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Xie W, Xu D, Chen F, Wang Z, Luo J, He Y, Zheng Q, Liu C. Integrated Cytological, Physiological, and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insight into the Albino Phenotype of Chinese Plum ( Prunus salicina). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14457. [PMID: 37833903 PMCID: PMC10573071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Albino seedlings that arise during seed reproduction can have a significant impact on plant growth and breeding. In this research, we present the first report of albino occurrences in the seed reproduction process of Prunus salicina and describe the cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic changes observed in albino seedlings. The albino seedlings which were observed in several plum cultivars exhibited abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure and perturbed stomatal structure. Compared to normal seedlings, the photosynthetic pigment contents in albino seedlings decreased by more than 90%, accompanied by significant reductions in several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Furthermore, substantially changed photosynthetic parameters indicated that the photosynthetic capacity and stomatal function were impaired in albino seedlings. Additionally, the activities of the antioxidant enzyme were drastically altered against the background of higher proline and lower ascorbic acid in leaves of albino seedlings. A total of 4048 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through transcriptomic sequencing, and the downregulated DEGs in albino seedlings were greatly enriched in the pathways for photosynthetic antenna proteins and flavonoid biosynthesis. GLK1 and Ftsz were identified as candidate genes responsible for the impaired chloroplast development and division in albino seedlings. Additionally, the substantial decline in the expression levels of examined photosystem-related chloroplast genes was validated in albino seedlings. Our findings shed light on the intricate physiological and molecular mechanisms driving albino plum seedling manifestation, which will contribute to improving the reproductive and breeding efforts of plums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Dantong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Fangce Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Jiandong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yehua He
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Qianming Zheng
- Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Karst Region, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.X.); (D.X.); (F.C.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
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Huang W, Zheng A, Huang H, Chen Z, Ma J, Li X, Liang Q, Li L, Liu R, Huang Z, Qin Y, Tang Y, Li H, Zhang F, Wang Q, Sun B. Effects of sgRNAs, Promoters, and Explants on the Gene Editing Efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 System in Chinese Kale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13241. [PMID: 37686051 PMCID: PMC10487834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is extensively used for plant gene editing. This study developed an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system for Chinese kale using multiple sgRNAs and two promoters to create various CRISPR/Cas9 vectors. These vectors targeted BoaZDS and BoaCRTISO in Chinese kale protoplasts and cotyledons. Transient transformation of Chinese kale protoplasts was assessed for editing efficiency at three BoaZDS sites. Notably, sgRNA: Z2 achieved the highest efficiency (90%). Efficiency reached 100% when two sgRNAs targeted BoaZDS with a deletion of a large fragment (576 bp) between them. However, simultaneous targeting of BoaZDS and BoaCRTISO yielded lower efficiency. Transformation of cotyledons led to Chinese kale mutants with albino phenotypes for boazds mutants and orange-mottled phenotypes for boacrtiso mutants. The mutation efficiency of 35S-CRISPR/Cas9 (92.59%) exceeded YAO-CRISPR/Cas9 (70.97%) in protoplasts, and YAO-CRISPR/Cas9 (96.49%) surpassed 35S-CRISPR/Cas9 (58%) in cotyledons. These findings introduce a strategy for enhancing CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiency in Chinese kale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Aihong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi 563006, China;
| | - Jie Ma
- Bijie lnstitute of Agricultural Science, Bijie 551700, China;
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiannan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ruobin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yaoguo Qin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Huanxiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
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Ma S, Yu H, Wang M, Cui T, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Li M, Zhang L, Dong J. Natural product drupacine acting on a novel herbicidal target shikimate dehydrogenase. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105480. [PMID: 37532346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are one of the important sources for the creation of new pesticides. Drupacine ((1R,11S,12S,13R,15S)-13-methoxy-5,7,21-trioxa-19-azahexacyclo[11.7.1.02,10.04,8.011,15.015,19]henicosa-2,4(8),9-trien-12-ol), isolated from Cephalotaxus sinensis (Chinese plum-yew), is a potent herbicidal compound containing an oxo-bridged oxygen bond structure. However, its molecular target still remains unknown. In this study, the targets of drupacine in Amaranthus retroflexus were identified by combining drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift assay coupled with mass spectrometry (CETSA MS), RNA-seq transcriptomic, and TMT proteomic analyses. Fifty-one and sixty-eight main binding proteins were identified by DARTS and CETSA MS, respectively, including nine co-existing binding proteins. In drupacine-treated A. retroflexus seedlings we identified 1389 up-regulated genes and 442 down-regulated genes, 34 up-regulated proteins, and 194 down-regulated proteins, respectively. Combining the symptoms and the biochemical profiles, Profilin, Shikimate dehydrogenase (SkDH), and Zeta-carotene desaturase were predicted to be the drupacine potential target proteins. At the same time, drupacine was found to bind SkDH stronger by molecular docking, and its inhibition on ArSkDH increased with the treatment concentration increase. Our results suggest that the molecular target of drupacine is SkDH, a new herbicide target, which lay a foundation for the rational design of herbicides based on new targets from natural products and enrich the target resources for developing green herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Hualong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tingru Cui
- Baoding Meteorological Bureau, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Zhang D, Zhou N, Yang LJ, Yu ZL, Ma DJ, Wang DW, Li YH, Liu B, Wang BF, Xu H, Xi Z. Discovery of (5-(Benzylthio)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) Methanols as Potent Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors through Virtual Screening and Structure Optimization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10144-10157. [PMID: 35946897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is not only an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of carotenoids but also a promising target for herbicide discovery. However, in recent years, no expected PDS inhibitors with new scaffolds have been reported. Hence, a solution for developing PDS inhibitors is to search for new compounds with novel chemotypes based on the PDS protein structure. In this work, we integrated structure-based virtual screening, structure-guided optimization, and biological evaluation to discover some PDS inhibitors with novel chemotypes. It is noteworthy that the highly potent compound 1b, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)ethan-1-one, exhibited a broader spectrum of post-emergence herbicidal activity at 375-750 g/ha against six kinds of weeds than the commercial PDS inhibitor diflufenican. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay showed that the affinity of our compound 1b (KD = 65.9 μM) to PDS is slightly weaker but at the same level as diflufenican (KD = 38.3 μM). Meanwhile, determination of the phytoene content and PDS mRNA quantification suggested that 1b could induce PDS mRNA reduction and phytoene accumulation. Moreover, 1b also caused the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the change of ROS-associated enzyme activity in albino leaves. Hence, all these results indicated the feasibility of PDS protein structure-based virtual screen and structure optimization to search for highly potent PDS inhibitors with novel chemotypes for weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Lei Yu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - De-Jun Ma
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Fan Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Han Xu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Gupta P, Hirschberg J. The Genetic Components of a Natural Color Palette: A Comprehensive List of Carotenoid Pathway Mutations in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:806184. [PMID: 35069664 PMCID: PMC8770946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.806184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids comprise the most widely distributed natural pigments. In plants, they play indispensable roles in photosynthesis, furnish colors to flowers and fruit and serve as precursor molecules for the synthesis of apocarotenoids, including aroma and scent, phytohormones and other signaling molecules. Dietary carotenoids are vital to human health as a source of provitamin A and antioxidants. Hence, the enormous interest in carotenoids of crop plants. Over the past three decades, the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway has been mainly deciphered due to the characterization of natural and induced mutations that impair this process. Over the year, numerous mutations have been studied in dozens of plant species. Their phenotypes have significantly expanded our understanding of the biochemical and molecular processes underlying carotenoid accumulation in crops. Several of them were employed in the breeding of crops with higher nutritional value. This compendium of all known random and targeted mutants available in the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants provides a valuable resource for future research on carotenoid biosynthesis in plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wang M, Zhu X, Li Y, Xia Z. Transcriptome analysis of a new maize albino mutant reveals that zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in chloroplast development and retrograde signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:407-419. [PMID: 33010551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of natural tetraterpenoid pigments with essential roles in a variety of physiological processes of plants. Although carotenoid biosynthesis has been well characterized, the genetic basis of the pathway, especially in crop plants, is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a new albino maize mutant called albino1 (alb1), which was obtained from a Mutator mutagenized population. The alb1 mutant showed defective chloroplast development and declined photosynthetic pigments, leading to a seedling-lethal phenotype. Genetic and molecular analyses indicated that ALB1 encoded a putative ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Measurement of carotenoids revealed that several major carotenoid compounds downstream of the ZDS were significantly reduced in alb1 mutant, indicating that ALB1 is a functional ZDS. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that several groups of nuclear genes involved in photosynthesis, such as light-harvesting complex, pigment metabolism, and chloroplast function, were significantly down-regulated in alb1 compared with wide type. Interestingly, expression of some maize plastid-localized nuclear genes, including POR, CAO, Lhcb, and RbcS, was substantially reduced in alb1 plants. Furthermore, treatment of the inhibitor fluridone significantly rescued gene transcripts of these nucleus-encoded genes in alb1 mutant, which supported the retrograde signaling of ζ-carotene/phytofluene derived molecules. These results suggested that ALB1/ZDS might function as a regulator to coordinate nuclear photosynthetic gene expression in plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling during development of maize plants. Together, these results have demonstrated that ALB1/ZDS is essential for carotenoids biosynthesis and plays crucial roles in chloroplast biogenesis and development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; Department of Information, Library of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China.
| | - Zongliang Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and State Key Laboratory of Wheat & Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China.
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