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Feng J, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Wu H, Wang M, Sun Y, Zhang M, Xiao H, Qiao C, Wang J, Luo L, Li X, Feng J, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Sheng D, Chen G. pHLIP-fused PD-L1 engages avelumab to elicit NK cytotoxicity under acidic conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30551. [PMID: 38756565 PMCID: PMC11096742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent key player in immune surveillance to eliminate transformed or malignant cells. One of mechanisms of action of NK cells is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by recognizing tumor antigens on the surface of cancer cells. However, the heterogeneity of tumor antigens and the scarcity of membrane surface targets significantly restrict this strategy. Recently, we constructed a new cargo by tethering a low pH insertion peptide (pHLIP) to the C terminus of the ectodomain of programed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and demonstrated its ability to modulate immune responses. Herein, the potential application of PD-L1-pHLIP in cancer therapy was determined. pHLIP tethering had no effect on the binding capacity of PD-L1 protein to an anti-PD-L1 antibody (i.e. avelumab). Association of pHLIP rendered PD-L1 segment display on the surface of cellular membrane in the acidic buffer instead of the neutral solution. Importantly, plate-coated or beads-coupled PD-L1-pHLIP enable robust activation and expression of cytotoxic mediators of NK cells via engaging avelumab. Overall, this work provides proof of concept that recombinant PD-L1 protein decorated on the cellular membrane driven by pHLIP in combination with appropriate monoclonal antibody has potentials to elicit NK cytotoxicity, which may represent a novel and promising therapeutic avenue in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Feng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Mianjing Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010058, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Sheng
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
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Pazin WM, Miranda RR, Toledo KA, Kjeldsen F, Constantino CJL, Brewer JR. pH-Dependence Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Artepillin C against Tumor Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2186. [PMID: 38004326 PMCID: PMC10672498 DOI: 10.3390/life13112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian green propolis is a well-known product that is consumed globally. Its major component, Artepillin C, showed potential as an antitumor product. This study explored the impact of Artepillin C on fibroblast and glioblastoma cell lines, used as healthy and very aggressive tumor cell lines, respectively. The focus of the study was to evaluate the pH-dependence of Artepillin C cytotoxicity, since tumor cells are known to have a more acidic extracellular microenvironment compared to healthy cells, and Artepillin C was shown to become more lipophilic at lower pH values. Investigations into the pH-dependency of Artepillin C (6.0-7.4), through viability assays and live cell imaging, revealed compelling insights. At pH 6.0, MTT assays showed the pronounced cytotoxic effects of Artepillin C, yielding a notable reduction in cell viability to less than 12% among glioblastoma cells following a 24 h exposure to 100 µM of Artepillin C. Concurrently, LDH assays indicated significant membrane damage, affecting approximately 50% of the total cells under the same conditions. Our Laurdan GP analysis suggests that Artepillin C induces autophagy, and notably, provokes a lipid membrane packing effect, contributing to cell death. These combined results affirm the selective cytotoxicity of Artepillin C within the acidic tumor microenvironment, emphasizing its potential as an effective antitumor agent. Furthermore, our findings suggest that Artepillin C holds promise for potential applications in the realm of anticancer therapies given its pH-dependence cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallance M. Pazin
- Department of Physics and Meteorology, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (R.R.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Renata R. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (R.R.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Karina A. Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, Brazil;
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (R.R.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Carlos J. L. Constantino
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil;
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (R.R.M.); (F.K.)
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3
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Rizzo S, Sikorski E, Park S, Im W, Vasquez‐Montes V, Ladokhin AS, Thévenin D. Promoting the activity of a receptor tyrosine phosphatase with a novel pH-responsive transmembrane agonist inhibits cancer-associated phenotypes. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4742. [PMID: 37515426 PMCID: PMC10461461 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling by receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is tightly controlled by the counterbalancing actions of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). Due to their role in attenuating the signal-initiating potency of RTKs, RPTPs have long been viewed as therapeutic targets. However, the development of activators of RPTPs has remained limited. We previously reported that the homodimerization of a representative member of the RPTP family (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor J or PTPRJ) is regulated by specific transmembrane (TM) residues. Disrupting this interaction by single point mutations promotes PTPRJ access to its RTK substrates (e.g., EGFR and FLT3), reduces RTK's phosphorylation and downstream signaling, and ultimately antagonizes RTK-driven cell phenotypes. Here, we designed and tested a series of first-in-class pH-responsive TM peptide agonists of PTPRJ that are soluble in aqueous solution but insert as a helical TM domain in lipid membranes when the pH is lowered to match that of the acidic microenvironment of tumors. The most promising peptide reduced EGFR's phosphorylation and inhibited cancer cell EGFR-driven migration and proliferation, similar to the PTPRJ's TM point mutations. Developing tumor-selective and TM-targeting peptide binders of critical RPTPs could afford a potentially transformative approach to studying RPTP's selectivity mechanism without requiring less specific inhibitors and represent a novel class of therapeutics against RTK-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rizzo
- Department of ChemistryLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Eden Sikorski
- Department of ChemistryLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Soohyung Park
- Department of Biological SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of ChemistryLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Victor Vasquez‐Montes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Alexey S. Ladokhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of ChemistryLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
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Dalesandro BE, Pires MM. Immunotargeting of Gram-Positive Pathogens via a Cell Wall Binding Tick Antifreeze Protein. J Med Chem 2023; 66:503-515. [PMID: 36563000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological agents that supplement or modulate the host immune response have proven to have powerful therapeutic potential, although this modality is less explored against bacterial pathogens. We describe the application of a bacterial binding protein to re-engage the immune system toward pathogenic bacteria. More specifically, a hapten was conjugated to a protein expressed by Ixodes scapularis ticks, called I. scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein (IAFGP), that has high affinity for the d-alanine residue on the bacterial peptidoglycan. We showed that a fragment of this protein retained high surface binding affinity. Moreover, conjugation of a hapten to this peptide led to the display of haptens on the cell surface of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Hapten display then induced the recruitment of antibodies and promoted uptake of bacterial pathogens by immune cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility in using cell wall binding agents as the basis of a class of bacterial immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna E Dalesandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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5
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DuPont M, Visca H, Moshnikova A, Engelman DM, Reshetnyak YK, Andreev OA. Tumor treatment by pHLIP-targeted antigen delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1082290. [PMID: 36686229 PMCID: PMC9853002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted antigen delivery allows activation of the immune system to kill cancer cells. Here we report the targeted delivery of various epitopes, including a peptide, a small molecule, and a sugar, to tumors by pH Low Insertion Peptides (pHLIPs), which respond to surface acidity and insert to span the membranes of metabolically activated cancer and immune cells within tumors. Epitopes linked to the extracellular ends of pH Low Insertion Peptide peptides were positioned at the surfaces of tumor cells and were recognized by corresponding anti-epitope antibodies. Special attention was devoted to the targeted delivery of the nine residue HA peptide epitope from the Flu virus hemagglutinin. The HA sequence is not present in the human genome, and immunity is readily developed during viral infection or immunization with KLH-HA supplemented with adjuvants. We tested and refined a series of double-headed HA-pHLIP agents, where two HA epitopes were linked to a single pH Low Insertion Peptide peptide via two Peg12 or Peg24 polymers, which enable HA epitopes to engage both antibody binding sites. HA-epitopes positioned at the surfaces of tumor cells remain exposed to the extracellular space for 24-48 h and are then internalized. Different vaccination schemes and various adjuvants, including analogs of FDA approved adjuvants, were tested in mice and resulted in a high titer of anti-HA antibodies. Anti-HA antibody binds HA-pHLIP in blood and travels as a complex leading to significant tumor targeting with no accumulation in organs and to hepatic clearance. HA-pHLIP agents induced regression of 4T1 triple negative breast tumor and B16F10 MHC-I negative melanoma tumors in immunized mice. The therapeutic efficacy potentially is limited by the drop of the level of anti-HA antibodies in the blood to background level after three injections of HA-pHLIP. We hypothesize that additional boosts would be required to keep a high titer of anti-HA antibodies to enhance efficacy. pH Low Insertion Peptide-targeted antigen therapy may provide an opportunity to treat tumors unresponsive to T cell based therapies, having a small number of neo-antigens, or deficient in MHC-I presentation at the surfaces of cancer cells either alone or in combination with other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Donald M. Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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6
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Sikorski EL, Wehr J, Ferraro NJ, Rizzo SM, Pires MM, Thévenin D. Selective Display of a Chemoattractant Agonist on Cancer Cells Activates the Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 on Immune Cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100521. [PMID: 35199442 PMCID: PMC9035110 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current immunotherapeutics often work by directing components of the immune system to recognize biomarkers on the surface of cancer cells to generate an immune response. However, variable changes in biomarker distribution and expression can result in inconsistent patient response. The development of a more universal tumor-homing strategy has the potential to improve selectivity and extend therapy to cancers with decreased expression or absence of specific biomarkers. Here, we designed a bifunctional agent that exploits the inherent acidic microenvironment of most solid tumors to selectively graft the surface of cancer cells with a formyl peptide receptor ligand (FPRL). Our approach is based on the pH(Low) insertion peptide (pHLIP), a unique peptide that selectively targets tumors in vivo by anchoring to cancer cells in a pH-dependent manner. We establish that selectively remodeling cancer cells with a pHLIP-based FPRL activates formyl peptide receptors on recruited immune cells, potentially initiating an immune response towards tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden L. Sikorski
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Janessa Wehr
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Noel J. Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sophia M. Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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Sun Y, Hu L, Yang P, Zhang M, Wang X, Xiao H, Qiao C, Wang J, Luo L, Feng J, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, Chen G. pH Low Insertion Peptide-Modified Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Potently Suppresses T-Cell Activation Under Acidic Condition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794226. [PMID: 35003115 PMCID: PMC8733706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is critical for maintenance of immune homeostasis by limiting overactivation of effector T-cell responses. The impairment of PD-L1/PD-1 signals play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, making this pathway an ideal target for novel therapeutics to induce immune tolerance. Given weakly acidic environment as a putative hallmark of inflammation, in this study we designed a new cargo by linking the ectodomain of murine PD-L1 to the N terminus of pHLIPs, a low pH-responding and membrane-insertion peptide, and demonstrated its potent immune-suppressive activity. Specifically, PD-L1-pHLIP spanned the cellular membrane and perfectly recognized its ligand PD-1 in acidic buffer. Immobile PD-L1-pHLIP actively inhibited T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Importantly, soluble PD-L1-pHLIP retained its function to dampen T-cell responses under acidic condition instead of neutral aqueous solution. Overall, these data suggest that PD-L1-pHLIP has potentials to be a novel therapeutic avenue for T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhan Hu
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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8
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Advances in Research on Bladder Cancer Targeting Peptides: a Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:711-718. [PMID: 34468956 PMCID: PMC8558283 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (Bca) is the second most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system in Chinese male population with high potential of recurrence and progression. The overall prognosis has not been improved significantly for the past 30 years due to the lack of early theranostic technique. Currently the early theranostic technique for bladder cancer is mainly through the intravesical approach, but the clinical outcomes are poor due to the limited tumor-targeting efficiency. Therefore, the targeting peptides for bladder cancer provide possibility to advance intravesical theranostic technique. However, no systematic review has covered the wide use of the targeting peptides for intravesical theranostic techniques in bladder cancer. Herein, a summary of original researches introduces all aspects of the targeting peptides for bladder cancer, including the peptide screening, the targeting mechanism and its preclinical application.
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9
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Dalesandro BE, Pires MM. Induction of Endogenous Antibody Recruitment to the Surface of the Pathogen Enterococcus faecium. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1116-1125. [PMID: 33179504 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the foreseeable future, conventional small molecule antibiotics will continue to be the predominant treatment option due to wide patient coverage and low costs. Today, however, there is already a significant portion of patients that fail to respond to small molecule antibiotics and, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this number is poised to increase in the coming years. Therefore, this rise in drug resistant bacteria must be countered with the development of nontraditional therapies. We propose a measure based on the re-engagement of the immune system toward pathogenic bacteria by grafting bacterial cell surfaces with immunogenic agents. Herein, we describe a class of cell wall analogues that selectively graft bacterial cell surfaces with epitopes that promote their opsonization. More specifically, synthetic analogues of peptidoglycan conjugated to haptens were designed to be incorporated by the cell wall biosynthetic machinery into live Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium is a formidable human pathogen that poses a considerable burden to healthcare and often results in fatalities. We showed that treatment of E. faecium and vancomycin-resistant strains with the cell wall analogues led to the display of haptens on the cell surface, which induced the recruitment of antibodies existing in the serum of humans. These results demonstrate the feasibility in using cell wall analogues as the basis of a class of bacterial immunotherapies against dangerous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna E. Dalesandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Mazzio E, Badisa R, Mack N, Cassim S, Zdralevic M, Pouyssegur J, Soliman KFA. Whole-transcriptome Analysis of Fully Viable Energy Efficient Glycolytic-null Cancer Cells Established by Double Genetic Knockout of Lactate Dehydrogenase A/B or Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:469-497. [PMID: 32859627 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Nearly all mammalian tumors of diverse tissues are believed to be dependent on fermentative glycolysis, marked by elevated production of lactic acid and expression of glycolytic enzymes, most notably lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH). Therefore, there has been significant interest in developing chemotherapy drugs that selectively target various isoforms of the LDH enzyme. However, considerable questions remain as to the consequences of biological ablation of LDH or upstream targeting of the glycolytic pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we explore the biochemical and whole transcriptomic effects of CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockout (KO) of lactate dehydrogenases A and B [LDHA/B double KO (DKO)] and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI KO) in the human colon cancer cell line LS174T, using Affymetrix 2.1 ST arrays. RESULTS The metabolic biochemical profiles corroborate that relative to wild type (WT), LDHA/B DKO produced no lactic acid, (GPI KO) produced minimal lactic acid and both KOs displayed higher mitochondrial respiration, and minimal use of glucose with no loss of cell viability. These findings show a high biochemical energy efficiency as measured by ATP in glycolysis-null cells. Next, transcriptomic analysis conducted on 48,226 mRNA transcripts reflect 273 differentially expressed genes (DEGS) in the GPI KO clone set, 193 DEGS in the LDHA/B DKO clone set with 47 DEGs common to both KO clones. Glycolytic-null cells reflect up-regulation in gene transcripts typically associated with nutrient deprivation / fasting and possible use of fats for energy: thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2). Other changes in non-ergometric transcripts in both KOs show losses in "stemness", WNT signaling pathway, chemo/radiation resistance, retinoic acid synthesis, drug detoxification, androgen/estrogen activation, and extracellular matrix reprogramming genes. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that: 1) The "Warburg effect" is dispensable, 2) loss of the LDHAB gene is not only inconsequential to viability but fosters greater mitochondrial energy, and 3) drugs that target LDHA/B are likely to be ineffective without a plausible combination second drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Ramesh Badisa
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Nzinga Mack
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Shamir Cassim
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Masa Zdralevic
- University Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, Centre A. Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouyssegur
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco .,University Côte d'Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, Centre A. Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
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11
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Hong H, Li C, Gong L, Wang J, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Huang Z, Wu Z. Universal endogenous antibody recruiting nanobodies capable of triggering immune effectors for targeted cancer immunotherapy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4623-4630. [PMID: 34163726 PMCID: PMC8179521 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05332e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for cancer immunotherapy is expensive and complicated. Nanobodies are small antibodies possessing favorable pharmacological properties compared with mAbs, but have limited anticancer efficacy due to the lack of an Fc region and poor pharmacokinetics. In this context, engineered universal endogenous antibody-recruiting nanobodies (UEAR Nbs), as a general and cost-effective approach, were developed to generate functional antibody-like nanobodies that could recapitulate the Fc biological functions for cancer immunotherapy. The UEAR Nbs, composed of the IgG binding domain and nanobody, were recombinantly expressed in E. coli and could recruit endogenous IgGs onto the cancer cell surface and trigger potent immune responses to kill cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, it was proved that UEAR Nbs displayed significantly improved half-lives in vivo. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of UEAR Nbs was demonstrated in a murine model using EGFR positive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University Wuxi 214062 China
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, School of Medicine, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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