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Cai H, Wen H, Li J, Lu L, Zhao W, Jiang X, Bai R. Small-molecule agents for treating skin diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116269. [PMID: 38422702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Skin diseases are a class of common and frequently occurring diseases that significantly impact daily lives. Currently, the limited effective therapeutic drugs are far from meeting the clinical needs; most drugs typically only provide symptomatic relief rather than a cure. Developing small-molecule drugs with improved efficacy holds paramount importance for treating skin diseases. This review aimed to systematically introduce the pathogenesis of common skin diseases in daily life, list related drugs applied in the clinic, and summarize the clinical research status of candidate drugs and the latest research progress of candidate compounds in the drug discovery stage. Also, it statistically analyzed the number of publications and global attention trends for the involved skin diseases. This review might provide practical information for researchers engaged in dermatological drugs and further increase research attention to this disease area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Liuxin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Shaw DJ, Waters LC, Strong SL, Schulze MSED, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Parker AW, Prosser CE, Henry AJ, Lawson ADG, Carr MD, Taylor RJ, Hunt NT, Muskett FW. Modulation of IL-17 backbone dynamics reduces receptor affinity and reveals a new inhibitory mechanism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7524-7536. [PMID: 37449080 PMCID: PMC10337760 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of protein dynamics is fundamental to the understanding of biological processes, with NMR and 2D-IR spectroscopy being two of the principal methods for studying protein dynamics. Here, we combine these two methods to gain a new understanding of the complex mechanism of a cytokine:receptor interaction. The dynamic nature of many cytokines is now being recognised as a key property in the signalling mechanism. Interleukin-17s (IL-17) are proinflammatory cytokines which, if unregulated, are associated with serious autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, and although there are several therapeutics on the market for these conditions, small molecule therapeutics remain elusive. Previous studies, exploiting crystallographic methods alone, have been unable to explain the dramatic differences in affinity observed between IL-17 dimers and their receptors, suggesting there are factors that cannot be fully explained by the analysis of static structures alone. Here, we show that the IL-17 family of cytokines have varying degrees of flexibility which directly correlates to their receptor affinities. Small molecule inhibitors of the cytokine:receptor interaction are usually thought to function by either causing steric clashes or structural changes. However, our results, supported by other biophysical methods, provide evidence for an alternate mechanism of inhibition, in which the small molecule rigidifies the protein, causing a reduction in receptor affinity. The results presented here indicate an induced fit model of cytokine:receptor binding, with the more flexible cytokines having a higher affinity. Our approach could be applied to other systems where the inhibition of a protein-protein interaction has proved intractable, for example due to the flat, featureless nature of the interface. Targeting allosteric sites which modulate protein dynamics, opens up new avenues for novel therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York Heslington York YO19 5DD UK
| | - Lorna C Waters
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology/Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Sarah L Strong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology/Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | | | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Mike Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark D Carr
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology/Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | | | - Neil T Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York Heslington York YO19 5DD UK
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology/Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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3
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Andrews MD, Dack KN, de Groot MJ, Lambert M, Sennbro CJ, Larsen M, Stahlhut M. Discovery of an Oral, Rule of 5 Compliant, Interleukin 17A Protein-Protein Interaction Modulator for the Potential Treatment of Psoriasis and Other Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8828-8842. [PMID: 35767390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is an interleukin cytokine whose dysregulation is implicated in autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, and monoclonal antibodies against the IL-17A pathway are now well-established and very effective treatments. This article outlines the work that led to the identification of 23 as an oral, small-molecule protein-protein interaction modulator (PPIm) clinical development candidate. Protein crystallography provided knowledge of the key binding interactions between small-molecule ligands and the IL-17A dimer, and this helped in the multiparameter optimization toward identifying an orally bioavailable, Rule of 5 compliant PPIm of IL-17A. Overlap of early ligands led to a series of benzhydrylglycine-containing compounds that allowed the identification of dimethylpyrazole as a key substituent that gave PPIm with oral bioavailability. Exploration of the amino acid portion of the structure then led to dicyclopropylalanine as a group that gave potent and metabolically stable compounds, including the development candidate 23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Andrews
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Kevin N Dack
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Marcel J de Groot
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Maja Lambert
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Carl J Sennbro
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Mogens Larsen
- Drug Design, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Martin Stahlhut
- Skin Research, LEO Pharma Research & Early Development, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
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