1
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Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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2
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Leshabane M, Dziwornu GA, Coertzen D, Reader J, Moyo P, van der Watt M, Chisanga K, Nsanzubuhoro C, Ferger R, Erlank E, Venter N, Koekemoer L, Chibale K, Birkholtz LM. Benzimidazole Derivatives Are Potent against Multiple Life Cycle Stages of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1945-1955. [PMID: 33673735 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of resistance to front-line antimalarial treatments is of great concern. Therefore, new compounds that potentially have a novel target in various developmental stages of Plasmodium parasites are needed to treat patients and halt the spread of malaria. Here, several benzimidazole derivatives were screened for activity against the symptom-causing intraerythrocytic asexual blood stages and the transmissible gametocyte stages of P. falciparum. Submicromolar activity was obtained for 54 compounds against asexual blood stage parasites with 6 potent at IC50 < 100 nM while not displaying any marked toxicity against mammalian cells. Nanomolar potency was also observed against gametocytes with two compounds active against early stage gametocytes and two compounds active against late-stage gametocytes. The transmission-blocking potential of the latter was confirmed as they could prevent male gamete exflagellation and the lead compound reduced transmission by 72% in an in vivo mosquito feeding model. These compounds therefore have activity against multiple stages of Plasmodium parasites with potential for differential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Leshabane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Phanankosi Moyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chisanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Richard Ferger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Erica Erlank
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Nelius Venter
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lizette Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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3
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Discovery and development of 2-aminobenzimidazoles as potent antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113518. [PMID: 34058708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to frontline antimalarials, including artemisinin combination therapies, highlights the need for new molecules that act via novel mechanisms of action. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and antimalarial activity of a series of 2-aminobenzimidazoles, featuring a phenol moiety that is crucial to the pharmacophore. Two potent molecules exhibited IC50 values against P. falciparum 3D7 strain of 42 ± 4 (3c) and 43 ± 2 nM (3g), and high potency against strains resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), artemisinin (Cam3.IIC580Y) and PfATP4 inhibitors (SJ557733), while demonstrating no cytotoxicity against human cells (HEK293, IC50 > 50 μM). The most potent molecule, possessing a 4,5-dimethyl substituted phenol (3r) displayed an IC50 value of 6.4 ± 0.5 nM against P. falciparum 3D7, representing a 12-fold increase in activity from the parent molecule. The 2-aminobenzimidazoles containing a N1-substituted phenol represent a new class of molecules that have high potency in vitro against P. falciparum malaria and low cytotoxicity. They possessed attractive pharmaceutical properties, including low molecular weight, high ligand efficiency, high solubility, synthetic tractability and low in vitro clearance in human liver microsomes.
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4
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Dziwornu GA, Coertzen D, Leshabane M, Korkor CM, Cloete CK, Njoroge M, Gibhard L, Lawrence N, Reader J, van der Watt M, Wittlin S, Birkholtz LM, Chibale K. Antimalarial Benzimidazole Derivatives Incorporating Phenolic Mannich Base Side Chains Inhibit Microtubule and Hemozoin Formation: Structure-Activity Relationship and In Vivo Oral Efficacy Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5198-5215. [PMID: 33844521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of antimalarial benzimidazole derivatives incorporating phenolic Mannich base side chains at the C2 position, which possess dual asexual blood and sexual stage activities, is presented. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the 1-benzylbenzimidazole analogues possessed submicromolar asexual blood and sexual stage activities in contrast to the 1H-benzimidazole analogues, which were only active against asexual blood stage (ABS) parasites. Further, the former demonstrated microtubule inhibitory activity in ABS parasites but more significantly in stage II/III gametocytes. In addition to being bona fide inhibitors of hemozoin formation, the 1H-benzimidazole analogues also showed inhibitory effects on microtubules. In vivo efficacy studies in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice revealed that the frontrunner compound 41 exhibited high efficacy (98% reduction in parasitemia) when dosed orally at 4 × 50 mg/kg. Generally, the compounds were noncytotoxic to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Meta Leshabane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Constance M Korkor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Cleavon K Cloete
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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5
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Mueller R, Reddy V, Nchinda AT, Mebrahtu F, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Tanner L, Barnabe M, Eyermann CJ, Zou B, Kondreddi RR, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Street LJ, Chibale K. Lerisetron Analogues with Antimalarial Properties: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Biological Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6967-6982. [PMID: 32258933 PMCID: PMC7114883 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screen against the asexual blood and liver stages of the malaria parasite identified a benzimidazole chemical series. Among the hits were the antiemetic benzimidazole drug Lerisetron 1 (IC50 NF54 = 0.81 μM) and its methyl-substituted analogue 2 (IC50 NF54 = 0.098 μM). A medicinal chemistry hit to lead effort led to the identification of chloro-substituted analogue 3 with high potency against the drug-sensitive NF54 (IC50 NF54 = 0.062 μM) and multidrug-resistant K1 (IC50 K1 = 0.054 μM) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 2 and 3 gratifyingly showed in vivo efficacy in both Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum mouse models of malaria. Cardiotoxicity risk as expressed in strong inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel was identified as a major liability to address. This led to the synthesis and biological assessment of around 60 analogues from which several compounds with improved antiplasmodial potency, relative to the lead compound 3, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Mueller
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Fanuel Mebrahtu
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Marine Barnabe
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bin Zou
- Shanghai
Blueray Biopharma Co. LTD, Block 3, 576 Libing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201301, China
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- PJS
Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Plot
No. 103/1, Phase II, IDA Cherlapally, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis
Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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6
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Cruz A, Martínez IIP, Ramos-Organillo AA. Methods to Access 2-aminobenzimidazoles of Medicinal Importance. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191023150201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Benzimidazole (BI) and derivatives are interesting because several of these compounds have been found to have a diversity of biological activities with clinical applications. In view of their importance, the synthesis of BI and its derivatives is still considered as a challenge for synthetic chemists. Examples of compounds used in medicinal chemistry containing BI, as important nucleus, are Astemizole (antihistaminic), Omeprazole (antiulcerative) and Rabendazole (fungicide), some of these compounds have the 2- aminobenzimidazole (2ABI) as base nucleus. The structure of 2ABI derivatives contains a cyclic guanidine moiety, which is interesting because of its free lone pairs, labile hydrogen atoms and planar delocalized structure. The delocalized 10-π electron system and the extension of the electron conjugation with the exocyclic amino group, in 2ABI, making these heterocycles to have amphoteric character. The 2ABI has been used as building blocks for the synthesis of several BI derivatives as medicinally important molecules. On these bases, herein, we present a bibliographic review concerning the recent methodologies used in the synthesis of 2ABIs, including the substituted ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cruz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México, D. F, 07340, Mexico
| | - Itzia I. Padilla Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México, D. F, 07340, Mexico
| | - Angel A. Ramos-Organillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km 9 Carr. Colima- Coquimatlán, 28400, Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
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7
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Attram HD, Wittlin S, Chibale K. Incorporation of an intramolecular hydrogen bonding motif in the side chain of antimalarial benzimidazoles. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:450-455. [PMID: 31015908 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00608c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of a novel class of benzimidazoles with an intramolecular hydrogen bonding motif have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodium activity against chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and multi-drug resistant (K1) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds were also screened for their cytotoxicity towards a mammalian Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cell line. Most of the compounds exhibited good antiplasmodium activity (PfNF54 IC50 <1 μM) and were relatively noncytotoxic. Moreover, towards establishing the possible mode of action of these molecules, inhibition of beta-hematin formation was investigated and two compounds were found to be inhibitors. Single crystal X-ray data confirmed the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta D Attram
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa . ; ; Tel: +27 21 6502553
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57 , 4002 Basel , Switzerland.,University of Basel , 4003 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa . ; ; Tel: +27 21 6502553.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit , Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa
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8
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Moreno-Sabater A, Pérignon JL, Mazier D, Lavazec C, Soulard V. Humanized mouse models infected with human Plasmodium species for antimalarial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:131-140. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Est - Site Saint-Antoine, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | | | - Dominique Mazier
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Institut Cochin – INSERM U1016, Paris, Île-de-France France
- CNRS - UMR8104, Paris, France
- Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Valerie Soulard
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
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9
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Sandoval E, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Almela MJ, Castañeda P, Jiménez Díaz MB, Martínez-Martínez MS, Vidal J, Angulo-Barturen Í, Bamborough P, Burrows J, Cammack N, Chaparro MJ, Coterón JM, de Cozar C, Crespo B, Díaz B, Drewes G, Fernández E, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Fraile MT, Gamo FJ, Ghidelli-Disse S, Gómez R, Haselden J, Huss S, León ML, de Mercado J, Macdonald SJF, Martín Hernando JI, Prats S, Puente M, Rodríguez A, de la Rosa JC, Rueda L, Selenski C, Willis P, Wilson DM, Witty M, Calderón F. The Discovery of Novel Antimalarial Aminoxadiazoles as a Promising Nonendoperoxide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6880-6896. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sandoval
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María J. Almela
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Castañeda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez Díaz
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María S. Martínez-Martínez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Vidal
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Bamborough
- Medicines
Research Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Cammack
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Chaparro
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Coterón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina de Cozar
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díaz
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome
GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Fernández
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer-Bazaga
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fraile
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gamo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Gómez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Haselden
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Huss
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa León
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime de Mercado
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Medicines
Research Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - José Ignacio Martín Hernando
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Prats
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Puente
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Rodríguez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. de la Rosa
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn Selenski
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David M. Wilson
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Witty
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Singh K, Okombo J, Brunschwig C, Ndubi F, Barnard L, Wilkinson C, Njogu PM, Njoroge M, Laing L, Machado M, Prudêncio M, Reader J, Botha M, Nondaba S, Birkholtz LM, Lauterbach S, Churchyard A, Coetzer TL, Burrows JN, Yeates C, Denti P, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Chibale K. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: Lead Optimization, Parasite Life Cycle Stage Profile, Mechanistic Evaluation, Killing Kinetics, and in Vivo Oral Efficacy in a Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1432-1448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry
and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ferdinand Ndubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Chad Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter M. Njogu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Marta Machado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariette Botha
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe Nondaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable
Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sonja Lauterbach
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alisje Churchyard
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Theresa L. Coetzer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clive Yeates
- Inpharma Consultancy, 6 Dudley Hill Close, Welwyn, Hertfordshire AL60QQ, U.K
| | - Paolo Denti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry
and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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11
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Akhtar W, Khan MF, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Rizvi MA, Mehdi SH, Akhter M, Alam MM. Therapeutic evolution of benzimidazole derivatives in the last quinquennial period. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:705-753. [PMID: 27951484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole, a fused heterocycle bearing benzene and imidazole has gained considerable attention in the field of contemporary medicinal chemistry. The moiety is of substantial importance because of its wide array of pharmacological activities. This nitrogen containing heterocycle is a part of a number of therapeutically used agents. Moreover, a number of patents concerning this moiety in the last few years further highlight its worth. The present review covers the recent work published by scientists across the globe during last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Garima Verma
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M A Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Syed Hassan Mehdi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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