1
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Scheuerer S, Motlova L, Schäker-Hübner L, Sellmer A, Feller F, Ertl FJ, Koch P, Hansen FK, Barinka C, Mahboobi S. Biological and structural investigation of tetrahydro-β-carboline-based selective HDAC6 inhibitors with improved stability. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116676. [PMID: 39067437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Our previously reported HDAC6 inhibitor (HDAC6i) Marbostat-100 (4) has provided many arguments for further clinical evaluation. By the substitution of the acidic hydrogen of 4 for different carbon residues, we were able to generate an all-carbon stereocenter, which significantly improves the hydrolytic stability of the inhibitor. Further asymmetric synthesis has shown that the (S)-configured inhibitors preferentially bind to HDAC6. This led to the highly selective and potent methyl-substituted derivative S-29b, which elicited a long-lasting tubulin hyperacetylation in MV4-11 cells. Finally, a crystal structure of the HDAC6/S-29b complex provided mechanistic explanation for the high potency and stereoselectivity of synthesized compound series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Scheuerer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Motlova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Schäker-Hübner
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Sellmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Feller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian J Ertl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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2
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Tretbar M, Schliehe-Diecks J, von Bredow L, Tan K, Roatsch M, Tu JW, Kemkes M, Sönnichsen M, Schöler A, Borkhardt A, Bhatia S, Hansen FK. Preferential HDAC6 inhibitors derived from HPOB exhibit synergistic antileukemia activity in combination with decitabine. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116447. [PMID: 38714044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an emerging drug target to treat oncological and non-oncological conditions. Since highly selective HDAC6 inhibitors display limited anticancer activity when used as single agent, they usually require combination therapies with other chemotherapeutics. In this work, we synthesized a mini library of analogues of the preferential HDAC6 inhibitor HPOB in only two steps via an Ugi four-component reaction as the key step. Biochemical HDAC inhibition and cell viability assays led to the identification of 1g (highest antileukemic activity) and 2b (highest HDAC6 inhibition) as hit compounds. In subsequent combination screens, both 1g and especially 2b showed synergy with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our findings highlight the potential of combining HDAC6 inhibitors with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as a strategy to improve AML treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Tretbar
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas von Bredow
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Roatsch
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jia-Wey Tu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Kemkes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melf Sönnichsen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Cellupica E, Gaiassi A, Rocchio I, Rovelli G, Pomarico R, Sandrone G, Caprini G, Cordella P, Cukier C, Fossati G, Marchini M, Bebel A, Airoldi C, Palmioli A, Stevenazzi A, Steinkühler C, Vergani B. Mechanistic and Structural Insights on Difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole Inhibitors of HDAC6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5885. [PMID: 38892072 PMCID: PMC11172862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is increasingly recognized for its potential in targeted disease therapy. This study delves into the mechanistic and structural nuances of HDAC6 inhibition by difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DFMO) derivatives, a class of non-hydroxamic inhibitors with remarkable selectivity and potency. Employing a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) kinetic experiments, comprehensive enzymatic characterizations, and X-ray crystallography, we dissect the intricate details of the DFMO-HDAC6 interaction dynamics. More specifically, we find that the chemical structure of a DMFO and the binding mode of its difluoroacetylhydrazide derivative are crucial in determining the predominant hydrolysis mechanism. Our findings provide additional insights into two different mechanisms of DFMO hydrolysis, thus contributing to a better understanding of the HDAC6 inhibition by oxadiazoles in disease modulation and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cellupica
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Aureliano Gaiassi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Ilaria Rocchio
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Grazia Rovelli
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Roberta Pomarico
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Paola Cordella
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Cyprian Cukier
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., 30-394 Kraków, Poland; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Mattia Marchini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Bebel
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., 30-394 Kraków, Poland; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Palmioli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
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4
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Kopranovic A, Meyer-Almes FJ. Rapid Determination of Kinetic Constants for Slow-Binding Inhibitors and Inactivators of Human Histone Deacetylase 8. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5593. [PMID: 38891780 PMCID: PMC11171933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of drug binding to its target are critical to pharmacological efficacy. A high throughput (HTS) screen often results in hundreds of hits, of which usually only simple IC50 values are determined during reconfirmation. However, kinetic parameters such as residence time for reversible inhibitors and the kinact/KI ratio, which is the critical measure for evaluating covalent inactivators, are early predictive measures to assess the chances of success of the hits in the clinic. Using the promising cancer target human histone deacetylase 8 as an example, we present a robust method that calculates concentration-dependent apparent rate constants for the inhibition or inactivation of HDAC8 from dose-response curves recorded after different pre-incubation times. With these data, hit compounds can be classified according to their mechanism of action, and the relevant kinetic parameters can be calculated in a highly parallel fashion. HDAC8 inhibitors with known modes of action were correctly assigned to their mechanism, and the binding mechanisms of some hits from an internal HDAC8 screening campaign were newly determined. The oxonitriles SVE04 and SVE27 were classified as fast reversible HDAC8 inhibitors with moderate time-constant IC50 values of 4.2 and 2.6 µM, respectively. The hit compound TJ-19-24 and SAH03 behave like slow two-step inactivators or reversible inhibitors, with a very low reverse isomerization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Christianson DW. Chemical Versatility in Catalysis and Inhibition of the Class IIb Histone Deacetylases. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1135-1148. [PMID: 38530703 PMCID: PMC11021156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs 1-11) belong to the arginase-deacetylase superfamily of proteins, members of which share a common α/β fold and catalytic metal binding site. While several HDACs play a role in epigenetic regulation by catalyzing acetyllysine hydrolysis in histone proteins, the biological activities of HDACs extend far beyond histones. HDACs also deacetylate nonhistone proteins in the nucleus as well as the cytosol to regulate myriad cellular processes. The substrate pool is even more diverse in that certain HDACs can hydrolyze other covalent modifications. For example, HDAC6 is also a lysine decrotonylase, and HDAC11 is a lysine-fatty acid deacylase. Surprisingly, HDAC10 is not a lysine deacetylase but instead is a polyamine deacetylase. Thus, the HDACs are biologically and chemically versatile catalysts as they regulate the function of diverse protein and nonprotein substrates throughout the cell.Owing to their critical regulatory functions, HDACs serve as prominent targets for drug design. At present, four HDAC inhibitors are FDA-approved for cancer chemotherapy. However, these inhibitors are active against multiple HDAC isozymes, and a lack of selectivity is thought to contribute to undesirable side effects. Current medicinal chemistry campaigns focus on the development of isozyme-selective inhibitors, and many such studies largely focus on HDAC6 and HDAC10. HDAC6 is a target for therapeutic intervention due to its cellular role as a tubulin deacetylase and tau deacetylase, and selective inhibitors are being studied in cancer chemotherapy and the treatment of peripheral neuropathy. Crystal structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes reveal how various features of inhibitor design, such as zinc-coordinating groups, bifurcated capping groups, and aromatic fluorination patterns, contribute to affinity and isozyme selectivity. The polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 is also an emerging target for cancer chemotherapy. Crystal structures of intact substrates trapped in the HDAC10 active site reveal the molecular basis of strikingly narrow substrate specificity for N8-acetylspermidine hydrolysis. Active site features responsible for substrate specificity have been successfully exploited in the design of potent and selective inhibitors.In this Account, I review the structural chemistry and inhibition of HDACs, highlighting recent X-ray crystallographic and functional studies of HDAC6 and HDAC10 in my laboratory. These studies have yielded fascinating snapshots of catalysis as well as novel chemical transformations involving bound inhibitors. The zinc-bound water molecule in the HDAC active site is the catalytic nucleophile in the deacetylation reaction, but this activated water molecule can also react with inhibitor C═O or C═N groups to yield unanticipated reaction products that bind exceptionally tightly. Versatile active site chemistry unleashes the full inhibitory potential of such compounds, and X-ray crystallography allows us to view this chemistry in action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323, USA
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6
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Feller F, Hansen FK. Targeted Protein Degradation of Histone Deacetylases by Hydrophobically Tagged Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1863-1868. [PMID: 38116436 PMCID: PMC10726458 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in alternative strategies for targeted protein degradation. In this work, we present the development of histone deacetylase (HDAC) degraders based on hydrophobic tagging technology. To this end, a library of hydrophobically tagged HDAC inhibitors was synthesized via efficient solid-phase protocols utilizing pre-loaded resins. The subsequent biological evaluation led to the identification of our best degrader, 1a, which significantly decreased HDAC1 levels in MM.1S multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Ripa L, Sandmark J, Hughes G, Shamovsky I, Gunnarsson A, Johansson J, Llinas A, Collins M, Jung B, Novén A, Pemberton N, Mogemark M, Xiong Y, Li Q, Tångefjord S, Ek M, Åstrand A. Selective and Bioavailable HDAC6 2-(Difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Substrate Inhibitors and Modeling of Their Bioactivation Mechanism. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14188-14207. [PMID: 37797307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family mainly targeting cytosolic nonhistone substrates, such as α-tubulin, cortactin, and heat shock protein 90 to regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and mitosis in tumors. We describe the identification and characterization of a series of 2-(difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (DFMOs) as selective nonhydroxamic acid HDAC6 inhibitors. By comparing structure-activity relationships and performing quantum mechanical calculations of the HDAC6 catalytic mechanism, we show that potent oxadiazoles are electrophilic substrates of HDAC6 and propose a mechanism for the bioactivation. We also observe that the inherent electrophilicity of the oxadiazoles makes them prone to degradation in water solution and the generation of potentially toxic products cannot be ruled out, limiting the developability for chronic diseases. However, the oxadiazoles demonstrate high oral bioavailability and low in vivo clearance and are excellent tools for studying the role of HDAC6 in vitro and in vivo in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Glyn Hughes
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julia Johansson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Antonio Llinas
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mia Collins
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bomi Jung
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Novén
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nils Pemberton
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mickael Mogemark
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Stefan Tångefjord
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ek
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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