three-factor, three-level orthogonal test was designed to optimize the pretreatment conditions of the method. A method was established using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of difenoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin residues in figs. The limit of quantification for all four targets in figs was 0.002 mg/kg. Difenoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin are readily digestible pesticides in figs with half-lives of 6.4, 6.2, 4.8, and 7.9 days, respectively. Residues of difenoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, and pyraclostrobin in figs were below the European Union established residue levels of 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, at day 7 after application. Pyraclostrobin, propiconazole, difenoconazole, and prochloraz were applied twice at doses of 75, 125, 150, and 200 mg a.i./kg at 7-day intervals, and the residues of the four fungicides in figs were acceptable 7 days after the last application. Therefore, the safety interval can be set at 7 days for 70% difenoconazole-prochloraz wettable powder and 40% pyraclostrobin-propiconazole aqueous emulsion according to the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Quality Safety and Nutrition of Characteristic Fruits, Quality Inspection Center, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Quality Safety and Nutrition of Characteristic Fruits, Quality Inspection Center, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Quality Safety and Nutrition of Characteristic Fruits, Quality Inspection Center, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yinwei Ruan
- Regulatory Affair Department, Shandong Cynda Chemical Company Limited, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Li Ding
- General Section, Weihai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Weihai, P. R. China
| | - Daliang Liu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Quality Safety and Nutrition of Characteristic Fruits, Quality Inspection Center, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Tongliang Zhang
- Regulatory Affair Department, Shandong Cynda Chemical Company Limited, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Quality Safety and Nutrition of Characteristic Fruits, Quality Inspection Center, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Shandong Province, Yantai, P. R. China
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Martín-García B, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Suspect screening of pesticide co-formulants in fruits, vegetables and leaves by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass accuracy spectrometry: Potential impact on human health. Food Chem 2024; 434:137555. [PMID: 37757702 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables can contain co-formulants derived from the use of plant protection products (PPPs) in crops. Thus, in the current study co-formulants were determined in different fruits and vegetables and their leaves by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap and LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). A total of 37 co-formulants were tentatively identified, and among them, 12 compounds were quantified by LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and 9 by GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. The mean co-formulant levels in fruit and vegetable samples was 92% lower than in leaf samples. Selected samples showed a high concentration of 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone among the co-formulants detected. This compound ranged from 22 µg/kg (strawberry) to 722 µg/kg (red grape), whereas in the case of leaves, its concentration was up to 6513 µg/kg in cucumber leaf. In addition, it has an LD50 equal to 1.440 g/kg. Therefore, this type of PPP co-formulants should be controlled in fruits and vegetables to avoid adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Li X, Li C, Li S, Chen X, Yue N, Wang Q, Zhang C, Shao H, Zheng L, Jin F. High-throughput screening and quantitative analysis of hidden ingredients in plant protection products by GC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115556. [PMID: 37837694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Hidden ingredients in plant protection products (PPPs) threaten public health, food trade, and the environment. In this study, we developed a high-throughput screening method of 639 hidden ingredients in PPPs using GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results showed that the qualitative criteria of retention time (tR) shift and uncertainty of qualifier to quantifier ratio in the commercially available Shimadzu Smart Pesticides Database were set at < 0.17 min and < 30%, respectively, which could be used to tentatively identify compounds without standards. The limits of quantification were 0.01-0.05 mg/kg. A wide linear range of 10-1000 μg/L was observed with R2 ≥ 0.975. Recoveries from three types of PPP formulations were 62.08%- 126.3%, with relative standard deviations < 15.7%. Finally, this method was applied to screen and quantify hidden ingredients in 91 plant protection products (PPPs) samples collected from online sales in China. Only one hidden ingredient, dimethomorph (1.6 g/kg), was detected in the polyoxin formulation (15% wettable powder). The results will be helpful in assessing the potential risks of hidden ingredients in PPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Balmer ME, Janser D, Schaller U, Krauss J, Geiser HC, Poiger T. Residues of pesticide co-formulants in lettuce and parsley: Identification of decline processes using field trials in different cropping systems. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2792-2800. [PMID: 36929099 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although co-formulants constitute a substantial portion of the total plant protection product (PPP) mass applied to crops, data on residue formation and the behaviour of these substances on plants are scarce. In an earlier study we demonstrated that co-formulants commonly used in PPPs can form considerable residues, i.e., in the low to medium mg/kg range, but normally decline rapidly within few days. In the field trial reported here, we aimed to identify the major decline processes of co-formulants. Residues of co-formulants were therefore monitored in parsley and lettuce grown in an open field as well as under foil tunnels equipped with either an overhead or a drip irrigation system. RESULTS Dissipation of three anionic surfactants was markedly faster when crops (parsley and lettuce) were exposed to natural rainfall or irrigation from above compared to drip irrigation. In contrast, the decline of three volatile organic solvents was not affected by rain or irrigation, but was dependent on the crop, with much shorter half-lives in lettuce than in parsley. Furthermore, dilution through plant growth contributed significantly to the reduction of residues over time. CONCLUSION In this work we substantiate earlier findings on the magnitude and dissipation of residues of anionic surfactants and solvents representing the most important co-formulant classes. The chosen experimental setup allowed differentiation between decline processes and we confirm that foliar wash-off is a major dissipation process for anionic surfactants. For volatile organic solvents, dissipation appears to depend on the properties not only of the substance but also of the plant (surface). © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Balmer
- Agroscope, Plant Protection Products - Impact and Assessment, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Janser
- Agroscope, Plant Protection Products - Impact and Assessment, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schaller
- Agroscope, Plant Protection Products - Impact and Assessment, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Agroscope, Vegetable-Production Extension, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - H Christoph Geiser
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Toxicology and Biology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Poiger
- Agroscope, Plant Protection Products - Impact and Assessment, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Li M, Wang Q, Li X, Yue N, Jin M, Zheng L, Wang J, Jin F. Different dissipation potential and dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cowpea ecosystem in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1036025. [PMID: 36337636 PMCID: PMC9626860 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1036025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) are widely used as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations in the world. However, the information on the dissipation behavior of different homologs TSPEOn in agro-products is lacking. To investigate the dissipation behavior of TSPEOn, a cowpea field experiment treated with TSPEOn at different doses was carried out in Guangdong province, China. Different 24 TSPEO homologs were all detected in cowpea from the field terminal residue experiments, and the total concentrations of TSPEO homologs in cowpea were 40.0–1,374 μg/kg. The dissipation half-lives of 24 TSPEO homologs in soil were 1.51–2.35 times longer than those in cowpea. The long-chain homologs TSPEOn were dissipated faster than the short-chain homologs TSPEOn, suggesting a homolog-specific degradation of the TSPEOn in the cowpea ecosystem. The characteristic bimodal profiles of TSPEOn (n = 6–29) differing from that of the commercial TSPEOn were observed in the cowpea terminal residues experiment, indicating that the long-chain TSPEOn would degrade to short-chain TSPEOn in cowpea and soil. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea are within acceptable margins for human consumption across different ages and genders. But the health risks to children should be noticed in future.
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Li C, Zhou J, Yue N, Wang Y, Wang J, Jin F. Dissipation and dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylate homologues in cucumber after field application. Food Chem 2020; 338:127988. [PMID: 32950866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOs) residues to contaminate crops or be released into the environment is of increasing concern, as they are toxic to living organisms. This study determined the dissipation of TSPEO homologues in cucumber under field conditions. TSPEOn (n = 6-29) dissipated more rapidly in cucumber than in soil samples, with half-lives of 1.80-4.30 d and 3.73-6.52 d, respectively. Short-chain TSPEOn (n = 6-11) persisted for longer than other oligomers in soil. Concentrations of the final residues (∑TSPEOs) in cucumber and soil were 24.3-1349 μg/kg and 47.3-1337 μg/kg, respectively. TSP15EO or TSP16EO was the dominant oligomer, with concentrations of 2.30-150 μg/kg. The risk assessment showed that the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of ∑TSPEOs in cucumber were 0.03-0.57% and 0.05-0.39%, respectively, suggesting little or no health risk to Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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