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Sun S, Gu B, Hu H, Lu L, Tang D, Chernyak VY, Li X, Mukamel S. Direct Probe of Conical Intersection Photochemistry by Time-Resolved X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19863-19873. [PMID: 38989850 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The direct probing of photochemical dynamics by detecting the electronic coherence generated during passage through conical intersections is an intriguing challenge. The weak coherence signal and the difficulty in preparing purely excited wave packets that exclude coherence from other sources make it experimentally challenging. We propose to use time-resolved X-ray magnetic circular dichroism to probe the wave packet dynamics around the conical intersection. The magnetic field amplifies the relative strength of the electronic coherence signal compared to populations through the magnetic field response anisotropy. More importantly, since the excited state relaxation through conical intersections involves a change of parity, the magnetic coupling matches the symmetry of the response function with the electronic coherence, making the coherence signal only sensitive to the conical intersection induced coherence and excludes the pump pulse induced coherence between the ground state and excited state. In this theoretical study, we apply this technique to the photodissociation dynamics of a pyrrole molecule and demonstrate its capability of probing electronic coherence at a conical intersection as well as population transfer. We demonstrate that a magnetic field can be effectively used to extract novel information about electron and nuclear molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United states
- Departmnet of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Diandong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, 656 West Kirby, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United states
- Departmnet of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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2
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Shumilov KD, Jenkins AJ, La Pierre HS, Vlaisavljevich B, Li X. Overdestabilization vs Overstabilization in the Theoretical Analysis of f-Orbital Covalency. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12030-12039. [PMID: 38648269 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The complex nature of the f-orbital electronic structures and their interaction with the chemical environment pose significant computational challenges. Advanced computational techniques that variationally include scalar relativities and spin-orbit coupling directly at the molecular orbital level have been developed to address this complexity. Among these, variational relativistic multiconfigurational multireference methods stand out for their high accuracy and systematic improvement in studies of f-block complexes. Additionally, these advanced methods offer the potential for calibrating low-scaling electronic structure methods such as density functional theory. However, studies on the Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of the [Ce(III)Cl6]3- and [Ce(IV)Cl6]2- complexes show that time-dependent density functional theory with approximate exchange-correlation kernels can lead to inaccuracies, resulting in an overstabilization of 4f orbitals and incorrect assessments of covalency. In contrast, approaches utilizing small active space wave function methods may understate the stability of these orbitals. The results herein demonstrate the need for large active space, multireference, and variational relativistic methods in studying f-block complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill D Shumilov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Henry S La Pierre
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Nuclear and Radiological Engineering and Medical Physics Program, School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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3
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Ehrman J, Shumilov K, Jenkins AJ, Kasper JM, Vitova T, Batista ER, Yang P, Li X. Unveiling Hidden Shake-Up Features in the Uranyl M 4-Edge Spectrum. JACS AU 2024; 4:1134-1141. [PMID: 38559711 PMCID: PMC10976573 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The M4,5-edge high energy resolution X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HR-XANES) spectra of actinyls offer valuable insights into the electronic structure and bonding properties of heavy-element complexes. To conduct a comprehensive spectral analysis, it is essential to employ computational methods that accurately account for relativistic effects and electron correlation. In this work, we utilize variational relativistic multireference configurational interaction methods to compute and analyze the X-ray M4-edge absorption spectrum of uranyl. By employing these advanced computational techniques, we achieve excellent agreement between the calculated spectral features and experimental observations. Moreover, the calculations unveil significant shake-up features, which arise from the intricate interplay between strongly correlated 3d core-electron and ligand excitations. This research provides important theoretical insights into the spectral characteristics of heavy-element complexes. Furthermore, it establishes the foundation for utilizing M4,5-edge spectroscopy as a means to investigate the chemical activities of such complexes. By leveraging this technique, we can gain a deeper understanding of the bonding behavior and reactivity of heavy-element compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan
N. Ehrman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J. Jenkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute
for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe D-76021, Germany
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Li S, Lu L, Bhattacharyya S, Pearce C, Li K, Nienhuis ET, Doumy G, Schaller RD, Moeller S, Lin MF, Dakovski G, Hoffman DJ, Garratt D, Larsen KA, Koralek JD, Hampton CY, Cesar D, Duris J, Zhang Z, Sudar N, Cryan JP, Marinelli A, Li X, Inhester L, Santra R, Young L. Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe x-ray spectroscopy of liquid water. Science 2024; 383:1118-1122. [PMID: 38359104 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have long been sought as the most straightforward method for observing electron dynamics in real time. Although there has been much success with overlapped near-infrared femtosecond and extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses combined with theory, true attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have been limited. We used a synchronized attosecond x-ray pulse pair from an x-ray free-electron laser to study the electronic response to valence ionization in liquid water through all x-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (AX-ATAS). Our analysis showed that the AX-ATAS response is confined to the subfemtosecond timescale, eliminating any hydrogen atom motion and demonstrating experimentally that the 1b1 splitting in the x-ray emission spectrum is related to dynamics and is not evidence of two structural motifs in ambient liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Swarnendu Bhattacharyya
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolyn Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - R D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - S Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M-F Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - G Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D J Hoffman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D Garratt
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kirk A Larsen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - J D Koralek
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - C Y Hampton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D Cesar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sudar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - A Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Janesko BG. Core-Projected Hybrids Fix Systematic Errors in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Predicted Core-Electron Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37437304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is widely applied to valence, Rydberg, and charge-transfer excitations but, in its current form, makes large errors for core-electron excitations. This work demonstrates that the admixture of nonlocal exact exchange in atomic core regions significantly improves TDDFT-predicted core excitations. Exact exchange admixture is accomplished using projected hybrid density functional theory [ J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2023, 19, 837-847]. Scalar relativistic TDDFT calculations using core-projected B3LYP accurately model core excitations of second-period elements C-F and third-period elements Si-Cl, without sacrificing performance for the relative shifts of core excitation energies. Predicted K-edge X-ray near absorption edge structure (XANES) of a series of sulfur standards highlight the value of this approach. Core-projected hybrids appear to be a practical solution to TDDFT's limitations for core excitations, in the way that long-range-corrected hybrids are a practical solution to TDDFT's limitations for Rydberg and charge-transfer excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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6
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Rodríguez-Jiménez JA, Carreras A, Casanova D. Spin-Orbit Couplings of Open-Shell Systems with Restricted Active Space Configuration Interaction. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1206-1218. [PMID: 36719861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we perform electronic structure calculations to unravel the origin of spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) in open-shell molecules. For that, we select systems displaying di or polyradical character, e.g., trimethylene, and analyze the changes in the magnitude of SOC constants along molecular distortions of ethylene and in the presence of intermolecular interactions between open and closed-shell moieties in the O2-C2H4 system. Calculations were performed by using nonrelativistic wave functions obtained with the restricted active space configuration interaction (RASCI) method, in conjunction with a recent implementation for the calculation of SOC based on the spin-orbit mean field approximation. Our results demonstrate the suitability of RASCI in the calculation of SOCs of open-shell systems, while providing a deep understanding of the relationship between couplings and the nature of the electronic states. Moreover, we introduce a new definition of the SOC constant for the study of molecular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Aarón Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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7
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Hoyer CE, Hu H, Lu L, Knecht S, Li X. Relativistic Kramers-Unrestricted Exact-Two-Component Density Matrix Renormalization Group. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5011-5020. [PMID: 35881436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we develop a variational relativistic density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach within the exact-two-component (X2C) framework (X2C-DMRG), using spinor orbitals optimized with the two-component relativistic complete active space self-consistent field. We investigate fine-structure splittings of p- (Ga, In, Tl) and d-block (Sc, Y, La) atoms and excitation energies of monohydride molecules (GeH, SnH, and TlH) with X2C-DMRG calculations using an all-electron relativistic Hamiltonian in a Kramers-unrestricted basis. We find that X2C-DMRG yields accurate 2P and 2D splittings compared to multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MRCISD). We also investigated the degree of symmetry breaking in the atomic multiplets and convergence of electron correlation in the total energies. Symmetry breaking can be large in some cases (∼30 meV); however, increasing the number of renormalized block states m for the DMRG optimization recovers the symmetry breaking by several orders of magnitude. Encouragingly, we find the convergence of electron correlation to be close to MRCISDTQ5 quality. Relativistic X2C-DMRG approaches are important for cases where spin-orbit coupling is significant and the underlying reference wave function requires a large determinantal space. We are able to obtain quantitatively correct fine-structure splittings for systems up to 1019 number of determinants with traditional CI approaches, which are currently unfeasible to converge for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland.,Abteilung SHE Chemie, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, DE-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.,Department Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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8
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Identification of HPr kinase/phosphorylase inhibitors: novel antimicrobials against resistant Enterococcus faecalis. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2022; 36:507-520. [PMID: 35809194 PMCID: PMC9399212 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive bacterium, is among the most common nosocomial pathogens due to its limited susceptibility to antibiotics and its reservoir of the genes coding for virulence factors. Bacterial enzymes such as kinases and phosphorylases play important roles in diverse functions of a bacterial cell and, thus, are potential antibacterial drug targets. In Gram-positive bacteria, HPr Kinase/Phosphorylase (HPrK/P), a bifunctional enzyme is involved in the regulation of carbon catabolite repression by phosphorylating/dephosphorylating the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) at Ser46 residue. Deficiencies in HPrK/P function leads to severe defects in bacterial growth. This study aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of E. faecalis HPrK/P from a commercial compound library using structure-based virtual screening. The hit molecules were purchased and their effect on enzyme activity and growth of resistant E. faecalis was evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the interactions of the hit compounds with HPrK/P. Among the identified hit molecules, two compounds inhibited the phosphorylation of HPr as well as significantly reduced the growth of resistant E. faecalis in vitro. These identified potential HPrK/P inhibitors open new research avenues towards the development of novel antimicrobials against resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
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9
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Zheng X, Zhang C, Jin Z, Southworth SH, Cheng L. Benchmark relativistic delta-coupled-cluster calculations of K-edge core-ionization energies of third-row elements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13587-13596. [PMID: 35616685 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A benchmark computational study of K-edge core-ionization energies of third-row elements using relativistic delta-coupled-cluster (ΔCC) methods and a revised core-valence separation (CVS) scheme is reported. High-level relativistic (HLR) corrections beyond the spin-free exact two-component theory in its one-electron variant (SFX2C-1e), including the contributions from two-electron picture-change effects, spin-orbit coupling, the Breit term, and quantum electrodynamics effects, have been taken into account and demonstrated to play an important role. Relativistic ΔCC calculations are shown to provide accurate results for core-ionization energies of third-row elements. The SFX2C-1e-CVS-ΔCC results augmented with HLR corrections show a maximum deviation of less than 0.5 eV with respect to experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Zheqi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen H Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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10
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Grofe A, Li X. Relativistic nonorthogonal configuration interaction: application to L 2,3-edge X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10745-10756. [PMID: 35451435 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we develop a relativistic exact-two-component nonorthogonal configuration interaction (X2C-NOCI) for computing L-edge X-ray spectra. This article to our knowledge is the first time NOCI has been used for relativistic wave functions. A set of molecular complexes, including SF6, SiCl4 and [FeCl6]3-, are used to demonstrate the accuracy and computational scaling of the X2C-NOCI method. Our results suggest that X2C-NOCI is able to satisfactorily capture the main features of the L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra. Excitations from the core require a large amount of orbital relaxation to yield reasonable energies and X2C-NOCI allows us to treat orbital optimization explicitly. However, the cost of computing the nonorthogonal coupling is higher than in conventional CI. Here, we propose an improved integral screening using overlap-scaled density combined with a continuous measure of the generalized Slater-Condon rules that allows us to estimate if an element is zero before attempting a two-electron integral contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grofe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC), a vital component of the electronic and nuclear transitions that compose photophysics, has been successfully simulated in light elements and transition metal complexes. Derived from the Z-dependent spin-orbit coupling (SOC), ISC is expected to be of greater importance in heavier elements, but few attempts have been made at the simulation of ISC in lanthanides or actinides. In this work, we explore several of the challenges that will need to be overcome in order to treat ISC in late-row elements, including the loss of spin as a good quantum number, the need to include SOC variationally via two- or four-component electronic structure, and the high density of states present in late-row complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to illustrate several of these effects, while a model Hamiltonian is used to illustrate the importance of momentum rescaling in surface hopping simulations of strongly coupled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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