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Liu CY, Zhang L, Liu SX, Lu YF, Li C, Pei YH. A review of the fernane-type triterpenoids as anti-fungal drugs. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1447450. [PMID: 39234110 PMCID: PMC11371599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1447450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens could cause a broad plethora of infections in both the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host. Fungal infections have become important causes of morbidity and mortality in recent years, the current arsenal of anti-fungal therapies was restricted. Ibrexafungerp was a novel, highly bioavailable glucan synthase inhibitor formulated for both intravenous and oral administration being developed by Scynexis; it was also the first novel anti-fungal drug class approved in more than 20 years. Ibrexafungerp was one semi-synthetic derivative of enfumafungin, a natural product isolated from fungi. This review reported the discovery of enfumafungin and ibrexafungerp, their anti-fungal mechanism, summed up 63 fernane-type triterpenoids from natural products, including 49 from plants, 9 from fungi and 5 from lichen. In addition, the review summarized the progress of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of type II fernane triterpenoid (enfumafungin skeleton) and type I fernane triterpenoid (polytolypin skeleton). The good example kept our confidence up for searching for new leading compounds and discovering drugs from fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yue Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Si-Xuan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Fu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Yu S, He YQ, Liu Y, Ji S, Wang Y, Sun B. Construction and Activity Evaluation of Novel Bifunctional Inhibitors and a COF Carrier Based on a Fungal Infection Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8420-8444. [PMID: 38718180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Faced with increasingly serious fungal infections and drug resistance issues, three different series of novel dual-target (programmed death ligand 1/14 α-demethylase) compounds were constructed through the fragment combination pathway in the study. Their chemical structures were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, preferred compounds 10c-1, 17b-1, and 18b-2 could efficiently exert their antifungal and antidrug-resistant fungal ability through blocking ergosterol biosynthesis, inducing the upregulation of reactive oxygen species level, and triggering apoptosis. Especially, compound 18b-2 exhibited the synergistic function of fungal inhibition and immune activation. Moreover, the covalent organic framework carrier was also generated based on the acidic microenvironment of fungal infection to improve the bioavailability and targeting of preferred compounds; this finally accelerated the body's recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yan-Qin He
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shilei Ji
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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3
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McCrory C, Lenardon M, Traven A. Bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of fungal commensalism and pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00089-1. [PMID: 38729839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiome encompasses bacteria, fungi, and viruses forming complex bionetworks which, for organismal health, must be in a state of homeostasis. An important homeostatic mechanism derives from microbial competition, which maintains the relative abundance of microbial species in a healthy balance. Microbes compete for nutrients and secrete metabolites that inhibit other microbes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one such class of metabolites made by gut bacteria to very high levels. SCFAs are metabolised by microbes and host cells and have multiple roles in regulating cell physiology. Here, we review the mechanisms by which SCFAs regulate the fungal gut commensal Candida albicans. We discuss SCFA's ability to inhibit fungal growth, limit invasive behaviours and modulate cell surface antigens recognised by immune cells. We review the mechanisms underlying these roles: regulation of gene expression, metabolism, signalling and SCFA-driven post-translational protein modifications by acylation, which contribute to changes in acylome dynamics of C. albicans with potentially large consequences for cell physiology. Given that the gut mycobiome is a reservoir for systemic disease and has also been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, understanding the mechanisms by which bacterial metabolites, such as SCFAs, control the mycobiome might provide therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrory
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Yang W, Liu R, Li Z, Tu J, Xu D, Liu N, Sheng C. Discovery of New Tricyclic Oxime Sampangine Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Cryptococcosis and Candidiasis. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38489247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are classified as the critical priority groups among the pathogenic fungi, highlighting the urgent need for developing more effective antifungal therapies. On the basis of antifungal natural product sampangine, herein, a series of tricyclic oxime and oxime ether derivatives were designed. Among them, compound WZ-2 showed excellent inhibitory activity against C. neoformans (MIC80 = 0.016 μg/mL) and synergized with fluconazole to treat resistant C. albicans (FICI = 0.078). Interestingly, compound WZ-2 effectively inhibited virulence factors (e.g., capsule, biofilm, and yeast-to-hypha morphological transition), suggesting the potential to overcome drug resistance. In a mouse model of cryptococcal meningitis, compound WZ-2 (5 mg/kg) effectively reduced the brain C. neoformans H99 burden. Furthermore, compound WZ-2 alone and its combination with fluconazole also significantly reduced the kidney burden of the drug-resistant strain (0304103) and sensitive strain (SC5314) of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Yang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruxiong Liu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Tu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongjian Xu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Bauer N, Balourdas DI, Schneider JR, Zhang X, Berger LM, Berger BT, Schwalm MP, Klopp NA, Siveke JT, Knapp S, Joerger AC. Development of Potent Dual BET/HDAC Inhibitors via Pharmacophore Merging and Structure-Guided Optimization. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:266-279. [PMID: 38291964 PMCID: PMC10878397 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are prime targets in cancer therapy. Recent research has particularly focused on the development of dual BET/HDAC inhibitors for hard-to-treat tumors, such as pancreatic cancer. Here, we developed a new series of potent dual BET/HDAC inhibitors by choosing starting scaffolds that enabled us to optimally merge the two functionalities into a single compound. Systematic structure-guided modification of both warheads then led to optimized binders that were superior in potency to both parent compounds, with the best molecules of this series binding to both BRD4 bromodomains as well as HDAC1/2 with EC50 values in the 100 nM range in cellular NanoBRET target engagement assays. For one of our lead molecules, we could also show the selective inhibition of HDAC1/2 over all other zinc-dependent HDACs. Importantly, this on-target activity translated into promising efficacy in pancreatic cancer and NUT midline carcinoma cells. Our lead molecules effectively blocked histone H3 deacetylation in pancreatic cancer cells and upregulated the tumor suppressor HEXIM1 and proapoptotic p57, both markers of BET inhibition. In addition, they have the potential to downregulate the oncogenic drivers of NUT midline carcinoma, as demonstrated for MYC and TP63 mRNA levels. Overall, this study expands the portfolio of available dual BET/class I HDAC inhibitors for future translational studies in different cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bauer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Joel R. Schneider
- Bridge
Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center,
University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division
of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen) and German Cancer Research
Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xin Zhang
- Bridge
Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center,
University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division
of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen) and German Cancer Research
Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena M. Berger
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Martin P. Schwalm
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
- German
Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Nick A. Klopp
- Bridge
Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center,
University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division
of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen) and German Cancer Research
Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens T. Siveke
- Bridge
Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center,
University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division
of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen) and German Cancer Research
Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
- German
Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str.
15, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
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6
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Benjamin I, Benson CU, Adalikwu SA, Nduoma FA, Akor FO, Odey MO, Ezeani EC, Anyambula IA, Odume MA, Louis H. Investigating the potential of thiazolyl carbohydrazides derivatives as anti-Candida albicans agents: An intuition from molecular modelling, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and molecular docking analysis. CHEMICAL PHYSICS IMPACT 2023; 7:100275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
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7
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Li Y, Liu S, Xu X, Xu J, Yang L, Hu L. Integrated molecular modeling and dynamics approaches revealed the mechanism of selective inhibition of HDAC6/8. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37870047 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2272751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The high structural homology of histone deacetylases 6 and 8 (HDAC6/8) poses a challenge in achieving isoform selectivity and has resulted in adverse side effects due to pan-inhibition in clinical applications. Additionally, the rational design of dual-target inhibitors, centered on HDAC6/8, demands a profound understanding of their selectivity mechanisms. Addressing the urgent need for enhanced specificity in the development of inhibitors targeting specific isoforms, we elucidate the mechanism underpinning the selective inhibition of HDAC6/8 inhibitors through in-silico strategies. The hydrogen bonding interaction with Asp101 and Tyr306 is a key factor that enables compound 12b to selectively inhibit HDAC8. Its favorable spatial orientation places the Cap group of 12b between Tyr306 and Tyr100, resulting in an overall L-shaped conformation. These two factors significantly contribute to the selective inhibitory activity of 12b against HDAC8. The zinc binding group (ZBG) of compound NN-390 forms a hydrogen bond with His610, a key residue of HDAC6, facilitating stable chelation with zinc ions. In addition, the Cap group of NN-390 interacts with Phe620 and Phe680 via van der Waals forces, leading to an overall Y-shaped conformation. The aforementioned factors are the main reasons for the selective inhibition of HDAC6 by NN-390. Furthermore, whether the Cap group is in the para or meta-position will influence the selective inhibition of either HDAC6 or HDAC8. We believe these clues can offer valuable insights for the rational design of selective inhibitors targeting HDAC6/8 and pave the way for rational design of dual-target HDAC6/8-based inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Leifu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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8
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Yu S, Liu M, Han J, Sun B. Construction and Evaluation of Novel Dual-function Antifungal Inhibitors and Covalent Organic Framework Carriers Based on the Infection Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13838-13857. [PMID: 37752076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PD-L1 and CYP51 were selected as key dual-target enzymes, which play an important role in the process of fungal proliferation and immune suppression. A series of novel bifonazole dual-target compounds were designed through the method of fragment combination. Their chemical structure was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, the compounds (10c-1, 14a-2, 17c-2) exhibited excellent antifungal and antidrug-resistant fungal activity in vitro. In particular, the preferred compound 14a-2 with high-efficiency dual-target inhibitor ability could block the fungal proliferation and activate the organism's immune efficacy. Moreover, the corresponding covalent organic framework carrier was also successfully constructed to improve its bioavailability. This significantly accelerated the body's recovery process from fungal infection in vivo. In summary, this study expanded the scientific frontier of antifungal drugs and provided a feasible candidate pathway for clinical treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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9
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Sun B, Liu W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Yu S, Liu M, Han J. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Dual-Target Inhibitors with Antifungal and Immunoregulatory Properties. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13007-13027. [PMID: 37705322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Dual-target (CYP51/PD-L1) plays an important role in the process of fungal proliferation and immune suppression. A series of novel quinazoline compounds with dual-target inhibition function was constructed using the skeleton growth method, and their structures were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. Among them, the perfected compounds (L11, L20, L21) were selected for further study, which exhibited remarkable biological activity against different fungal strains (MIC50, 0.25-2.0 μg/mL) in vitro. On the one hand, these compounds inhibited CYP51 activity, induced ROS aggregation, and mitochondrial damage; this ultimately caused fungal lysis and death. On the other hand, they also effectively activated the body's immune ability by blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1, slowed down the inflammatory reaction, and accelerated the recovery process of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
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