A Selective and Orally Bioavailable Quinoline-6-Carbonitrile-Based Inhibitor of CDK8/19 Mediator Kinase with Tumor-Enriched Pharmacokinetics

Mediator kinase inhibitors suppress triple-negative breast cancer growth and extend tumor suppression by mTOR and AKT inhibitors

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are treated primarily by chemotherapy and lack clinically validated therapeutic targets. In particular, inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, abnormally activated in many breast cancers, failed to achieve clinical efficacy in TNBC due to the development of adaptive drug resistance, which is largely driven by the transcriptomic plasticity of TNBC. Expression of CDK8/19 Mediator kinases that control transcriptional reprogramming correlates with relapse-free survival and treatment failure in breast cancer patients, including TNBC. We now investigated how CDK8/19 inhibitors affect the growth of TNBC tumors and their response to mTOR and AKT inhibitors. In contrast to the effects of most anticancer drugs, all the tested human TNBC models (including patient-derived xenografts) responded to CDK8/19 inhibitors in vivo even when they did not respond in vitro. Furthermore, CDK8/19 inhibition extended the host survival of established lung metastases in a murine TNBC model, where the primary tumors were not significantly affected. CDK8/19 inhibitors synergized with an mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus and a pan-AKT inhibitor capivasertib in vitro and strongly potentiated these drugs in long-term in vivo studies. Transcriptomic analysis of tumors that responded or became adapted to everolimus revealed that drug adaptation in vivo was associated with major transcriptional changes in both tumor and stromal cells. Combining everolimus with a CDK8/19 inhibitor counteracted many of these changes and induced combination-specific effects on the expression of multiple genes that affect tumor growth. These results warrant the exploration of CDK8/19 Mediator kinase inhibitors as a new type of drugs for TNBC therapy.

One-Pot Synthesis of 4-Chloroquinolines via Bis(trichloromethyl) Carbonate and Triphenylphosphine Oxide-Mediated Cascade Reactions of N-Aryl Enaminones

A novel method for synthesizing substituted 4-chloroquinolines has been devised, utilizing a cascade reaction of N-aryl enaminones promoted by bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). This approach features accessible starting materials, a broad substrate range, extensive functional group compatibility, gentle reaction conditions, and straightforward operation. Its versatility is evidenced by its facile scalability and suitability for late-stage derivatization. A plausible mechanism involving α-carbonylation, 6π-azaelectrocyclization, and dehydroxychlorination sequence is proposed.

Delocalized quinolinium-macrocyclic peptides, an atypical chemotype for CNS penetration

Macrocyclic drugs can address an increasing range of molecular targets but enabling central nervous system (CNS) access to these drugs has been viewed as an intractable problem. We designed and synthesized a series of quinolinium-modified cyclosporine derivatives targeted to the mitochondrial cyclophilin D protein. Modification of the cation to enable greater delocalization was confirmed by x-ray crystallography of the cations. Critically, greater delocalization improved brain concentrations. Assessment of the compounds in preclinical assays and for pharmacokinetics identified a molecule JP1-138 with at least 20 times the brain levels of a non-delocalized compound or those reported for cyclosporine. Levels were maintained over 24 hours together with low hERG potential. The paradigm outlined here could have widespread utility in the treatment of CNS diseases.

Mediator kinase inhibition reverses castration resistance of advanced prostate cancer

Mediator kinases CDK19 and CDK8, pleiotropic regulators of transcriptional reprogramming, are differentially regulated by androgen signaling, but both kinases are upregulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CDK8 and CDK19 reverses the castration-resistant phenotype and restores the sensitivity of CRPC xenografts to androgen deprivation in vivo. Prolonged CDK8/19 inhibitor treatment combined with castration not only suppressed the growth of CRPC xenografts but also induced tumor regression and cures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Mediator kinase inhibition amplified and modulated the effects of castration on gene expression, disrupting CRPC adaptation to androgen deprivation. Mediator kinase inactivation in tumor cells also affected stromal gene expression, indicating that Mediator kinase activity in CRPC molded the tumor microenvironment. The combination of castration and Mediator kinase inhibition downregulated the MYC pathway, and Mediator kinase inhibition suppressed a MYC-driven CRPC tumor model even without castration. CDK8/19 inhibitors showed efficacy in patient-derived xenograft models of CRPC, and a gene signature of Mediator kinase activity correlated with tumor progression and overall survival in clinical samples of metastatic CRPC. These results indicate that Mediator kinases mediated androgen-independent in vivo growth of CRPC, supporting the development of CDK8/19 inhibitors for the treatment of this presently incurable disease.

Unveiling the impact of CDK8 on tumor progression: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

CDK8 is an important member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family associated with transcription and acts as a key "molecular switch" in the Mediator complex. CDK8 regulates gene expression by phosphorylating transcription factors and can control the transcription process through Mediator complex. Previous studies confirmed that CDK8 is an important oncogenic factor, making it a potential tumor biomarker and a promising target for tumor therapy. However, CDK8 has also been confirmed to be a tumor suppressor, indicating that it not only promotes the development of tumors but may also be involved in tumor suppression. Therefore, the dual role of CDK8 in the process of tumor development is worth further exploration and summary. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate involvement of CDK8 in transcription-related processes, as well as its role in signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis, with a focus on its critical part in driving cancer progression.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-morpholino-4-anilinoquinoline derivatives as antitumor agents against HepG2 cell line

Cancer is a life-threatening illness all over the world, and developing anticancer treatments with high efficacy and low side effects remains a challenge. The quinoline ring structure has long been recognized as a flexible nucleus in the design and synthesis of physiologically active chemicals. In this study, five new 2-morpholino-4-anilinoquinoline compounds were synthesized and their biological anticancer potential against the HepG2 cell line was assessed. The compounds produced demonstrated varying responses against HepG2 cells, with compounds 3c, 3d, and 3e exhibiting the highest activity, with IC50 values of 11.42, 8.50, and 12.76 μM, respectively. It is a critical requirement that anticancer medications are able to selectively decrease cancer growth while not causing damage to normal cells. Compound 3e exhibited increased activity while maintaining adequate selectivity. It was also the most effective chemical against cell migration and adhesion, which could play an important role in drug resistance and cell metastasis. In total, the findings revealed good possibilities for anticancer therapy, suggesting a target for future development of anticancer medication.

CDK8 inhibitors antagonize HIV-1 reactivation and promote provirus latency in T cells

Latent HIV-1 provirus represents the barrier toward a cure for infection and is dependent upon the host RNA Polymerase (Pol) II machinery for reemergence. Here, we find that inhibitors of the RNA Pol II mediator kinases CDK8/19, Senexin A and BRD6989, inhibit induction of HIV-1 expression in response to latency-reversing agents and T cell signaling agonists. These inhibitors were found to impair recruitment of RNA Pol II to the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, HIV-1 expression in response to several latency reversal agents was impaired upon disruption of CDK8 by shRNA or gene knockout. However, the effects of CDK8 depletion did not entirely mimic CDK8/19 kinase inhibition suggesting that the mediator kinases are not functionally redundant. Additionally, treatment of CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from people living with HIV-1 and who are receiving antiretroviral therapy with Senexin A inhibited induction of viral replication in response to T cell stimulation by PMA and ionomycin. These observations indicate that the mediator kinases, CDK8 and CDK19, play a significant role for regulation of HIV-1 transcription and that small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes may contribute to therapies designed to promote deep latency involving the durable suppression of provirus expression. IMPORTANCE A cure for HIV-1 infection will require novel therapies that can force elimination of cells that contain copies of the virus genome inserted into the cell chromosome, but which is shut off, or silenced. These are known as latently-infected cells, which represent the main reason why current treatment for HIV/AIDS cannot cure the infection because the virus in these cells is unaffected by current drugs. Our results indicate that chemical inhibitors of Cdk8 also inhibit the expression of latent HIV provirus. Cdk8 is an important enzyme that regulates the expression of genes in response to signals to which cells need to respond and which is produced by a gene that is frequently mutated in cancers. Our observations indicate that Cdk8 inhibitors may be employed in novel therapies to prevent expression from latent provirus, which might eventually enable infected individuals to cease treatment with antiretroviral drugs.

CDK8 and CDK19: positive regulators of signal-induced transcription and negative regulators of Mediator complex proteins

We have conducted a detailed transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of CDK8 and its paralog CDK19, alternative enzymatic components of the kinase module associated with transcriptional Mediator complex and implicated in development and diseases. This analysis was performed using genetic modifications of CDK8 and CDK19, selective CDK8/19 small molecule kinase inhibitors and a potent CDK8/19 PROTAC degrader. CDK8/19 inhibition in cells exposed to serum or to agonists of NFκB or protein kinase C (PKC) reduced the induction of signal-responsive genes, indicating a pleiotropic role of Mediator kinases in signal-induced transcriptional reprogramming. CDK8/19 inhibition under basal conditions initially downregulated a small group of genes, most of which were inducible by serum or PKC stimulation. Prolonged CDK8/19 inhibition or mutagenesis upregulated a larger gene set, along with a post-transcriptional increase in the proteins comprising the core Mediator complex and its kinase module. Regulation of both RNA and protein expression required CDK8/19 kinase activities but both enzymes protected their binding partner cyclin C from proteolytic degradation in a kinase-independent manner. Analysis of isogenic cell populations expressing CDK8, CDK19 or their kinase-inactive mutants revealed that CDK8 and CDK19 have the same qualitative effects on protein phosphorylation and gene expression at the RNA and protein levels, whereas differential effects of CDK8 versus CDK19 knockouts were attributable to quantitative differences in their expression and activity rather than different functions.

Transcriptional Reprogramming Regulates Tumor Cell Survival in Response to Ionizing Radiation: a Role of p53

Senexin B, a non-toxic selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases 8 and 19 (CDK8 and CDK19), in combination with γ-photon irradiation in doses of 2-10 Gy increased the death of colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116 (intact p53) in a logarithmically growing culture, which was accompanied by the prevention of cell cycle arrest and a decrease of "senescence" phenotype. The effect of senexin B in cells with intact p53 is similar to that of Tp53 gene knockout: irradiated HCT116p53KO cells passed through the interphase and died independently of senexin B. The inhibitor reduced the ability of cells to colony formation in response to irradiation; p53 status did not affect the effectiveness of the combination of radiation and senexin B. Thus, the CDK8/19 inhibitor senexin B increased cell sensitivity to radiotherapy by mechanisms dependent and independent of p53 status.

The study of a novel CDK8 inhibitor E966-0530-45418 that inhibits prostate cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo

Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy among men globally, and androgen deprivation therapy is the conventional first-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. While androgen deprivation therapy is efficacious in castration-sensitive prostate cancer, it remains less effective in castration-resistant cases. Transcriptional dysregulation is a well-established hallmark of cancer, and targeting proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), has become an attractive therapeutic strategy. CDK8, a nuclear serine-threonine kinase, is a key component of the mediator complex and plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have highlighted the promising role of CDK8 as a target in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Our study assessed the efficacy of a novel CDK8 inhibitor, E966-0530-45418, which exhibited potent CDK8 inhibition (IC₅₀ of 129 nM) and high CDK8 selectivity. Treatment with E966-0530-45418 significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at both the RNA and protein levels. Further mechanistic analysis indicated that E966-0530-45418 suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by decreasing CDK8 activity and inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated Smad3/RNA polymerase II linker phosphorylation and Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. The results in animal model also showed that E966-0530-45418 exhibited anti-metastatic properties in vivo. Our study demonstrated that E966-0530-45418 has great therapeutic potential in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

A novel CDK8 inhibitor with poly-substituted pyridine core: Discovery and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation in vivo

As an ideal anti-inflammatory target, cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. CDK8 inhibition up-regulates Interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression by enhancing the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1), and augmenting IL-10 abundance is a viable strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this research, through structure-based drug design and dominant fragment hybridization, a series of poly-substituted pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as CDK8 inhibitors. Ultimately, compound CR16 was identified as the best one, which exhibited good inhibitory activity against CDK8 (IC₅₀ = 74.4 nM). In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that CR16 could enhance the transcriptional activity of AP-1, augment the abundance of IL-10, and affect CDK8-related signaling pathways including TLR7/NF-κB/MAPK and IL-10-JAK1-STAT3 pathways. In addition, CR16 showed potent therapeutic effect in an animal model of IBD.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indolin-2-one derivatives as novel cyclin-dependent protein kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibitors

Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 8 (CDK8) plays important roles in regulating fibrotic growth factors and inflammatory signaling pathways. Long-term chronic inflammation of the lungs can lead to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Abnormal alveolar epithelial regeneration leads to the release of various fibrotic growth factors and the activation of inflammatory cells. CDK8 regulates profibrotic cytokines broadly implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Therefore, inhibition of CDK8 is considered a promising strategy for treating IPF. Here, CDK8 inhibitors were designed and optimized using a fragment-based drug design strategy. Testing results revealed that 71% of the synthesized compounds inhibited CDK8 activity better than the original compound E966-0530. Of these compounds, compound 4k exhibited the strongest CDK8 enzyme-inhibiting activity (IC₅₀ =129 nM). Notably, it displayed a 13-fold increase in potency when compared to E966-0530. Experiments on toxicity and inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expressions showed that compound 4k can inhibit EMT protein expressions, but with no significant cytotoxicity for alveolar epithelial cells. Compound 4k showed a potent inhibitory effect in cell migration assays. Furthermore, compound 4k significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p-Smad3 and RNA Pol II, which are critical mediators in the fibrotic response signaling pathway. Compound 4k remarkably reduced TGF-β1-induced oxidative stress. The above results reveal optimized CDK8 inhibitors with potential use for IPF therapeutic treatment.

Discovery of fluorinated 2‑Styryl 4(3H)-quinazolinone as potential therapeutic hit for oral cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm, affects the mouth and throat, and accounts for 90 % of oral cancers. Considering the associated morbidity with neck dissections and the limitation of existing therapeutic agents, the discovery and development of new anticancer drugs/drug candidates for oral cancer treatment are of the utmost need. In this context, reported here is the identification of fluorinated 2‑styryl 4(3H)-quinazolinone as a promising hit for oral cancer. Preliminary studies indicate that the compound blocks the transition of G1 to S phase, thereby leading to arrest in the G1/S phase. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis revealed that the compound induces the activation of molecular pathways involved in apoptosis (such as TNF signalling through NF-κB, p53 pathways) and cell differentiation and suppresses the pathways of cellular growth and development (such as KRAS signaling) in CAL-27 cancer cells. It is noted that identified hit complies with a favorable range of ADME properties as per the computational analysis.

Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Annulation of N-Phenylglycines with Maleimides: Synthesis of 1H-Pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3(2H)-diones

A novel protocol for the construction of functionalized 1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3(2H)-diones (PQLs, 3) from N-phenylglycines and maleimides was developed. The cascade reaction was enabled by heating a mixture of the two substrates in the presence of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) as an oxidant and anhydrous CuBr as a catalyst in chlorobenzene. Consequently, a diverse series of PQLs 3 were synthesized in moderate-to-good yields (43-73%). The synthesis of the PQLs was enabled via a one-pot cascade reaction that proceeded through subsequent oxidative decarboxylation, 1,2-addition, intramolecular cyclization, tautomerization, and aromatization reactions. This protocol can be used for the synthesis of functionalized PQLs via a one-pot oxidative decarboxylation annulation reaction rather than through a series of multistep reactions, making it suitable for both combinatorial and parallel syntheses of PQLs.

Inhibition of CDK8/19 Mediator kinase potentiates HER2-targeting drugs and bypasses resistance to these agents in vitro and in vivo

Breast cancers (BrCas) that overexpress oncogenic tyrosine kinase receptor HER2 are treated with HER2-targeting antibodies (such as trastuzumab) or small-molecule kinase inhibitors (such as lapatinib). However, most patients with metastatic HER2+ BrCa have intrinsic resistance and nearly all eventually become resistant to HER2-targeting therapy. Resistance to HER2-targeting drugs frequently involves transcriptional reprogramming associated with constitutive activation of different signaling pathways. We have investigated the role of CDK8/19 Mediator kinase, a regulator of transcriptional reprogramming, in the response of HER2+ BrCa to HER2-targeting drugs. CDK8 was in the top 1% of all genes ranked by correlation with shorter relapse-free survival among treated HER2+ BrCa patients. Selective CDK8/19 inhibitors (senexin B and SNX631) showed synergistic interactions with lapatinib and trastuzumab in a panel of HER2+ BrCa cell lines, overcoming and preventing resistance to HER2-targeting drugs. The synergistic effects were mediated in part through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and reduced by PI3K inhibition. Combination of HER2- and CDK8/19-targeting agents inhibited STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation at S727 and up-regulated tumor suppressor BTG2. The growth of xenograft tumors formed by lapatinib-sensitive or -resistant HER2+ breast cancer cells was partially inhibited by SNX631 alone and strongly suppressed by the combination of SNX631 and lapatinib, overcoming lapatinib resistance. These effects were associated with decreased tumor cell proliferation and altered recruitment of stromal components to the xenograft tumors. These results suggest potential clinical benefit of combining HER2- and CDK8/19-targeting drugs in the treatment of metastatic HER2+ BrCa.