1
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Yao H, Ren Y, Wu F, Liu J, Li J, Cao L, Yan M, Li X. Discovery of new cyclopropane sulfonamide derivatives as EGFR inhibitors to overcome C797S-mediated resistance and EGFR double mutation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116590. [PMID: 38908104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The C797S mutation of EGFR leads to Osimertinib resistance by blocking the covalent binding of Cys797. To develop new agents that can overcome EGFR mutation resistance, thirty seven new cyclopropane sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S or EGFRDel19/T790M/C797S inhibitors by structure-based screening. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibit good to excellent anti proliferation activity against to BaF3-EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and BaF3-C797S/Del19/T790M cancer cell lines. Representative compounds 8l showed inhibitory activity against the two cancer cell lines with the IC50 values of 0.0012 and 0.0013 μM, respectively. Another compound 8h, exhibited slightly lower activity (0.0042 and 0.0034 μM of the IC50 values) to both of the two tri-mutation cell lines, but excellent activities against H1975 and PC9 cells with IC50 values of 13 and 19 nM, respectively. Considering the acquired drug resistance of tumors is a gradual process, we chose 8h for further in vivo and mechanism study. 8h was demonstrated significantly inhibited tumor growth with 72.1 % of the TGI in the BaF3/EGFR-TM xenograft tumor model and 83.5 % in the H1975-DM xenograft tumor model. Compound 8h was confirmed to be safe with no significant side effects as showed by the results of in vitro assay of human normal cells and the sections of animals major organs. Mechanism studies showed that in addition to inhibiting EGFR mutations, 8h can also target the tumor microenvironment and induce tumor cell apoptosis. All these results indicate that 8h deserves further investigation as an EGFR inhibitor to overcome C797S-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou, 510990, PR China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiadai Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou, 510990, PR China
| | - Jianheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Longcai Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou, 510990, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xingshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou, 510990, PR China.
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2
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Liu J, Nie W, Nie H, Yao H, Ren Y, Cao L, Qiu J, Wang M, Li X, An B, Jia X. The new N 2, N 4-diphenylpyridine-2,4-diamine deuterated derivatives as EGFR inhibitors to overcome C797S-mediated resistance. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107313. [PMID: 38554675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of new deuterated and non-deuterated N2, N4-diphenylpyridine - 2,4-diamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as EGFR C797S-mediated resistance inhibitors. Most of these compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against Baf3-EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and Baf3-EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S cancel cell lines, with IC50 values in the nanomolar concentration range. Among them, compound 14l represented the most active compound with IC50 values of 8-11 nM. Interestingly, metabolic stability assay with rat liver microsomes indicated that the half-life of the deuterated derivative 14o was significantly increased compared to that of 14l. In xenograft mice models, 14o inhibited tumor growth with excellent inhibitory rate of 75.1 % at the dosage of 40 mg/kg, comparing 73.2 % of the TGI with its non-deuterated compound 14l, at a dosage of 80 mg/kg. Mechanism studies revealed that 14o was a potent EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S kinase inhibitor, which could downregulate the protein phosphorylation of EGFR and m-TOR signaling pathways, arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase by affecting the expression of CDC25C, and promote cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3. In summary, 14o could serve as a promising deuterated compound for the development of highly efficient anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wenyan Nie
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Haoran Nie
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Han Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou 510990, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou 510990, PR China
| | - Longcai Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xingshu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangzhou 510990, PR China
| | - Baijiao An
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
| | - Xian Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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3
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Zhu Y, Ye X, Wu Y, Shen H, Cai Z, Xia F, Min W, Hou Y, Wang L, Wang X, Xiao Y, Yang P. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel EGFR PROTACs Targeting C797S Mutation. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38676656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tertiary C797S mutation is an important cause of resistance to Osimertinib, which seriously hinders the clinical application of Osimertinib. Developing proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) targeting EGFR mutants can offer a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance. In this study, some novel PROTACs targeting C797S mutation were designed and synthesized based on a new EGFR inhibitor and displayed a potent degradation effect in H1975-TM cells harboring EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S. The representative compound C6 exhibited a DC50 of 10.2 nM against EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S and an IC50 of 10.3 nM against H1975-TM. Furthermore, C6 also showed potent degradation activity against various main EGFR mutants, including EGFRDel19/T790M/C797S. Mechanistic studies revealed that the protein degradation was achieved through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, C6 inhibited tumor growth in the H1975-TM xenograft tumor model effectively and safely. This study identifies a novel and potent EGFR PROTAC to overcome Osimertinib resistance mediated by C797S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiuquan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zeyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yibei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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4
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Zuo Y, Long Z, Li R, Le Y, Zhang S, He H, Yan L. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of 4-arylamine substituted pyrimidine derivatives as noncovalent EGFR inhibitors overcoming C797S mutation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116106. [PMID: 38169271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Clinical researches have shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key target for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many EGFR inhibitors were successfully developed as ani-tumor drugs to treat NSCLC patients. Unfortunately, drug resistances were found in clinic. To overcome C797S mutation in EGFR, a novel series of 4-arylamine substituted pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized under the principle of structure-based drug design. Interestingly, compounds 6e and 9i demonstrated the best anti-proliferative activity against A549, NCI-H1975, and HCC827 cells. In particular, the IC50 values against HCC827 cells reached to 24.6 nM and 31.6 nM, which were much lower than human normal cells 2BS and LO2. Furthermore, compounds 6e and 9i showed extraordinary activity against EGFR19del/T790M/C797S (IC50 = 16.06 nM and 37.95 nM) and EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S (IC50 = 11.81 nM and 26.68 nM), which were potent than Osimertinib (IC50 = 52.28 nM and 157.60 nM). Further studies have shown that compounds 6e and 9i could pertain inhibition of HCC827 colony formation, and arrest HCC827 cells at G2/M phase. Moreover, the most promising compound 6e could inhibit the migration of HCC827 cells, induce HCC827 cells apoptosis, and significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT and Erk1/2. In vivo xenograft mouse model with HCC827 cells, compound 6e resulted in remarkable tumor regression without obvious toxicity. In addition, molecular docking studies suggested that compound 6e could firmly combine with T790M-mutant, T790 M/C797S-mutant, and L858R/T790 M/C797S-mutant EGFR kinases as ATP-competitive inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiwu Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Silong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Longjia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China.
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5
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Hu L, Shi S, Song X, Ma F, Ji O, Qi B. Identification of novel aminopyrimidine derivatives for the treatment of mutant NSCLC. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116074. [PMID: 38142512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the binding mode of allosteric EGFR inhibitor JBJ-04-125-02 and the key pharmacophore of the third-generation EGFR inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a novel series of EGFR inhibitors, represented by (R)-N-(4-((2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-2-(5-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetamide (6q). Docking study demonstrated that top compound 6q spanned orthosteric and allosteric sites of EGFR, and formed three key H-bonds with the residues Asp855, Lys745, and Met793 located in two sites. Biological evaluation indicated that compound 6q showed potential inhibitory activity against Ba/F3-EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S and Ba/F3-EGFRDel19/T790M/C797S cells, with IC50 values of 0.42 μM and 0.41 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 6q showed excellent activity against mutant NSCLC cell line NCI-H1975-EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S cells, with IC50 value of 0.82 μM which was superior to that of osimertinib (IC50 = 2.94 μM), JBJ-04-125-02 (IC50 = 3.66 μM), and coadministration of JBJ-04-125-02 and osimertinib (IC50 = 1.25 μM). Cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis assay indicated that compound 6q could promote apoptosis of NCI-H1975-EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S cells at the concentration of 0.8 μM and no obvious cell cycle arrest was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hu
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Shengmin Shi
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fangli Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Oulian Ji
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Baohui Qi
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis&Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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6
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Xi XX, Zhao HY, Mao YZ, Xin M, Zhang SQ. Modification of osimertinib to discover new potent EGFR C797S-TK inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115865. [PMID: 37839342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The EGFRC797S mutation is a dominant mechanism of acquired resistance after the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with osimertinib in clinic. To date, there is no inhibitor approved to overcome the resistance caused by osimertinib. In this study, a series of compounds with phenylamino-pyrimidine scaffold deriving from osimertinib were designed, synthesized and evaluated as fourth-generation EGFRC797S-TK inhibitors. Consequently, compound Os30 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both EGFRDel19/T790M/C797S TK and EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S TK with IC50 values of 18 nM and 113 nM, respectively. Moreover, Os30 can powerfully inhibit the proliferation of KC-0116 (BaF3-EGFRDel19/T790M/C797S) and KC-0122 (BaF3-EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S) cells. In addition, Os30 can suppress EGFR phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner in KC-0116 cells, arrest KC-0116 cells at G1 phase and induce the apoptosis of KC-0116 cells. More importantly, Os30 showed potent antitumor efficacy in the KC-0116 cells xenograft nude mice tumor model with the tumor growth inhibitory rate of 77.6% at a dosage of 40 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate that modification of osimertinib can discover new potent EGFRC797S-TK inhibitors, and compound Os30 is a potent fourth-generation EGFR inhibitor to treat NSCLC with EGFmRC797S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Xi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Hong-Yi Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yu-Ze Mao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - San-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.
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Sakanyan V, Iradyan N, Alves de Sousa R. Targeted Strategies for Degradation of Key Transmembrane Proteins in Cancer. BIOTECH 2023; 12:57. [PMID: 37754201 PMCID: PMC10526213 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is an attractive technology for cancer treatment due to its ability to overcome the unpredictability of the small molecule inhibitors that cause resistance mutations. In recent years, various targeted protein degradation strategies have been developed based on the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the cytoplasm or the autophagy-lysosomal system during endocytosis. In this review, we describe and compare technologies for the targeted inhibition and targeted degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), one of the major proteins responsible for the onset and progression of many types of cancer. In addition, we develop an alternative strategy, called alloAUTO, based on the binding of new heterocyclic compounds to an allosteric site located in close proximity to the EGFR catalytic site. These compounds cause the targeted degradation of the transmembrane receptor, simultaneously activating both systems of protein degradation in cells. Damage to the EGFR signaling pathways promotes the inactivation of Bim sensor protein phosphorylation, which leads to the disintegration of the cytoskeleton, followed by the detachment of cancer cells from the extracellular matrix, and, ultimately, to cancer cell death. This hallmark of targeted cancer cell death suggests an advantage over other targeted protein degradation strategies, namely, the fewer cancer cells that survive mean fewer chemotherapy-resistant mutants appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehary Sakanyan
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
- ProtNeteomix, 29 rue de Provence, 44700 Orvault, France
| | - Nina Iradyan
- Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry after A. Mnjoyan, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia;
| | - Rodolphe Alves de Sousa
- Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8601, CBMIT, 75006 Paris, France;
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