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Zhang T, Pan Z, Gao J, Wu Q, Bai G, Li Y, Tong L, Feng F, Lai M, Liu Y, Song P, Ning Y, Tang H, Luo W, Chen Y, Fang Y, Zhang H, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Geng M, Ji H, Zhao G, Zhou H, Ding J, Xie H. Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 confers EGFR-TKI resistance through epigenetic glycolytic activation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:216. [PMID: 39143065 PMCID: PMC11324870 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), exemplified by osimertinib, have demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our previous work has identified ASK120067 as a novel third-generation EGFR TKI with remarkable antitumor effects that has undergone New Drug Application (NDA) submission in China. Despite substantial progress, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs remains a significant challenge, impeding the long-term effectiveness of therapeutic approaches. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation utilizing high-throughput proteomics analysis on established TKI-resistant tumor models, and found a notable upregulation of branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) expression in both osimertinib- and ASK120067-resistant tumors compared with the parental TKI-sensitive NSCLC tumors. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of BCAT1 impaired the growth of resistant cells and partially re-sensitized tumor cells to EGFR TKIs. Mechanistically, upregulated BCAT1 in resistant cells reprogrammed branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and promoted alpha ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent demethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) and subsequent transcriptional derepression of glycolysis-related genes, thereby enhancing glycolysis and promoting tumor progression. Moreover, we identified WQQ-345 as a novel BCAT1 inhibitor exhibiting antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo against TKI-resistant lung cancer with high BCAT1 expression. In summary, our study highlighted the crucial role of BCAT1 in mediating resistance to third-generation EGFR-TKIs through epigenetic activation of glycolysis in NSCLC, thereby supporting BCAT1 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of TKI-resistant NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Transaminases/genetics
- Transaminases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Glycolysis/drug effects
- Glycolysis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Mice
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Indoles
- Pyrimidines
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilu Pan
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjiang Tong
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Feng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhen Lai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqiang Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiran Song
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yi Ning
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haotian Tang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiupei Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guilong Zhao
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology & Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
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2
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Jungnickel KEJ, Guelle O, Iguchi M, Dong W, Kotov V, Gabriel F, Debacker C, Dairou J, McCort-Tranchepain I, Laqtom NN, Chan SH, Ejima A, Sato K, Massa López D, Saftig P, Mehdipour AR, Abu-Remaileh M, Gasnier B, Löw C, Damme M. MFSD1 with its accessory subunit GLMP functions as a general dipeptide uniporter in lysosomes. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:1047-1061. [PMID: 38839979 PMCID: PMC11252000 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation of macromolecules produces diverse small metabolites exported by specific transporters for reuse in biosynthetic pathways. Here we deorphanized the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1 (MFSD1) protein, which forms a tight complex with the glycosylated lysosomal membrane protein (GLMP) in the lysosomal membrane. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of MFSD1-deficient mouse lysosomes revealed an increase in cationic dipeptides. Purified MFSD1 selectively bound diverse dipeptides, while electrophysiological, isotope tracer and fluorescence-based studies in Xenopus oocytes and proteoliposomes showed that MFSD1-GLMP acts as a uniporter for cationic, neutral and anionic dipeptides. Cryoelectron microscopy structure of the dipeptide-bound MFSD1-GLMP complex in outward-open conformation characterized the heterodimer interface and, in combination with molecular dynamics simulations, provided a structural basis for its selectivity towards diverse dipeptides. Together, our data identify MFSD1 as a general lysosomal dipeptide uniporter, providing an alternative route to recycle lysosomal proteolysis products when lysosomal amino acid exporters are overloaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Océane Guelle
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Miharu Iguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Kotov
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Gabriel
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Debacker
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle McCort-Tranchepain
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nouf N Laqtom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Akika Ejima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David Massa López
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Gasnier
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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3
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Li L, Shi Z, Li C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ren W. Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,2- a]indolediones and Pyrimidinediones via [4+2] Annulation of 2 H-Azirine-2-carbaldehydes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7339-7346. [PMID: 38662477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
NHC-catalyzed [4+2] annulation of 2H-azirine-2-carbaldehydes with ketimines and isocyanates has been developed, providing straightforward synthetic protocols for constructing structurally intriguing pyrimido[1,2-a]indolediones and pyrimidinediones under mild conditions with excellent yields. This protocol can be used to synthesize the core skeleton of pharmaceutically important drugs and pyrimido[1,2-a]indoledione-containing natural products, making it potentially valuable for creating biologically active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesong Li
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Congyang Li
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weiwu Ren
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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4
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Kim YH, Yoon SJ, Kim M, Kim HH, Song YS, Jung JW, Han D, Cho SW, Kwon SW, Park YJ. Integrative Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Different Metabolic Phenotypes Based on Molecular Characteristics in Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:883-894. [PMID: 38088902 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cancer metabolic characteristics vary depending on the molecular subtype determined by mutational status. We aimed to investigate the molecular subtype-specific metabolic characteristics of thyroid cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An integrative multi-omics analysis was conducted, incorporating transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics data obtained from human tissues representing distinct molecular characteristics of thyroid cancers: BRAF-like (papillary thyroid cancer with BRAFV600E mutation; PTC-B), RAS-like (follicular thyroid cancer with RAS mutation; FTC-R), and ATC-like (anaplastic thyroid cancer with BRAFV600E or RAS mutation; ATC-B or ATC-R). To validate our findings, we employed tissue microarray of human thyroid cancer tissues and performed in vitro analyses of cancer cell phenotypes and metabolomic assays after inducing genetic knockdown. RESULTS Metabolic properties differed between differentiated thyroid cancers of PTC-B and FTC-R, but were similar in dedifferentiated thyroid cancers of ATC-B/R, regardless of their mutational status. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were enriched with the activation of TCA cycle only in FTC-R, whereas one-carbon metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism increased in both PTC-B and FTC-R and to a great extent in ATC-B/R. However, the protein expression levels of the BCAA transporter (SLC7A5) and a key enzyme in one-carbon metabolism (SHMT2) increased in all thyroid cancers and were particularly high in ATC-B/R. Knockdown of SLC7A5 or SHMT2 inhibited the migration and proliferation of thyroid cancer cell lines differently, depending on the mutational status. CONCLUSIONS These findings define the metabolic properties of each molecular subtype of thyroid cancers and identify metabolic vulnerabilities, providing a rationale for therapies targeting its altered metabolic pathways in advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jung
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of South Korea
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5
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Shareef U, Altaf A, Ahmed M, Akhtar N, Almuhayawi MS, Al Jaouni SK, Selim S, Abdelgawad MA, Nagshabandi MK. A comprehensive review of discovery and development of drugs discovered from 2020-2022. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101913. [PMID: 38204591 PMCID: PMC10777120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To fully evaluate and define the new drug molecule for its pharmacological characteristics and toxicity profile, pre-clinical and clinical studies are conducted as part of the drug research and development process. The average time required for all drug development processes to finish various regulatory evaluations ranges from 11.4 to 13.5 years, and the expense of drug development is rising quickly. The development in the discovery of newer novel treatments is, however, largely due to the growing need for new medications. Methods to identify Hits and discovery of lead compounds along with pre-clinical studies have advanced, and one example is the introduction of computer-aided drug design (CADD), which has greatly shortened the time needed for the drug to go through the drug discovery phases. The pharmaceutical industry will hopefully be able to address the present and future issues and will continue to produce novel molecular entities (NMEs) to satisfy the expanding unmet medical requirements of the patients as the success rate of the drug development processes is increasing. Several heterocyclic moieties have been developed and tested against many targets and proved to be very effective. In-depth discussion of the drug design approaches of newly found drugs from 2020 to 2022, including their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and in-vitro and in-vivo assessments, is the main goal of this review. Considering the many stages these drugs are going through in their clinical trials, this investigation is especially pertinent. It should be noted that synthetic strategies are not discussed in this review; instead, they will be in a future publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shareef
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Altaf
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed S. Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K. Nagshabandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
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