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Csóka J, Hégely B, Nagy PR, Kállay M. Development of analytic gradients for the Huzinaga quantum embedding method and its applications to large-scale hybrid and double hybrid DFT forces. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124113. [PMID: 38530010 DOI: 10.1063/5.0194463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The theory of analytic gradients is presented for the projector-based density functional theory (DFT) embedding approach utilizing the Huzinaga-equation. The advantages of the Huzinaga-equation-based formulation are demonstrated. In particular, it is shown that the projector employed does not appear in the Lagrangian, and the potential risk of numerical problems is avoided at the evaluation of the gradients. The efficient implementation of the analytic gradient theory is presented for approaches where hybrid DFT, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, or double hybrid DFT are embedded in lower-level DFT environments. To demonstrate the applicability of the method and to gain insight into its accuracy, it is applied to equilibrium geometry optimizations, transition state searches, and potential energy surface scans. Our results show that bond lengths and angles converge rapidly with the size of the embedded system. While providing structural parameters close to high-level quality for the embedded atoms, the embedding approach has the potential to relax the coordinates of the environment as well. Our demonstrations on a 171-atom zeolite and a 570-atom protein system show that the Huzinaga-equation-based embedding can accelerate (double) hybrid gradient computations by an order of magnitude with sufficient active regions and enables affordable force evaluations or geometry optimizations for molecules of hundreds of atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Csóka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Hégely
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter R Nagy
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Csóka J, Kállay M. Analytic gradients for local density fitting Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham methods. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024110. [PMID: 36641408 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present analytic gradients for local density fitting Hartree-Fock (HF) and hybrid Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional methods. Due to the non-variational nature of the local fitting algorithm, the method of Lagrange multipliers is used to avoid the solution of the coupled perturbed HF and KS equations. We propose efficient algorithms for the solution of the arising Z-vector equations and the gradient calculation that preserve the third-order scaling and low memory requirement of the original local fitting algorithm. In order to demonstrate the speed and accuracy of our implementation, gradient calculations and geometry optimizations are presented for various molecular systems. Our results show that significant speedups can be achieved compared to conventional density fitting calculations without sacrificing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Csóka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Li Y, Ding Z, Mu Q, Ren J, Shen Q, Zhang S, Zhang L. Theoretical investigations on P-stabilized boryl cation radicals: from the Aufbau principle to SOMO-HOMO conversion. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:384-393. [PMID: 36519378 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02723b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of a series of novel phosphinidene-stabilized (P-stabilized) boryl cation radicals, in which the phosphinidene and boryl are stabilised by iPrNHC (iPrNHC[:C{N(iPr)C(H)}2]), and the P-stabilized boryl (P → B) moieties are linked by 1,8-naphthalene (1PB-a), 1,10-biphenyl (1PB-b), 1,2-perylene (1PB-c), and 4,5-perylene (1PB-d), to form a series of 1PB compounds. The 2PB series is designed by adding another P-stabilized boryl (P → B) unit into the 1PB series, in which the two P-stabilized boryl (P → B) moieties for each 2PB compound are linked by 1,4,5,8-naphthalene, (2PB-a), 1,5,6,10-biphenyl (2PB-b), 1,2,7,8-perylene (2PB-c), and 4,5,10,11-perylene (2PB-d), respectively. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that for all the studied molecules, the spin density mainly locates on the B atoms. Interestingly, the series of 2PB(a-d) compounds possess SOMO-HOMO conversion properties, while 1PB(a-d) compounds obey the Aufbau principle, resulting from the difference in the number of the P-stabilized boryl (P → B) moieties and an increase of the π-conjugation bridge that lead to the significantly increased HOMO energy in 2PB(a-d) compounds, which should be responsible for the different structural properties of compounds 1PB(a-d) and 2PB(a-d). The natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis reveal how the interactions contribute to the covalent bond between P and B atoms. Moreover, the absorption properties show that the spectra of the 2PB(a-d) compounds are red-shifted relative to those of the corresponding 1PB(a-d) compounds in the near infrared region. We hope this work can provide new insights into tuning the electronic structures of the well-defined forms of P-stabilized boryl cation radicals and expand their potential application in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China. .,School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhelin Ding
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China. .,School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiqi Mu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China. .,School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Junle Ren
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China. .,School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiguang Shen
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China. .,School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China.
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Niemeyer N, Eschenbach P, Bensberg M, Tölle J, Hellmann L, Lampe L, Massolle A, Rikus A, Schnieders D, Unsleber JP, Neugebauer J. The subsystem quantum chemistry program
Serenity. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Niemeyer
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Patrick Eschenbach
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Moritz Bensberg
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Johannes Tölle
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Lars Hellmann
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Lukas Lampe
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Anja Massolle
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Anton Rikus
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - David Schnieders
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Jan P. Unsleber
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
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Eschenbach P, Neugebauer J. Subsystem density-functional theory: A reliable tool for spin-density based properties. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:130902. [PMID: 36209003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsystem density-functional theory compiles a set of features that allow for efficiently calculating properties of very large open-shell radical systems such as organic radical crystals, proteins, or deoxyribonucleic acid stacks. It is computationally less costly than correlated ab initio wave function approaches and can pragmatically avoid the overdelocalization problem of Kohn-Sham density-functional theory without employing hard constraints on the electron-density. Additionally, subsystem density-functional theory calculations commonly start from isolated fragment electron densities, pragmatically preserving a priori specified subsystem spin-patterns throughout the calculation. Methods based on subsystem density-functional theory have seen a rapid development over the past years and have become important tools for describing open-shell properties. In this Perspective, we address open questions and possible developments toward challenging future applications in connection with subsystem density-functional theory for spin-dependent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eschenbach
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Simulation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Simulation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Density functional theory study on the reaction mechanism of Ni+-catalysed cyclohexane dehydrogenation. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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De Santis M, Belpassi L, Jacob CR, Severo Pereira Gomes A, Tarantelli F, Visscher L, Storchi L. Environmental Effects with Frozen-Density Embedding in Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Using Localized Basis Functions. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5695-5711. [PMID: 32786918 PMCID: PMC8009524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frozen-density embedding (FDE) represents a versatile embedding scheme to describe the environmental effect on electron dynamics in molecular systems. The extension of the general theory of FDE to the real-time time-dependent Kohn-Sham method has previously been presented and implemented in plane waves and periodic boundary conditions [Pavanello, M.; J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 142, 154116]. In the current paper, we extend our recent formulation of the real-time time-dependent Kohn-Sham method based on localized basis set functions and developed within the Psi4NumPy framework to the FDE scheme. The latter has been implemented in its "uncoupled" flavor (in which the time evolution is only carried out for the active subsystem, while the environment subsystems remain at their ground state), using and adapting the FDE implementation already available in the PyEmbed module of the scripting framework PyADF. The implementation was facilitated by the fact that both Psi4NumPy and PyADF, being native Python API, provided an ideal framework of development using the Python advantages in terms of code readability and reusability. We employed this new implementation to investigate the stability of the time-propagation procedure, which is based on an efficient predictor/corrector second-order midpoint Magnus propagator employing an exact diagonalization, in combination with the FDE scheme. We demonstrate that the inclusion of the FDE potential does not introduce any numerical instability in time propagation of the density matrix of the active subsystem, and in the limit of the weak external field, the numerical results for low-lying transition energies are consistent with those obtained using the reference FDE calculations based on the linear-response TDDFT. The method is found to give stable numerical results also in the presence of a strong external field inducing nonlinear effects. Preliminary results are reported for high harmonic generation (HHG) of a water molecule embedded in a small water cluster. The effect of the embedding potential is evident in the HHG spectrum reducing the number of the well-resolved high harmonics at high energy with respect to the free water. This is consistent with a shift toward lower ionization energy passing from an isolated water molecule to a small water cluster. The computational burden for the propagation step increases approximately linearly with the size of the surrounding frozen environment. Furthermore, we have also shown that the updating frequency of the embedding potential may be significantly reduced, much less than one per time step, without jeopardizing the accuracy of the transition energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Christoph R. Jacob
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze
e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università
degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Zhu Z, Xu Z, Zhu W. Interaction Nature and Computational Methods for Halogen Bonding: A Perspective. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:2683-2696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
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Lee SJR, Ding F, Manby FR, Miller TF. Analytical gradients for projection-based wavefunction-in-DFT embedding. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. R. Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Feizhi Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Frederick R. Manby
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas F. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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