1
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Kochman MA. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics Simulations Provide Evidence for Coexistence of Planar and Nonplanar Intramolecular Charge Transfer Structures in Fluorazene. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6685-6694. [PMID: 39109856 PMCID: PMC11331525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Fluorazene is a model compound for photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between aromatic moieties. Despite intensive studies, both spectroscopic and theoretical, a complete model of its photophysics is still lacking. Especially controversial is the geometry of its ICT structure, or structures. In order to fill in the gaps in the state of knowledge on this important model system, in the present study I report the results of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations of its photorelaxation process in acetonitrile solution. To afford a direct comparison to spectroscopic data, I use the simulation results as the basis for the calculation of the transient absorption (TA) spectrum. The NAMD simulations provide detailed information on the sequence of events during the excited-state relaxation of the title compound. Following initial photoexcitation into the bright S2 state, the molecule undergoes rapid internal conversion into the S1 state, leading to the locally excited (LE) structure. The LE structure, in turn, undergoes isomerization into a population of ICT structures, with geometries ranging from near-planar to markedly nonplanar. The LE → ICT isomerization reaction is accompanied by the decay of the characteristic excited-state absorption band of the LE structure near 2 eV. The anomalous fluorescence emission band of fluorazene is found to originate mainly from the near-planar ICT structures, in part because they dominate the overall population of ICT structures. Thus, the planar ICT (PICT) model appears to be the most appropriate description of the geometry of the ICT structure of fluorazene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Andrzej Kochman
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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2
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Shu Y, Truhlar DG. Generalized Semiclassical Ehrenfest Method: A Route to Wave Function-Free Photochemistry and Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Only Potential Energies and Gradients. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4396-4426. [PMID: 38819014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We reconsider recent methods by which direct dynamics calculations of electronically nonadiabatic processes can be carried out while requiring only adiabatic potential energies and their gradients. We show that these methods can be understood in terms of a new generalization of the well-known semiclassical Ehrenfest method. This is convenient because it eliminates the need to evaluate electronic wave functions and their matrix elements along the mixed quantum-classical trajectories. The new approximations and procedures enabling this advance are the curvature-driven approximation to the time-derivative coupling, the generalized semiclassical Ehrenfest method, and a new gradient correction scheme called the time-derivative matrix (TDM) scheme. When spin-orbit coupling is present, one can carry out dynamics calculations in the fully adiabatic basis using potential energies and gradients calculated without spin-orbit coupling plus the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements. Even when spin-orbit coupling is neglected, the method is useful because it allows calculations by electronic structure methods for which nonadiabatic coupling vectors are unavailable. In order to place the new considerations in context, the article starts out with a review of background material on trajectory surface hopping, the semiclassical Ehrenfest scheme, and methods for incorporating decoherence. We consider both internal conversion and intersystem crossing. We also review several examples from our group of successful applications of the curvature-driven approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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3
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Mannouch JR, Kelly A. Quantum Quality with Classical Cost: Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations Using the Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5814-5823. [PMID: 38781480 PMCID: PMC11163471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics methods are an essential tool for investigating photochemical processes. In the context of employing first-principles electronic structure techniques, such simulations can be carried out in a practical manner using semiclassical trajectory-based methods or wave packet approaches. While all approaches applicable to first-principles simulations are necessarily approximate, it is commonly thought that wave packet approaches offer inherent advantages over their semiclassical counterparts in terms of accuracy and that this trait simply comes at a higher computational cost. Here we demonstrate that the mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH), a recently introduced trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics method, can be efficiently applied in tandem with ab initio electronic structure. Our results even suggest that MASH may provide more accurate results than on-the-fly wave packet techniques, all at a much lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Mannouch
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Kelly
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Dupuy L, Rikus A, Maitra NT. Exact-Factorization-Based Surface Hopping without Velocity Adjustment. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:2643-2649. [PMID: 38422391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
While surface hopping has emerged as a powerful method for simulating non-adiabatic dynamics in large molecules, the ad hoc nature of the necessary velocity adjustments and decoherence corrections in the algorithm somewhat reduces its reliability. Here we propose a new scheme that eliminates these aspects by combining the nuclear equation from the quantum-trajectory surface-hopping approach with the electronic equation derived from the exact-factorization approach. The resulting method, denoted QTSH-XF, yields a surface-hopping method on firmer ground than previous and is shown to successfully capture dynamics in Tully models and in a linear vibronic coupling model of the photoexcited uracil cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Dupuy
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Anton Rikus
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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5
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Zhou JG, Shu Y, Wang Y, Leszczynski J, Prezhdo O. Dissociation Time, Quantum Yield, and Dynamic Reaction Pathways in the Thermolysis of trans-3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1846-1855. [PMID: 38334951 PMCID: PMC10895692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The thermolysis of trans-3,4-dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane is studied by trajectory surface hopping. The significant difference between long and short dissociation times is rationalized by frustrated dissociations and the time spent in triplet states. If the C-C bond breaks through an excited state channel, then the trajectory passes over a ridge of the potential energy surface of that state. The calculated triplet quantum yields match the experimental results. The dissociation half-times and quantum yields follow the same ascending order as per the product states, justifying the conjecture that the longer dissociation time leads to a higher quantum yield, proposed in the context of the methylation effect. The populations of the molecular Coulomb Hamiltonian and diagonal states reach equilibrium, but the triplet populations with different Sz components fluctuate indefinitely. Certain initial velocities, leading the trajectories to given product states, can be identified as the most characteristic features for sorting trajectories according to their product states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ge Zhou
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department
of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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6
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Lawrence JE, Mannouch JR, Richardson JO. Recovering Marcus Theory Rates and Beyond without the Need for Decoherence Corrections: The Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:707-716. [PMID: 38214476 PMCID: PMC10823533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) fails to correctly capture the quadratic scaling of rate constants with diabatic coupling in the weak-coupling limit, as expected from Fermi's golden rule and Marcus theory. To address this deficiency, the most widely used approach is to introduce a "decoherence correction", which removes the inconsistency between the wave function coefficients and the active state. Here we investigate the behavior of a new nonadiabatic trajectory method, called the mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH), on systems that exhibit an incoherent rate behavior. Unlike FSSH, MASH hops between active surfaces deterministically and can never have an inconsistency between the wave function coefficients and the active state. We show that MASH not only can describe rates for intermediate and strong diabatic coupling but also can accurately reproduce the results of Marcus theory in the golden-rule limit, without the need for a decoherence correction. MASH is therefore a significant improvement over FSSH in the simulation of nonadiabatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan R. Mannouch
- Hamburg
Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität
Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of
Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy O. Richardson
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Toldo JM, Mattos RS, Pinheiro M, Mukherjee S, Barbatti M. Recommendations for Velocity Adjustment in Surface Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:614-624. [PMID: 38207213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates velocity adjustment directions after hopping in surface hopping dynamics. Using fulvene and a protonated Schiff base (PSB4) as case studies, we investigate the population decay and reaction yields of different sets of dynamics with the velocity adjusted in either the nonadiabatic coupling, gradient difference, or momentum directions. For the latter, in addition to the conventional algorithm, we investigated the performance of a reduced kinetic energy reservoir approach recently proposed. Our evaluation also considered velocity adjustment in the directions of approximate nonadiabatic coupling vectors. While results for fulvene are susceptible to the adjustment approach, PSB4 is not. We correlated this dependence to the topography near the conical intersections. When nonadiabatic coupling vectors are unavailable, the gradient difference direction is the best adjustment option. If the gradient difference is also unavailable, a semiempirical vector direction or the momentum direction with a reduced kinetic energy reservoir becomes an excellent option to prevent an artificial excess of back hoppings. The precise velocity adjustment direction is less crucial for describing the nonadiabatic dynamics than the kinetic energy reservoir's size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josene M Toldo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Rafael S Mattos
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Max Pinheiro
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
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8
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Gardner J, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. Assessing Mixed Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics Methods for Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Molecules on Metal Surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15257-15270. [PMID: 37583439 PMCID: PMC10424245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical (MQC) methods for simulating the dynamics of molecules at metal surfaces have the potential to accurately and efficiently provide mechanistic insight into reactive processes. Here, we introduce simple two-dimensional models for the scattering of diatomic molecules at metal surfaces based on recently published electronic structure data. We apply several MQC methods to investigate their ability to capture how nonadiabatic effects influence molecule-metal energy transfer during the scattering process. Specifically, we compare molecular dynamics with electronic friction, Ehrenfest dynamics, independent electron surface hopping, and the broadened classical master equation approach. In the case of independent electron surface hopping, we implement a simple decoherence correction approach and assess its impact on vibrationally inelastic scattering. Our results show that simple, low-dimensional models can be used to qualitatively capture experimentally observed vibrational energy transfer and provide insight into the relative performance of different MQC schemes. We observe that all approaches predict similar kinetic energy dependence but return different vibrational energy distributions. Finally, by varying the molecule-metal coupling, we can assess the coupling regime in which some MQC methods become unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Reiner M, Bachmair B, Tiefenbacher MX, Mai S, González L, Marquetand P, Dellago C. Nonadiabatic Forward Flux Sampling for Excited-State Rare Events. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1657-1671. [PMID: 36856706 PMCID: PMC10061683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a rare event sampling scheme applicable to coupled electronic excited states. In particular, we extend the forward flux sampling (FFS) method for rare event sampling to a nonadiabatic version (NAFFS) that uses the trajectory surface hopping (TSH) method for nonadiabatic dynamics. NAFFS is applied to two dynamically relevant excited-state models that feature an avoided crossing and a conical intersection with tunable parameters. We investigate how nonadiabatic couplings, temperature, and reaction barriers affect transition rate constants in regimes that cannot be otherwise obtained with plain, traditional TSH. The comparison with reference brute-force TSH simulations for limiting cases of rareness shows that NAFFS can be several orders of magnitude cheaper than conventional TSH and thus represents a conceptually novel tool to extend excited-state dynamics to time scales that are able to capture rare nonadiabatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen
Maria Reiner
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Physics, University of
Vienna, Boltzmanngasse
5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitta Bachmair
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Xaver Tiefenbacher
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Dellago
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Toldo JM, do Casal MT, Ventura E, do Monte SA, Barbatti M. Surface hopping modeling of charge and energy transfer in active environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8293-8316. [PMID: 36916738 PMCID: PMC10034598 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
An active environment is any atomic or molecular system changing a chromophore's nonadiabatic dynamics compared to the isolated molecule. The action of the environment on the chromophore occurs by changing the potential energy landscape and triggering new energy and charge flows unavailable in the vacuum. Surface hopping is a mixed quantum-classical approach whose extreme flexibility has made it the primary platform for implementing novel methodologies to investigate the nonadiabatic dynamics of a chromophore in active environments. This Perspective paper surveys the latest developments in the field, focusing on charge and energy transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Silmar A do Monte
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
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11
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Zhao X, Shu Y, Zhang L, Xu X, Truhlar DG. Direct Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Ammonia with Curvature-Driven Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing and with Fewest Switches with Time Uncertainty: An Illustration of Population Leaking in Trajectory Surface Hopping Due to Frustrated Hops. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1672-1685. [PMID: 36877830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic dynamics is a widely used approach to simulate molecular dynamics involving multiple electronic states. There are two main categories of mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, namely, trajectory surface hopping (TSH) in which the trajectory propagates on a single potential energy surface, interrupted by hops, and self-consistent-potential (SCP) methods, such as semiclassical Ehrenfest, in which propagation occurs on a mean-field surface without hops. In this work, we will illustrate an example of severe population leaking in TSH. We emphasize that such leaking is a combined effect of frustrated hops and long-time simulations that drive the final excited-state population toward zero as a function of time. We further show that such leaking can be alleviated-but not eliminated-by the fewest switches with time uncertainty TSH algorithm (here implemented in the SHARC program); the time uncertainty algorithm slows down the leaking process by a factor of 4.1. The population leaking is not present in coherent switching with decay of mixing (CSDM), which is an SCP method with non-Markovian decoherence included. Another result in this paper is that we find very similar results with the original CSDM algorithm, with time-derivative CSDM (tCSDM), and with curvature-driven CSDM (κCSDM). Not only do we find good agreement for electronically nonadiabatic transition probabilities but also we find good agreement of the norms of the effective nonadiabatic couplings (NACs) that are derived from the curvature-driven time-derivative couplings as implemented in κCSDM with the time-dependent norms of the nonadiabatic coupling vectors computed by state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent field theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhao
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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12
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Shu Y, Truhlar DG. Decoherence and Its Role in Electronically Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:380-395. [PMID: 36622843 PMCID: PMC9878713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Decoherence is the tendency of a time-evolved reduced density matrix for a subsystem to assume a form corresponding to a statistical ensemble of states rather than a coherent combination of pure-state wave functions. When a molecular process involves changes in the electronic state and the coordinates of the nuclei, as in ultraviolet or visible light photochemistry or electronically inelastic collisions, the reduced density matrix of the electronic subsystem suffers decoherence, due to its interaction with the nuclear subsystem. We present the background necessary to conceptualize this decoherence; in particular, we discuss the density matrix description of pure states and mixed states, and we discuss pointer states and decoherence time. We then discuss how decoherence is treated in the coherent switching with decay of mixing algorithm and the trajectory surface hopping method for semiclassical calculations of electronically nonadiabatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455-0431, United States
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13
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Tang D, Jia L, Shen L, Fang WH. Fewest-Switches Surface Hopping with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10377-10387. [PMID: 36317657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mixed quantum-classical dynamical simulation is essential for studying nonadiabatic phenomena in photophysics and photochemistry. In recent years, many machine learning models have been developed to accelerate the time evolution of the nuclear subsystem. Herein, we implement long short-term memory (LSTM) networks as a propagator to accelerate the time evolution of the electronic subsystem during the fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) simulations. A small number of reference trajectories are generated using the original FSSH method, and then the LSTM networks can be built, accompanied by careful examination of typical LSTM-FSSH trajectories that employ the same initial condition and random numbers as the corresponding reference. The constructed network is applied to FSSH to further produce a trajectory ensemble to reveal the mechanism of nonadiabatic processes. Taking Tully's three models as test systems, we qualitatively reproduced the collective results. This work demonstrates that LSTM can be applied to the most popular surface hopping simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Luyang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Yantai-Jingshi Institute of Material Genome Engineering, Yantai 265505, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Yantai-Jingshi Institute of Material Genome Engineering, Yantai 265505, Shandong, China
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14
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Barbatti M, Bondanza M, Crespo-Otero R, Demoulin B, Dral PO, Granucci G, Kossoski F, Lischka H, Mennucci B, Mukherjee S, Pederzoli M, Persico M, Pinheiro M, Pittner J, Plasser F, Sangiogo Gil E, Stojanovic L. Newton-X Platform: New Software Developments for Surface Hopping and Nuclear Ensembles. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6851-6865. [PMID: 36194696 PMCID: PMC9648185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Newton-X is an open-source computational platform to
perform nonadiabatic
molecular dynamics based on surface hopping and spectrum simulations
using the nuclear ensemble approach. Both are among the most common
methodologies in computational chemistry for photophysical and photochemical
investigations. This paper describes the main features of these methods
and how they are implemented in Newton-X. It emphasizes the newest
developments, including zero-point-energy leakage correction, dynamics
on complex-valued potential energy surfaces, dynamics induced by incoherent
light, dynamics based on machine-learning potentials, exciton dynamics
of multiple chromophores, and supervised and unsupervised machine
learning techniques. Newton-X is interfaced with several third-party
quantum-chemistry programs, spanning a broad spectrum of electronic
structure methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 75231Paris, France
| | - Mattia Bondanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NSLondon, U.K
| | | | - Pavlo O Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005Xiamen, China
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31000Toulouse, France
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409, United States
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marek Pederzoli
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Max Pinheiro
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013Marseille, France
| | - Jiří Pittner
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, LE11 3TULoughborough, U.K
| | - Eduarda Sangiogo Gil
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Ljiljana Stojanovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BTLondon, U.K
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15
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Bondanza M, Demoulin B, Lipparini F, Barbatti M, Mennucci B. Trajectory Surface Hopping for a Polarizable Embedding QM/MM Formulation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6780-6789. [PMID: 36107729 PMCID: PMC9527758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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We present the implementation of trajectory surface-hopping
nonadiabatic
dynamics for a polarizable embedding QM/MM formulation. Time-dependent
density functional theory was used at the quantum mechanical level
of theory, whereas the molecular mechanics description involved the
polarizable AMOEBA force field. This implementation has been obtained
by integrating the surface-hopping program Newton-X NS with an interface
between the Gaussian 16 and the Tinker suites of codes to calculate
QM/AMOEBA energies and forces. The implementation has been tested
on a photoinduced electron-driven proton-transfer reaction involving
pyrimidine and a hydrogen-bonded water surrounded by a small cluster
of water molecules and within a large water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bondanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13385 Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Francés-Monerris A, Carmona-García J, Trabelsi T, Saiz-Lopez A, Lyons JR, Francisco JS, Roca-Sanjuán D. Photochemical and thermochemical pathways to S 2 and polysulfur formation in the atmosphere of Venus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4425. [PMID: 35907911 PMCID: PMC9338966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysulfur species have been proposed to be the unknown near-UV absorber in the atmosphere of Venus. Recent work argues that photolysis of one of the (SO)2 isomers, cis-OSSO, directly yields S2 with a branching ratio of about 10%. If correct, this pathway dominates polysulfur formation by several orders of magnitude, and by addition reactions yields significant quantities of S3, S4, and S8. We report here the results of high-level ab-initio quantum-chemistry computations that demonstrate that S2 is not a product in cis-OSSO photolysis. Instead, we establish a novel mechanism in which S2 is formed in a two-step process. Firstly, the intermediate S2O is produced by the coupling between the S and Cl atmospheric chemistries (in particular, SO reaction with ClS) and in a lesser extension by O-abstraction reactions from cis-OSSO. Secondly, S2O reacts with SO. This modified chemistry yields S2 and subsequent polysulfur abundances comparable to the photolytic cis-OSSO mechanism through a more plausible pathway. Ab initio quantification of the photodissociations at play fills a critical data void in current atmospheric models of Venus. Polysulfur compounds have been ascribed as the unknown near-UV absorbers in Venusian atmosphere and play a key role in the sulfur chemical cycle of this planet. Here, authors establish their production from (SO)2 on the grounds of quantifications of photochemical and thermal pathways involved in the sulfur chemical cycle of the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, 46071, València, Spain.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, 46071, València, Spain.
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17
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Shakiba M, Stippell E, Li W, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Extended Density Functional Tight-Binding: Application to Nanocrystals and Periodic Solids. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5157-5180. [PMID: 35758936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new methodology for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics calculations within the extended tight-binding (xTB) framework. We demonstrate the applicability of the developed approach to finite and periodic systems with thousands of atoms by modeling "hot" electron relaxation dynamics in silicon nanocrystals and electron-hole recombination in both a graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and a titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF). This work reports the nonadiabatic dynamic simulations in the largest Si nanocrystals studied so far by the xTB framework, with diameters up to 3.5 nm. For silicon nanocrystals, we find a non-monotonic dependence of "hot" electron relaxation rates on the nanocrystal size, in agreement with available experimental reports. We rationalize this relationship by a combination of decreasing nonadiabatic couplings related to system size and the increase of available coherent transfer pathways in systems with higher densities of states. We emphasize the importance of proper treatment of coherences for obtaining such non-monotonic dependences. We characterize the electron-hole recombination dynamics in the graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and the Ti-containing MOF. We demonstrate the importance of spin-adaptation and proper sampling of surface hopping trajectories in modeling such processes. We also assess several trajectory surface hopping schemes and highlight their distinct qualitative behavior in modeling the excited-state dynamics in superexchange-like models depending on how they handle coherences between nearly parallel states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Elizabeth Stippell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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18
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Ha JK, Min SK. Independent Trajectory Mixed Quantum-Classical Approaches Based on the Exact Factorization. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical dynamics based on the exact factorization exploits the "derived" electron-nuclear correlation (ENC) term aiming for the description of quantum coherences. The ENC contains interactions between the phase of electronic states and nuclear quantum momenta which depend on the spatial shape of the nuclear density.The original surface hopping based on the exact factorization (SHXF) [\textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{2018}, \textit{9}, 1097] exploits frozen Gaussian functions to construct the nuclear density in the ENC term while the phase of electronic states is approximated as a fictitious nuclear momentum change.However, in reality, the width of nuclear wave packets varies in time depending on the shape of potential energy surfaces.In this work, we present a modified SHXF approach and a newly-developed Ehrenfest dynamics based on the exact factorization (EhXF) with time-dependent Gaussian functions and phases by enforcing total energy conservation.We perform numerical tests for various one-dimensional two-state model Hamiltonians.Overall, the time-dependent width of Gaussian functions and the energy conserving phase show a reliable decoherence compared to the original frozen Gaussian-based SHXF and the exact quantum mechanical calculation.Especially, the energy conserving phase is crucial for EhXF to reproduce the correct quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kwon Ha
- Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
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19
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Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC), a vital component of the electronic and nuclear transitions that compose photophysics, has been successfully simulated in light elements and transition metal complexes. Derived from the Z-dependent spin-orbit coupling (SOC), ISC is expected to be of greater importance in heavier elements, but few attempts have been made at the simulation of ISC in lanthanides or actinides. In this work, we explore several of the challenges that will need to be overcome in order to treat ISC in late-row elements, including the loss of spin as a good quantum number, the need to include SOC variationally via two- or four-component electronic structure, and the high density of states present in late-row complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to illustrate several of these effects, while a model Hamiltonian is used to illustrate the importance of momentum rescaling in surface hopping simulations of strongly coupled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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20
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Calio PB, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics by Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:614-622. [PMID: 35030306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present the first implementation of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) ab initio molecular dynamics. MC-PDFT is a multireference electronic structure method that in many cases has a similar accuracy (or even better accuracy) the complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) at a significantly lower computational cost. In this study, we introduced MC-PDFT analytical gradients into the SHARC molecular dynamics program for ab initio, nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We verify our implementation by examining the intersystem crossing dynamics of thioformaldehyde, and we observe excellent agreement with recent CASPT2 and experimental findings. Moreover, with MC-PDFT, we could perform dynamics simulations with the 12 electron in 10 orbitals active space that was computationally too expensive for direct dynamics with CASPT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Calio
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5418, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431 United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Chicago James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5418, United States.,Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
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21
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Zobel JP, Heindl M, Plasser F, Mai S, González L. Surface Hopping Dynamics on Vibronic Coupling Models. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3760-3771. [PMID: 34570472 PMCID: PMC8529708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The simulation of photoinduced non-adiabatic dynamics is of great
relevance in many scientific disciplines, ranging from physics and
materials science to chemistry and biology. Upon light irradiation,
different relaxation processes take place in which electronic and
nuclear motion are intimately coupled. These are best described by
the time-dependent molecular Schrödinger equation, but its
solution poses fundamental practical challenges to contemporary theoretical
chemistry. Two widely used and complementary approaches to this problem
are multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) and trajectory
surface hopping (SH). MCTDH is an accurate fully quantum-mechanical
technique but often is feasible only in reduced dimensionality, in
combination with approximate vibronic coupling (VC) Hamiltonians,
or both (i.e., reduced-dimensional VC potentials). In contrast, SH
is a quantum–classical technique that neglects most nuclear
quantum effects but allows nuclear dynamics in full dimensionality
by calculating potential energy surfaces on the fly. If nuclear quantum
effects do not play a central role and a linear VC (LVC) Hamiltonian
is appropriate—e.g., for stiff molecules that generally keep
their conformation in the excited state—then it seems advantageous
to combine the efficient LVC and SH techniques. In this Account, we
describe how surface hopping based on an LVC Hamiltonian (SH/LVC)—as
recently implemented in the SHARC surface hopping package—can
provide an economical and automated approach to simulate non-adiabatic
dynamics. First, we illustrate the potential of SH/LVC in a number
of showcases, including intersystem crossing in SO2, intra-Rydberg
dynamics in acetone, and several photophysical studies on large transition-metal
complexes, which would be much more demanding or impossible to perform
with other methods. While all of the applications provide very useful
insights into light-induced phenomena, they also hint at difficulties
faced by the SH/LVC methodology that need to be addressed in the future.
Second, we contend that the SH/LVC approach can be useful to benchmark
SH itself. By the use of the same (LVC) potentials as MCTDH calculations
have employed for decades and by relying on the efficiency of SH/LVC,
it is possible to directly compare multiple SH test calculations with
a MCTDH reference and ponder the accuracy of various correction algorithms
behind the SH methodology, such as decoherence corrections or momentum
rescaling schemes. Third, we demonstrate how the efficiency of SH/LVC
can also be exploited to identify essential nuclear and electronic
degrees of freedom to be employed in more accurate MCTDH calculations.
Lastly, we show that SH/LVC is able to advance the development of
SH protocols that can describe nuclear dynamics including explicit
laser fields—a very challenging endeavor for trajectory-based
schemes. To end, this Account compiles the typical costs of contemporary
SH simulations, evidencing the great advantages of using parametrized
potentials. The LVC model is a sleeping beauty that, kissed by SH,
is fueling the field of excited-state molecular dynamics. We hope
that this Account will stimulate future research in this direction,
leveraging the advantages of the SH/VC schemes to larger extents and
extending their applicability to uncharted territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Heindl
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Farrow GA, Quick M, Kovalenko SA, Wu G, Sadler A, Chekulaev D, Chauvet AAP, Weinstein JA, Ernsting NP. On the intersystem crossing rate in a Platinum(II) donor-bridge-acceptor triad. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21652-21663. [PMID: 34580688 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rates of ultrafast intersystem crossing in acceptor-bridge-donor molecules centered on Pt(II) acetylides are investigated. Specifically, a Pt(II) trans-acetylide triad NAP--Pt--Ph-CH2-PTZ [1], with acceptor 4-ethynyl-N-octyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NAP) and donor phenothiazine (PTZ), is examined in detail. We have previously shown that optical excitation in [1] leads to a manifold of singlet charge-transfer states, S*, which evolve via a triplet charge-transfer manifold into a triplet state 3NAP centered on the acceptor ligand and partly to a charge-separated state 3CSS (NAP--Pt-PTZ+). A complex cascade of electron transfer processes was observed, but intersystem crossing (ISC) rates were not explicitly resolved due to lack of spin selectivity of most ultrafast spectroscopies. Here we revisit the question of ISC with a combination and complementary analysis of (i) transient absorption, (ii) ultrafast broadband fluorescence upconversion, FLUP, which is only sensitive to emissive states, and (iii) femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, FSR. Raman resonance conditions allow us to observe S* and 3NAP exclusively by FSR, through vibrations which are pertinent only to these two states. This combination of methods enabled us to extract the intersystem crossing rates that were not previously accessible. Multiple timescales (1.6 ps to ∼20 ps) are associated with the rise of triplet species, which can now be assigned conclusively to multiple ISC pathways from a manifold of hot charge-transfer singlet states. The analysis is consistent with previous transient infrared spectroscopy data. A similar rate of ISC, up to 20 ps, is observed in the trans-acetylide NAP--Pt--Ph [2] which maintains two acetylide groups across the platinum center but lacks a donor unit, whilst removal of one acetylide group in mono-acetylide NAP--Pt-Cl [3] leads to >10-fold deceleration of the intersystem crossing process. Our work provides insight on the intersystem crossing dynamics of the organo-metallic complexes, and identifies a general method based on complementary ultrafast spectroscopies to disentangle complex spin, electronic and vibrational processes following photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Farrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - M Quick
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S A Kovalenko
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - G Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - A Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - D Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - A A P Chauvet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - J A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - N P Ernsting
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Zobel JP, González L. The Quest to Simulate Excited-State Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes. JACS AU 2021; 1:1116-1140. [PMID: 34467353 PMCID: PMC8397362 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective describes current computational efforts in the field of simulating photodynamics of transition metal complexes. We present the typical workflows and feature the strengths and limitations of the different contemporary approaches. From electronic structure methods suitable to describe transition metal complexes to approaches able to simulate their nuclear dynamics under the effect of light, we give particular attention to build a bridge between theory and experiment by critically discussing the different models commonly adopted in the interpretation of spectroscopic experiments and the simulation of particular observables. Thereby, we review all the studies of excited-state dynamics on transition metal complexes, both in gas phase and in solution from reduced to full dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna Austria
- Vienna
Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna Austria
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24
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Vindel-Zandbergen P, Ibele LM, Ha JK, Min SK, Curchod BFE, Maitra NT. Study of the Decoherence Correction Derived from the Exact Factorization Approach for Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3852-3862. [PMID: 34138553 PMCID: PMC8280698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
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We present a detailed
study of the decoherence correction to surface
hopping that was recently derived from the exact factorization approach.
Ab initio multiple spawning calculations that use the same initial
conditions and the same electronic structure method are used as a
reference for three molecules: ethylene, the methaniminium cation,
and fulvene, for which nonadiabatic dynamics follows a photoexcitation.
A comparison with the Granucci–Persico energy-based decoherence
correction and the augmented fewest-switches surface-hopping scheme
shows that the three decoherence-corrected methods operate on individual
trajectories in a qualitatively different way, but the results averaged
over trajectories are similar for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea M Ibele
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Jong-Kwon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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25
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Nottoli M, Cupellini L, Lipparini F, Granucci G, Mennucci B. Multiscale Models for Light-Driven Processes. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:489-513. [PMID: 33561359 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale models combining quantum mechanical and classical descriptions are a very popular strategy to simulate properties and processes of complex systems. Many alternative formulations have been developed, and they are now available in all of the most widely used quantum chemistry packages. Their application to the study of light-driven processes, however, is more recent, and some methodological and numerical problems have yet to be solved. This is especially the case for the polarizable formulation of these models, the recent advances in which we review here. Specifically, we identify and describe the most important specificities that the polarizable formulation introduces into both the simulation of excited-state dynamics and the modeling of excitation energy and electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nottoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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26
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Heller ER, Joswig JO, Seifert G. Exploring the effects of quantum decoherence on the excited-state dynamics of molecular systems. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) is employed in order to investigate the nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics of thiophene and related compounds and hence to establish a connection between the electronic system, the critical points in configuration space and the deactivation dynamics. The potential-energy surfaces of the studied molecules were calculated with complete active space self-consistent field and time-dependent density-functional theory. They are analyzed thoroughly to locate and optimize minimum-energy conical intersections, which are essential to the dynamics of the system. The influence of decoherence on the dynamics is examined by employing different decoherence schemes. We find that irrespective of the employed decoherence algorithm, the population dynamics of thiophene give results which are sound with the expectations grounded on the analysis of the potential-energy surface. A more detailed look at single trajectories as well as on the excited-state lifetimes, however, reveals a substantial dependence on how decoherence is accounted for. In order to connect these findings, we describe how ensemble averaging cures some of the overcoherence problems of uncorrected FSSH. Eventually, we identify carbon–sulfur bond cleavage as a common feature accompanying electronic transitions between different states in the simulations of all thiophene-related compounds studied in this work, which is of interest due to their relevance in organic photovoltaics.
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27
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Heindl M, González L. Validating fewest-switches surface hopping in the presence of laser fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144102. [PMID: 33858152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) to describe non-adiabatic dynamics under explicit excitation with external fields is evaluated. Different FSSH parameters are benchmarked against multi-configurational time dependent Hartree (MCTDH) reference calculations using SO2 and 2-thiocytosine as model, yet realistic, molecular systems. Qualitatively, FSSH is able to reproduce the trends in the MCTDH dynamics with (also without) an explicit external field; however, no set of FSSH parameters is ideal. The adequate treatment of the overcoherence in FSSH is revealed as the driving factor to improve the description of the excitation process with respect to the MCTDH reference. Here, two corrections were tested: the augmented-FSSH (AFSSH) correction and the energy-based decoherence correction. A dependence on the employed basis is detected in AFSSH, performing better when spin-orbit and external laser field couplings are treated as off-diagonal elements instead of projecting them onto the diagonal of the Hamilton operator. In the presence of an electric field, the excited state dynamics was found to depend strongly on the vector used to rescale the kinetic energy along after a transition between surfaces. For SO2, recurrence of the excited wave packet throughout the duration of the applied laser pulse is observed for laser pulses (>100 fs), resulting in additional interferences missed by FSSH and only visible in variational multi-configurational Gaussian when utilizing a large number of Gaussian basis functions. This feature vanishes when going toward larger molecules, such as 2-thiocytosine, where this effect is barely visible in a laser pulse 200 fs long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Heindl
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Niehaus TA. Ground-to-excited derivative couplings for the density functional-based tight-binding method: semi-local and long-range corrected formulations. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Aleotti F, Aranda D, Yaghoubi Jouybari M, Garavelli M, Nenov A, Santoro F. Parameterization of a linear vibronic coupling model with multiconfigurational electronic structure methods to study the quantum dynamics of photoexcited pyrene. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104106. [PMID: 33722019 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With this work, we present a protocol for the parameterization of a Linear Vibronic Coupling (LVC) Hamiltonian for quantum dynamics using highly accurate multiconfigurational electronic structure methods such as RASPT2/RASSCF, combined with a maximum-overlap diabatization technique. Our approach is fully portable and can be applied to many medium-size rigid molecules whose excited state dynamics requires a quantum description. We present our model and discuss the details of the electronic structure calculations needed for the parameterization, analyzing critical situations that could arise in the case of strongly interacting excited states. The protocol was applied to the simulation of the excited state dynamics of the pyrene molecule, starting from either the first or the second bright state (S2 or S5). The LVC model was benchmarked against state-of-the-art quantum mechanical calculations with optimizations and energy scans and turned out to be very accurate. The dynamics simulations, performed including all active normal coordinates with the multilayer multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method, show good agreement with the available experimental data, endorsing prediction of the excited state mechanism, especially for S5, whose ultrafast deactivation mechanism was not yet clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Aranda
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martha Yaghoubi Jouybari
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari," Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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30
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Zhang L, Shu Y, Sun S, Truhlar DG. Direct coherent switching with decay of mixing for intersystem crossing dynamics of thioformaldehyde: The effect of decoherence. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094310. [PMID: 33685154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the effect of electronic decoherence on intersystem crossing in the photodynamics of thioformaldehyde. First, we show that the state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent field electronic structure calculations with a properly chosen active space of 12 active electrons in 10 active orbitals can predict the potential energy surfaces and the singlet-triplet spin-orbit couplings quite well for CH2S, and we use this method for direct dynamics by coherent switching with decay of mixing (CSDM). We obtain similar dynamical results with CSDM or by adding energy-based decoherence to trajectory surface hopping, with the population of triplet states tending to a small steady-state value over 500 fs. Without decoherence, the state populations calculated by the conventional trajectory surface hopping method or the semiclassical Ehrenfest method gradually increase. This difference shows that decoherence changes the nature of the results not just quantitatively but qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
| | - Shaozeng Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
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31
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Abstract
Coordination compounds, characterized by fascinating and tunable electronic properties, are capable of binding easily to proteins, polymers, wires and DNA. Upon irradiation, these molecular systems develop functions finding applications in solar cells, photocatalysis, luminescent and conformational probes, electron transfer triggers and diagnostic or therapeutic tools. The control of these functions is activated by the light wavelength, the metal/ligand cooperation and the environment within the first picoseconds (ps). After a brief summary of the theoretical background, this perspective reviews case studies, from 1st row to 3rd row transition metal complexes, that illustrate how spin-orbit, vibronic coupling and quantum effects drive the photophysics of this class of molecules at the early stage of the photoinduced elementary processes within the fs-ps time scale range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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32
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Tang D, Shen L, Fang WH. Evaluation of mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics on cis-azobenzene photoisomerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13951-13964. [PMID: 34142685 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative prediction of nonadiabatic transitions between different electronic states is important to understand ultrafast processes in photochemistry. A variety of mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics methods such as surface hopping and Ehrenfest mean-field have been developed. However, how to choose an appropriate one from a wide diversity of dynamics algorithms to study a realistic photochemical process is still unclear. In this work, we implemented 30 combinations of different mixed quantum-classical dynamics methods, including 24 surface hopping models with 8 decoherence corrections and 3 momentum rescaling strategies as well as 6 mean-field models. Then we performed numerical investigations by simulating the photoisomerization of cis-azobenzene combined with on-the-fly electronic structure calculations. Predictions of the S1 lifetime and the quantum yield of the photoproduct using different models are distinct. Surface hopping is more robust than mean-field in our test system. Moreover, the choice of momentum rescaling methods in surface hopping brings more significant changes than decoherence corrections, while a large discrepancy between simulation results with different mean-field algorithms has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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33
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Chakraborty P, Liu Y, Weinacht T, Matsika S. Effect of dynamic correlation on the ultrafast relaxation of uracil in the gas phase. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:266-285. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High level multi-reference non-adiabatic dynamics simulations reveal that uracil’s photoexcited S2 state decays very quickly without any significant trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusong Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Stony Brook University
- New York 11794
- USA
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Stony Brook University
- New York 11794
- USA
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34
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Shen L, Xie B, Li Z, Liu L, Cui G, Fang WH. Role of Multistate Intersections in Photochemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8490-8501. [PMID: 32787313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been generally accepted that the intersection of potential energy surfaces can facilitate nonadiabatic transitions and plays a crucial role in photochemistry. Although most previous studies have focused on the conical intersection of two electronic states, multistate intersections are common in polyatomic molecules, and their key roles in photochemistry have been uncovered by electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. In this Perspective, the algorithms for searching two- or three-state intersections are first examined with an emphasis on the latest development in a general algorithm for location of multistate intersections. Then, we focus on intersystem crossing (ISC) that occurs in the region of multistate intersection, paying more attention to how the state-specific spin-orbit coupling interaction influences nonadiabatic ISC processes. Finally, the interweaving of nonadiabatic dynamics simulation and electronic structure calculation has been recognized as a correct way to ascertain the vital roles of multistate intersections in photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
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35
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Zobel JP, Bokareva OS, Zimmer P, Wölper C, Bauer M, González L. Intersystem Crossing and Triplet Dynamics in an Iron(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Photosensitizer. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14666-14678. [PMID: 32869981 PMCID: PMC7581298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The electronic excited
states of the iron(II) complex [FeII(tpy)(pyz-NHC)]2+ [tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine; pyz-NHC
= 1,1′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pyrazinyldiimidazolium-2,2′-diylidene]
and their relaxation pathways have been theoretically investigated.
To this purpose, trajectory surface-hopping simulations within a linear
vibronic coupling model including a 244-dimensional potential energy
surface (PES) with 20 singlet and 20 triplet coupled states have been
used. The simulations show that, after excitation to the lowest-energy
absorption band of predominant metal-to-ligand charge-transfer character
involving the tpy ligand, almost 80% of the population undergoes intersystem
crossing to the triplet manifold in about 50 fs, while the remaining
20% decays through internal conversion to the electronic ground state
in about 300 fs. The population transferred to the triplet states
is found to deactivate into two different regions of the PESs, one
where the static dipole moment is small and shows increased metal-centered
character and another with a large static dipole moment, where the
electron density is transferred from the tpy to pyz-NHC ligand. Coherent
oscillations of 400 fs are observed between these two sets of triplet
populations, until the mixture equilibrates to a ratio of 60:40. Finally,
the importance of selecting suitable normal modes is highlighted—a
choice that can be far from straightforward in transition-metal complexes
with hundreds of degrees of freedom. Trajectory
surface-hopping simulations with a linear vibronic coupling model
reveal the competition of major intersystem crossing versus minor
internal conversion dynamics in an iron(II) N-heterocyclic carbene
dye. The triplet population bifurcates into two regions of the potential
energy surfaces, characterized by small and large static dipole moments
due to different electronic character and showing coherent oscillations
of 400 fs until both triplet populations coexist in a mixture of 60:40.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga S Bokareva
- Institute of Physics, Rostock University, Albert Einstein Straße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Zimmer
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Department for X-Ray Diffraction, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Chakraborty P, Liu Y, Weinacht T, Matsika S. Excited state dynamics of cis,cis-1,3-cyclooctadiene: Non-adiabatic trajectory surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:174302. [PMID: 32384830 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed trajectory surface hopping dynamics for cis,cis-1,3-cyclooctadiene to investigate the photochemical pathways involved after being excited to the S1 state. Our calculations reveal ultrafast decay to the ground state, facilitated by conical intersections involving distortions around the double bonds. The main distortions are localized on one double bond, involving twisting and pyramidalization of one of the carbons of that double bond (similar to ethylene), while a limited number of trajectories decay via delocalized (non-local) twisting of both double bonds. The interplay between local and non-local distortions is important in our understanding of photoisomerization in conjugated systems. The calculations show that a broad range of the conical intersection seam space is accessed during the non-adiabatic events. Several products formed on the ground state have also been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Yusong Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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37
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Shu Y, Zhang L, Mai S, Sun S, González L, Truhlar DG. Implementation of Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing into the SHARC Program. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:3464-3475. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaozeng Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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38
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Park JW, Al-Saadon R, MacLeod MK, Shiozaki T, Vlaisavljevich B. Multireference Electron Correlation Methods: Journeys along Potential Energy Surfaces. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5878-5909. [PMID: 32239929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multireference electron correlation methods describe static and dynamical electron correlation in a balanced way and, therefore, can yield accurate and predictive results even when single-reference methods or multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory fails. One of their most prominent applications in quantum chemistry is the exploration of potential energy surfaces. This includes the optimization of molecular geometries, such as equilibrium geometries and conical intersections and on-the-fly photodynamics simulations, both of which depend heavily on the ability of the method to properly explore the potential energy surface. Because such applications require nuclear gradients and derivative couplings, the availability of analytical nuclear gradients greatly enhances the scope of quantum chemical methods. This review focuses on the developments and advances made in the past two decades. A detailed account of the analytical nuclear gradient and derivative coupling theories is presented. Emphasis is given to the software infrastructure that allows one to make use of these methods. Notable applications of multireference electron correlation methods to chemistry, including geometry optimizations and on-the-fly dynamics, are summarized at the end followed by a discussion of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Rachael Al-Saadon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew K MacLeod
- Workday, 4900 Pearl Circle East, Suite 100, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Quantum Simulation Technologies, Inc., 625 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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39
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Mai S, Menger MFSJ, Marazzi M, Stolba DL, Monari A, González L. Competing ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer and intersystem crossing of [Re(CO) 3 (Dmp)(His124)(Trp122)] + in Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin: a nonadiabatic dynamics study. Theor Chem Acc 2020; 139:65. [PMID: 32214889 PMCID: PMC7078154 DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a computational study of sub-picosecond nonadiabatic dynamics in a rhenium complex coupled electronically to a tryptophan (Trp) side chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin, a prototypical protein used in the study of electron transfer in proteins. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the photoinduced processes in this system, we have carried out vertical excitation calculations at the TDDFT level of theory as well as nonadiabatic dynamics simulations using the surface hopping including arbitrary couplings (SHARC) method coupled to potential energy surfaces represented with a linear vibronic coupling model. The results show that the initial photoexcitation populates both singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and singlet charge-separated (CS) states, where in the latter an electron was transferred from the Trp amino acid to the complex. Subsequently, a complex mechanism of simultaneous intersystem crossing and electron transfer leads to the sub-picosecond population of triplet MLCT and triplet CS states. These results confirm the assignment of the sub-ps time constants of previous experimental studies and constitute the first computational evidence for the ultrafast formation of the charge-separated states in Re-sensitized azurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstr. 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian F. S. J. Menger
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
- Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Dario L. Stolba
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPTC UMR, 7019 Nancy, France
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Heim P, Mai S, Thaler B, Cesnik S, Avagliano D, Bella-Velidou D, Ernst WE, González L, Koch M. Revealing Ultrafast Population Transfer between Nearly Degenerate Electronic States. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1443-1449. [PMID: 31918552 PMCID: PMC7052817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of a molecule to photoexcitation is governed by the coupling of its electronic states. However, if the energetic spacing between the electronically excited states at the Franck-Condon window becomes sufficiently small, it is infeasible to selectively excite and monitor individual states with conventional time-resolved spectroscopy, preventing insight into the energy transfer and relaxation dynamics of the molecule. Here, we demonstrate how the combination of time-resolved spectroscopy and extensive surface hopping dynamics simulations with a global fit approach on individually excited ensembles overcomes this limitation and resolves the dynamics in the n3p Rydberg states in acetone. Photoelectron transients of the three closely spaced states n3px, n3py, and n3pz are used to validate the theoretical results, which in turn allow retrieving a comprehensive kinetic model describing the mutual interactions of these states for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Heim
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Thaler
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Cesnik
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Davide Avagliano
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitra Bella-Velidou
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang E. Ernst
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Koch
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in condensed matter materials: some recent advances and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:073001. [PMID: 31661681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the field of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), with particular attention given to condensed-matter systems. NA-MD simulations for small molecular systems can be performed using high-level electronic structure (ES) calculations, methods accounting for the quantization of nuclear motion, and using fewer approximations in the dynamical methodology itself. Modeling condensed-matter systems imposes many limitations on various aspects of NA-MD computations, requiring approximations at various levels of theory-from the ES, to the ways in which the coupling of electrons and nuclei are accounted for. Nonetheless, the approximate treatment of NA-MD in condensed-phase materials has gained a spin lately in many applied studies. A number of advancements of the methodology and computational tools have been undertaken, including general-purpose methods, as well as those tailored to nanoscale and condensed matter systems. This review summarizes such methodological and software developments, puts them into the broader context of existing approaches, and highlights some of the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States of America
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42
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Bellonzi N, Alguire E, Fatehi S, Shao Y, Subotnik JE. TD-DFT spin-adiabats with analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044112. [PMID: 32007078 PMCID: PMC7043850 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an algorithm for efficient calculation of analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings between spin-adiabatic, time-dependent density functional theory states within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Our derivation is based on the direct differentiation of the Kohn-Sham pseudowavefunction using the framework of Ou et al. Our implementation is limited to the case of a system with an even number of electrons in a closed shell ground state, and we validate our algorithm against finite difference at an S1/T2 crossing of benzaldehyde. Through the introduction of a magnetic field spin-coupling operator, we break time-reversal symmetry to generate complex valued nonadiabatic derivative couplings. Although the nonadiabatic derivative couplings are complex valued, we find that a phase rotation can generate an almost entirely real-valued derivative coupling vector for the case of benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Shervin Fatehi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Mai S, González L. Unconventional two-step spin relaxation dynamics of [Re(CO) 3(im)(phen)] + in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10405-10411. [PMID: 32110331 PMCID: PMC6988600 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03671g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes of molecular spin are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology. Among spin flip processes, one of the fastest is intersystem crossing (ISC) in transition metal complexes. Here, we investigate the spin relaxation dynamics and emission spectrum of [Re(CO)3(im)(phen)]+ (im = imidazole, phen = phenanthroline) using extensive full-dimensional excited-state dynamics simulations in explicit aqueous solution. Contrary to what has been observed in other transition metal complexes, the transition from the singlet to triplet states occurs via a two-step process, with clearly separable electronic and nuclear-driven components with two different time scales. The initially excited electronic wave function is a "molecular spin-orbit wave packet" that evolves almost instantaneously, with an 8 fs time constant, into an approximate 25 : 75 singlet-to-triplet equilibrium. Surprisingly, this ISC process is an order of magnitude faster than it was previously documented for this and other rhenium(i) carbonyl diimine complexes from emission spectra. Simulations including explicit laser field interactions evidence that few-cycle UV laser pulses are required to follow the creation and evolution of such molecular spin-orbit wave packets. The analysis of the dynamics also reveals a retarded ISC component, with a time constant of 420 fs, which can be explained invoking intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution. The emission spectrum is shown to be characterized by ISC convoluted with internal conversion and vibrational relaxation. These results provide fundamental understanding of ultrafast intersystem crossing in transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
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Gómez S, Heindl M, Szabadi A, González L. From Surface Hopping to Quantum Dynamics and Back. Finding Essential Electronic and Nuclear Degrees of Freedom and Optimal Surface Hopping Parameters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8321-8332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Heindl
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - András Szabadi
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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