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Ahlawat S, Shukla BN, Singh V, Sharma Y, Choudhary P, Rao A. GLYCOCINS: The sugar peppered antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108415. [PMID: 39033836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylated bacteriocins, known as glycocins, were first discovered in 2011. These bioactive peptides are produced by bacteria to gain survival advantages. They exhibit diverse types of glycans and demonstrate varied antimicrobial activity. Currently, there are 13 experimentally known glycocins, with over 250 identified in silico across different bacterial phyla. Notably, glycocins are recognized for their glycan-mediated antimicrobial activity, proving effective against drug-resistant and foodborne pathogens. Many glycocins contain rare S-linked glycans. Glycosyltransferases (GTs), responsible for transferring sugar to glycocins and involved in glycocin biosynthesis, often cluster together in the producer's genome. This clustering makes them valuable for custom glycoengineering with diverse substrate specificities. Heterologous expression of glycocins has paved the way for the establishment of microbial factories for glycopeptide and glycoconjugate production across various industries. In this review, we emphasize the primary roles of fully and partially characterized glycocins and their glycosylating enzymes. Additionally, we explore how specific glycan structures facilitate these functions in antibacterial activities. Furthermore, we discuss newer approaches and increasing efforts aimed at exploiting bacterial glycobiology for the development of food preservatives and as replacements or complements to traditional antibiotics, particularly in the face of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimona Ahlawat
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Vaidhvi Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Yogita Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | | | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Current address: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), New Delhi 110002, India.
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Cabral VÁ, Govoni B, Verli H. Unravelling carbohydrate binding module 21 (CBM21) dynamics of interaction with amylose. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121792. [PMID: 38368081 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The carbohydrate binding module 21 (CBM21) from Rhizopus oryzae is a dual-site CBM proposed to disrupt polysaccharide structures. Additionally, it serves as a purification tag in industry. CBM21 crystal structure features a Glc residue in an unusual 1S3 conformation, whose relevance for the CBM mechanism of action is unclear. In this context, we seek to contribute for the understanding of CBM21 mechanism of action by: i) investigating the role of the 1S3 conformation on carbohydrate recognition, and ii) characterize the protein-carbohydrate binding dynamics using molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations at MM and QM/MM levels. Results indicate the 1S3 Glc conformation is unlikely to occur under biological conditions, being originated from the crystallographic environment. CBM21 binding to small ligands appears transient and unstable, while protein dimerization and polysaccharide chain size influence complex stability. In interactions with amylose, CBM21 exhibits a repeated unbinding followed by re-binding, while simultaneously alternating between binding sites I and II. These results suggest that CBM21 acts through transient interactions, directing carbohydrates to the catalytic center rather than forming strong and long-lasting bonds with carbohydrates. Accordingly, we expect such atomistic depiction of CBM21 mechanism could aid in CBM design targeting biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ávila Cabral
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Govoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugo Verli
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil.
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Harjes E, Edwards PJB, Bisset SW, Patchett ML, Jameson GB, Yang SH, Navo CD, Harris PWR, Brimble MA, Norris GE. NMR Shows Why a Small Chemical Change Almost Abolishes the Antimicrobial Activity of Glycocin F. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2669-2676. [PMID: 37531216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycocin F (GccF), a ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptide secreted by Lactobacillus plantarum KW30, rapidly inhibits the growth of susceptible bacteria at nanomolar concentrations. Previous studies have highlighted structural features important for its activity and have shown the absolute requirement for the Ser18 O-linked GlcNAc on the eight-residue loop linking the two short helices of the (C-X6-C)2 structure. Here, we show that an ostensibly very small chemical modification to Ser18, the substitution of the Cα proton with a methyl group, reduces the antimicrobial activity of GccF 1000-fold (IC50 1.5 μM cf. 1.5 nM). A comparison of the GccFα-methylSer18 NMR structure (PDB 8DFZ) with that of the native protein (PDB 2KUY) showed a marked difference in the orientation and mobility of the loop, as well as a markedly different positioning of the GlcNAc, suggesting that loop conformation, dynamics, and glycan presentation play an important role in the interaction of GccF with as yet unknown but essential physiological target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Harjes
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J B Edwards
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sean W Bisset
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark L Patchett
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Claudio D Navo
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gillian E Norris
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Rogers DM, Do H, Hirst JD. Electronic circular dichroism of proteins computed using a diabatisation scheme. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2133748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hainam Do
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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