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Shen J, Wu Y, Wei T, He Y, Liu X, Deng Z, Li J. The digestion and absorption characteristics of human milk phospholipid analogs: a combination study between in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2023; 14:10617-10627. [PMID: 37964622 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play a crucial role in the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. Currently, soybean phospholipids (SPLs) are the common phospholipid component in most infant formulas (IFs), which, however, shows an obvious difference with the phospholipid (PL) composition of human milk fat. Therefore, in the present study, human milk phospholipid analogs (HMPAs) were prepared by mimicking the composition of PE, PC, PI, PS, and SM in breast milk phospholipids and the composition of the major fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2), and their digestion and absorption characteristics were explored using in vitro and mice models. The prepared HMPA contained 26.48% PE, 24.64% PC, 36.19% SM, 6.35% PI, and 6.32% PS, with 40.51% C16:0, 17.02% C18:0, 29.19% C18:1, and 13.26% C18:2, showing different digestive properties relative to SPL. There was little effect on the physical and chemical properties of HMPA under in vitro gastric conditions. The hydrolysis degree, fatty acids release rate, and average particle size decreasing rate of HMPA was significantly higher than that of SPL during digestion in vitro intestine (P < 0.05), showing better digestive process relative to SPL. In terms of the mice model, HMPA had a higher hydrolysis degree in the intestinal tract. Based on the area under curve (AUC) analysis of serum fatty acids, it was found that despite HMPA being absorbed at a slower rate than SPL, it was absorbed more than SPL. In summary, the digestion and absorption of HMPA were preferred to SPL, and these obtained results might provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of HMPA in IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Yangzheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Xiaoru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Ding L, Yang J, Guo H, Cong P, Xu J, Xue C, Mao X, Zhang T, Wang Y. Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid Containing Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Remodels the Lipidome of White Adipose Tissue and Suppresses High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200321. [PMID: 37439463 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can alter the lipidome profiles of adipocytes, thereby counteract obesity. DHA/EPA in the form of phospholipids demonstrates higher bioavailability than triglyceride or ethyl ester (EE), but their effects on the lipidome and metabolic changes during obesity are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS High-fat diet-induced obese mice are treated with different molecular forms of EPA, and EPA supplemented as phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtn) has a superior effect on reducing fat mass accumulation than phosphatidylcholine (PC) or EE. The lipidomics analysis indicates that EPA in form of PlsEtn but not PC or EE significantly decreases total PC and sphingomyelin content in white adipose tissue (WAT). Some specific polyunsaturated fatty acid -containing PCs and ether phospholipids are increased in EPA-PlsEtn-fed mice, which may attribute to the upregulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation reactions in WAT. In addition, the expression of genes related to fatty acid catabolism is also promoted by EPA-PlsEtn supplementation, which may cause the decreased content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid-containing PCs. CONCLUSIONS EPA-PlsEtn supplementation is demonstrated to remodel lipidome and regulate the fatty acid metabolic process in WAT, indicating it may serve as a new strategy for obesity treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, P. R. China
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Sidorova YS, Sarkisyan VA, Petrov NA, Frolova YV, Kochetkova AA. Determination and Comparison of Soybean Lecithin and Bovine Brain Plasmalogens Effects in Healthy Male Wistar Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087643. [PMID: 37108804 PMCID: PMC10145545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean lecithin and plasmalogens concentrating on a variety of physiological tests and biochemical analyses in healthy Wistar rats. For six weeks, male Wistar rats were given a standard diet that included plasmalogens or soybean lecithin. We measured anxiety levels, overall exploratory activity, short- and long-term memory, cognitive abilities, and grip strength. Lecithin increased significantly anxiety and enhanced memory and cognitive functions. Plasmalogens significantly improved appetite and increased grip strength. When compared to plasmalogens, lecithin significantly raised HDL levels while lowering LDL levels. The plasmalogens group showed a significant increase in the C16:0DMA/C16:0 ratio, which led us to assume that plasmalogen consumption could increase their synthesis in neural tissue. The study's findings imply that, despite their various modes of action, soy lecithin and plasmalogens may both be significant nutritional components for enhancing cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S Sidorova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety", Ustyinsky Proezd, 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varuzhan A Sarkisyan
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety", Ustyinsky Proezd, 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Petrov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety", Ustyinsky Proezd, 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya V Frolova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety", Ustyinsky Proezd, 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla A Kochetkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety", Ustyinsky Proezd, 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Yang TX, Zhu YF, Wang CC, Yang JY, Xue CH, Huang QR, Wang YM, Zhang TT. EPA-enriched plasmalogen attenuates the cytotoxic effects of LPS-stimulated microglia on the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:143-152. [PMID: 35728742 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia plays an important role in the production of inflammation in the central nervous system. Excessive nerve inflammation can cause neuronal damage and neurodegenerative disease. It has been shown that EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen (EPA-PlsEtn) significantly inhibited the expressions of inflammatory factors and suppressed neuronal loss in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. However, whether EPA-PlsEtn protects against neuronal loss by inhibiting the activation of microglia is still not clear. Therefore, we examined the effect of PlsEtn on SH-SY5Y cells incubated by conditioned medium from LPS-induced BV2 cells as a neuroinflammation model. Results showed that pre-incubation of LPS-induced BV2 cells with PlsEtn significantly improved the viability of SH-SY5Y cells by reducing the early apoptosis. The increasing production of NO and TNF-α in BV2 cells was reversed by PlsEtn treatment, while the decreasing level of IL-10 was raised. Polarization toward M1 phenotype and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are attenuated significantly by pre-treatment of PlsEtn in LPS-induced BV2 cells. The study provides evidence for a positive effect of PlsEtn on neuroprotection and the inhibition of neuroinflammation, and PlsEtn may be explored as a potential functional ingredient with neuroprotection effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yun-Fang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jin-Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- Rutgers State Univ, Dept Food Sci, 65 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Feng J, Song G, Wu Y, Chen X, Pang J, Xu Y, Shen Q, Guo S, Zhang M. Plasmalogens improve swimming performance by modulating the expression of genes involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in an Alzheimer's disease zebrafish model. Food Funct 2021; 12:12087-12097. [PMID: 34783821 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (PLs) are critical to human health. Studies have reported a link between the downregulation of PLs levels and cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. In the present study, an AlCl3-induced AD zebrafish model was established, and the model was used to elucidate the neuroprotective effects of PLs on AD by analysing the transcriptional profiles of zebrafish in the control, AD model, AD_PL, and PL groups. Chronic AlCl3 exposure caused swimming performance impairments in the zebrafish, yet PLs supplementation could improve the dyskinesia recovery rate in the AD zebrafish model. Through transcriptional profiling, a total of 5413 statistically significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the groups. In addition to the DEGs involved in amino acid metabolism, we found that the genes related to iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to ferroptosis, were dramatically altered among different groups. These results suggest that seafood-derived PLs, in addition to their role in eliminating oxidative stress, can improve the swimming performance in AlCl3-exposed zebrafish partly by suppressing neuronal ferroptosis and accelerating synaptic transmission at the transcriptional level. This study provides evidence for PLs to be developed as a functional food supplement to relieve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Gongshuai Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jie Pang
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yaxi Xu
- Central Hospital of Haining, Haining 314408, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Shunyuan Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Qiu C, He Y, Huang Z, Qiu W, Huang J, Wang M, Chen B. Biosafety evaluation of Nannochloropsis oculata and Schizochytrium sp. oils as novel human milk fat substitutes. Food Funct 2021; 12:2972-2984. [PMID: 33690766 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The biosafety assessment of novel human milk fat substitutes (HMFs) from microalgae oils of Nannochloropsis oculata and Schizochytrium sp. was evaluated by testing the cytotoxic activity using IEC-6 cells, and by conducting a sub-chronic 28-day dietary study using Sprague-Dawley (SD) suckling rats in this study. The results of the cytotoxic activity of IEC-6 cells treated with HMFs showed no apparent effect on cell viability at the tested concentrations (0-1000 μg mL-1). For the 28-day sub-chronic study, five rat dietary feeds with 7.5% fat were designed to have the DHA content in the range from 0 to 2.0% using corn oil as a basal oil. After the 28-day treatment, SD rats fed HMFs did not show toxicity signs and adverse effects, based on the results of clinical observation, body weight, food consumption, behavior, hematology, clinical chemistry, and necropsy findings. These results could lead to the conclusion that the inclusion of the new synthesized HMFs into the pre-weaning SD rat diet was acceptable for SD rats and did not exhibit toxic characteristics and adverse features, indicating that the HMFs from microalgal oils were safe and had the potential to be used as a promising feedstock in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyang Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
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7
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Yamashita S, Fujiwara K, Tominaga Y, Nguma E, Takahashi T, Otoki Y, Yamamoto A, Higuchi O, Nakagawa K, Kinoshita M, Miyazawa T. Absorption Kinetics of Ethanolamine Plasmalogen and Its Hydrolysate in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:263-273. [PMID: 33456005 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), a subclass of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl), has been reported to have many biological and dietary functions. In terms of PlsEtn absorption, some studies have reported that PlsEtn is re-esterized at the sn-2 position using lymph cannulation and the everted jejunal sac model. In this study, we aimed to better understand the uptake kinetics of PlsEtn and increase its absorption. We thus compared the uptake kinetics of PlsEtn with that of the lyso-form, in which the fatty acid at the sn-2 position was hydrolyzed enzymatically. Upon administration of EtnGpl (extracted from oysters or ascidians, 75.4 mol% and 88.4 mol% of PlsEtn ratio, respectively), the plasma PlsEtn species in mice showed the highest levels at 4 or 8 hours after administration. In the contrast, administration of the EtnGpl hydrolysate, which contained lysoEtnGpl and free fatty acids, markedly increased the plasma levels of PlsEtn species at 2 h after administration. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), especially the AUC0-4 h of PlsEtn species, was higher with hydrolysate administration than that with EtnGpl administration. These results indicate that EtnGpl hydrolysis accelerated the absorption and metabolism of PlsEtn. Consequently, using a different experimental approach from that used in previous studies, we reconfirmed that PlsEtn species were absorbed via hydrolysis at the sn-2 position, suggesting that hydrolysis in advance could increase PlsEtn uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kazufumi Fujiwara
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yuki Tominaga
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ephantus Nguma
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Takumi Takahashi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | | | - Ohki Higuchi
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University
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8
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Ma L, Li H, Wang Z, Xu J, Xue C. The oxidation mechanism of phospholipids in Antarctic krill oil promoted by metal ions. Food Chem 2020; 333:127448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Comparative study on the digestion and absorption characteristics of n-3 LCPUFA-enriched phospholipids in the form of liposomes and emulsions. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109428. [PMID: 33233110 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that phospholipids rich in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in the form of liposome exhibited superior bioactivities than other formulation. However, the digestion and absorption characteristics of n-3 LCPUFA-enriched phospholipids were still unclear, restricting the molecular mechanism analysis related to their distinctive activities. The aim of the present study was to compare the digestion and absorption characteristics of DHA/EPA-PC in the forms of liposome and emulsion. The fatty acid composition and lipid species in serum, intestinal wall and content of healthy mice were determined after oral administration with DHA/EPA-PC. Results showed that the peak value of serum DHA/EPA level in the liposome group was significantly higher than that of the emulsion group (p < 0.05), although the peak in the liposome group appeared at 3 h and the peak time was 2 h in the emulsion group. Lipidomics analysis indicated that the high levels of total PL and PL-DHA could be retained in serum for a substantial period after administration of the DHA/EPA-PC liposome, which might be attributed to that the DHA/EPA-PC in the form of liposomes was hydrolyzed slower by pancreatic phospholipase A2 than the emulsion form in small intestinal content. The obtained results might provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of marine-derived phospholipids.
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Ding L, Zhang LY, Shi HH, Wang CC, Jiang XM, Xue CH, Yanagita T, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Alleviated Atherosclerosis by Remodeling Gut Microbiota to Regulate Bile Acid Metabolism in LDLR -/- Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5339-5348. [PMID: 32306729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens (EPA-PlsEtns) might be retained in the intestine rich in gut microbiota for a long time after treatment. It reminded us that EPA-PlsEtns might affect intestinal microbiota composition and its metabolites, which have been identified as a contributing factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, EPA-PlsEtn administration for 8 weeks significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area in low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. Notably, the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by 33.6 and 38.2%, respectively, by EPA-PlsEtns instead of EPA in the form of ethyl ester (EPA-EE) treatment compared with the model group. EPA-PlsEtn administration also increased total neutral sterol and bile acids in feces by 92 and 39%, respectively, rather than EPA-EE. Mechanistically, EPA-PlsEtns might affect the abundance of gut microbiota contributing to the alteration of bile acid profiles, which might further accelerate bile acid synthesis via increasing cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase expression induced by the inhibition of farnesoid X receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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