1
|
Meur S, Karati D. Fyn Kinase in Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2. [PMID: 38890236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates and neuronal damage in the brain, leads to a gradual decline in cognitive function and memory. As a complex neurodegenerative disorder, it involves disruptions in various biochemical pathways and neurotransmitter systems, contributing to the progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connections. The complexity of Alzheimer's signaling pathways complicates treatment, presenting a formidable challenge in the quest for effective therapeutic interventions. A member of the Src family of kinases (SFKs), Fyn, is a type of non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been linked to multiple essential CNS processes, such as myelination and synaptic transmission. Fyn is an appealing target for AD treatments because it is uniquely linked to the two major pathologies in AD by its interaction with tau, in addition to being activated by amyloid-beta (Aβ) through PrPC. Fyn mediates neurotoxicity and synaptic impairments caused by Aβ and is involved in regulating the process of Aβ synthesis.Additionally, the tau protein's tyrosine phosphorylation is induced by Fyn. Fyn is also a challenging target because of its widespread body expression and strong homology with other kinases of the Src family, which could cause unintentional off-target effects. This review emphasizes signaling pathways mediated by Fyn that govern neuronal development and plasticity while also summarizing the most noteworthy recent research relevant to Fyn kinase's function in the brain. Additionally, the therapeutic inhibition of Fyn kinase has been discussed, with a focus on the Fyn kinase inhibitors that are in clinical trials, which presents a fascinating opportunity for targeting Fyn kinase in the creation of possible therapeutic approaches for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Meur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scarano N, Abbotto E, Musumeci F, Salis A, Brullo C, Fossa P, Schenone S, Bruzzone S, Cichero E. Virtual Screening Combined with Enzymatic Assays to Guide the Discovery of Novel SIRT2 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119363. [PMID: 37298312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin isoform 2 (SIRT2) is one of the seven sirtuin isoforms present in humans, being classified as class III histone deacetylases (HDACs). Based on the high sequence similarity among SIRTs, the identification of isoform selective modulators represents a challenging task, especially for the high conservation observed in the catalytic site. Efforts in rationalizing selectivity based on key residues belonging to the SIRT2 enzyme were accompanied in 2015 by the publication of the first X-ray crystallographic structure of the potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitor SirReal2. The subsequent studies led to different experimental data regarding this protein in complex with further different chemo-types as SIRT2 inhibitors. Herein, we reported preliminary Structure-Based Virtual Screening (SBVS) studies using a commercially available library of compounds to identify novel scaffolds for the design of new SIRT2 inhibitors. Biochemical assays involving five selected compounds allowed us to highlight the most effective chemical features supporting the observed SIRT2 inhibitory ability. This information guided the following in silico evaluation and in vitro testing of further compounds from in-house libraries of pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives towards novel SIRT2 inhibitors (1-5). The final results indicated the effectiveness of this scaffold for the design of promising and selective SIRT2 inhibitors, featuring the highest inhibition among the tested compounds, and validating the applied strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Abbotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kilbile JT, Tamboli Y, Gadekar SS, Islam I, Supuran CT, Sapkal SB. An insight into the biological activity and structure-based drug design attributes of sulfonylpiperazine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
4
|
Sharma V, Gupta M. Designing of kinase hinge binders: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:968-980. [PMID: 35112799 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key regulators of cellular signaling and play a critical role in oncogenesis. Inhibitors of protein kinases are pursued by both industry and academia as a promising target for cancer therapy. Within the protein kinases, the ATP site has produced more than 40 FDA-approved drugs. The ATP site is broadly composed of a hinge region, gatekeeper residues, DFG-loop, ribose pocket, and other hydrophobic regions. The hinge region in the ATP site can be used for designing potent inhibitors. In this review, we discuss some representative studies that will highlight the interactions of heterocyclic compounds with hinge regions of different kinases like BRAF kinase, EGRF kinase, MAP kinase, and Mps1 kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,GreenLight Biosciences, Woburn, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ling X, Hao QQ, Pannecouque C, Clercq ED, Chen FE. Expansion of the S–CN-DABO scaffold to exploit the impact on inhibitory activities against the non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Li W, Zhang J, Wang M, Dong R, Zhou X, Zheng X, Sun L. Pyrimidine-fused Dinitrogenous Penta-heterocycles as a Privileged Scaffold for Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:284-304. [PMID: 35021973 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220111143949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine-fused derivatives that are the inextricable part of DNA and RNA play a key role in the normal life cycle of cells. Pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles including pyrazolopyrimidines and imidazopyrimidines is a special class of pyrimidine-fused compounds contributing to an important portion in anti-cancer drug discovery, which have been discovered as core structure for promising anti-cancer agents used in clinic or clinical evaluations. Pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles have become one privileged scaffold for anti-cancer drug discovery. This review consists of the recent progress of pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles as anti-cancer agents and their synthetic strategies. In addition, this review also summarizes some key structure-activity relationships (SARs) of pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycle derivatives as anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ru Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Liping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marotta G, Basagni F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Role of Fyn Kinase Inhibitors in Switching Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:4738-4755. [PMID: 34939537 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211221153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fyn kinase is a member of the Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase family. Fyn is involved in multiple signaling pathways extending from cell proliferation and differentiation to cell adhesion and cell motility, and it has been found to be overexpressed in various types of cancers. In the central nervous system, Fyn exerts several different functions such as axon-glial signal transduction, oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, and it is implicated in neuroinflammatory processes. Based on these premises, Fyn emerges as an attractive target in cancer and neurodegenerative disease therapy, particularly Alzheimer disease (AD), based on its activation by Aβ via cellular prion protein and its interaction with tau protein. However, Fyn is also a challenging target since the Fyn inhibitors discovered so far, due to the relevant homology of Fyn with other kinases, suffer from off-target effects. This review covers the efforts performed in the last decade to identify and optimize small molecules that effectively inhibit Fyn, both in enzymatic and in cell assays, including drug repositioning practices, as an opportunity of therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Marotta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126-Bologna. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morand S, Jubault P, Bouillon JP, Couve-Bonnaire S. gem-Heteroatom-Substituted Fluoroalkenes as Mimics of Amide Derivatives or Phosphates: A Comprehensive Review. Chemistry 2021; 27:17273-17292. [PMID: 34533868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
gem-Heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes have received little attention despite their great potential in medicinal chemistry or in fine chemistry. Indeed, due to the electronic and steric similarity between the fluoroalkene moiety and the amide bond as well as the high strength of the carbon-fluorine bond, these gem-heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes could be envisioned as stable mimics of various important organic functions, such as phosphates, carbamates, S-thiocarbamates and ureas. We present herein an overview describing the syntheses over the last decade of heteroatom-substituted fluoroalkenes in geminal position. This review will be divided into several sections covering each the common following heteroatom: oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, phosphorus-, boron- and silicon-substituted fluoroalkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solène Morand
- Normandie Université INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Normandie Université INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A: Master Regulators in Neurodegenerative Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169098. [PMID: 34445804 PMCID: PMC8396491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) have been recognized as central nervous system (CNS)-disease-relevant targets due to their master regulatory role in different signal transduction cascades in the neuroscience space. Among them, GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A play a crucial role in the neurodegeneration context, and the deregulation of all three PKs has been linked to different CNS disorders with unmet medical needs, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and several neuromuscular disorders. The multifactorial nature of these diseases, along with the failure of many advanced CNS clinical trials, and the lengthy approval process of a novel CNS drug have strongly limited the CNS drug discovery. However, in the near-decade from 2010 to 2020, several computer-assisted drug design strategies have been combined with synthetic efforts to develop potent and selective GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A inhibitors as disease-modifying agents. In this review, we described both structural and functional aspects of GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A and their involvement and crosstalk in different CNS pathological signaling pathways. Moreover, we outlined attractive medicinal chemistry approaches including multi-target drug design strategies applied to overcome some limitations of known PKs inhibitors and discover improved modulators with suitable blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug-like properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives loaded into halloysite as potential CDK inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120281. [PMID: 33524522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation is a hallmark of cancer as a result of rapid and deregulated progression through the cell cycle. The inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) activities is a promising therapeutic strategy to block cell cycle of tumor cells. In this work we reported a new example of nanocomposites based on halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives (Si306 and Si113) as anticancer agents and CDK inhibitors. HNTs/Si306 and HNTs/Si113 nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized. The release kinetics were also investigated. Antitumoral activity was evaluated on three cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-231 and HCT116) and the effects on cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells were evaluated. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed of the complexes between Si113 or Si306 and the active site of both CDK 1 and 2.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hong WP, Shin I, Lim HN. Recent Advances in One-Pot Modular Synthesis of 2-Quinolones. Molecules 2020; 25:E5450. [PMID: 33233747 PMCID: PMC7699938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that 2-quinolones are broadly applicable chemical structures in medicinal and agrochemical research as well as various functional materials. A number of current publications about their synthesis and their applications emphasize the importance of these small molecules. The early synthetic chemistry originated from the same principle of the classical Friedländer and Knorr procedures for the preparation of quinolines. The analogous processes were developed by applying new synthetic tools such as novel catalysts, the microwave irradiation method, etc., whereas recent innovations in new bond forming reactions have allowed for novel strategies to construct the core structures of 2-quinolones beyond the bond disconnections based on two classical reactions. Over the last few decades, some reviews on structure-based, catalyst-based, and bioactivity-based studies have been released. In this focused review, we extensively surveyed recent examples of one-pot reactions, particularly in view of modular approaches. Thus, the contents are categorized as three major sections (two-, three-, and four-component reactions) according to the number of reagents that ultimately compose atoms of the core structures of 2-quinolones. The collected synthetic methods are discussed from the perspectives of strategy, efficiency, selectivity, and reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Pyo Hong
- School of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea;
| | - Inji Shin
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Lim
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Research Center, Therapeutics&Biotechnology Division, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pivotal Role of Fyn Kinase in Parkinson's Disease and Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia: a Novel Therapeutic Target? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1372-1391. [PMID: 33175322 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, although many cellular mechanisms including α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage, excessive neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis are implicated in its pathogenesis. There is still no disease-modifying treatment for PD and the gold standard therapy, chronic use of levodopa is usually accompanied by severe side effects, mainly levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Hence, the elucidation of the precise underlying molecular mechanisms is of paramount importance. Fyn is a tyrosine phospho-transferase of the Src family nonreceptor kinases that is highly implicated in immune regulation, cell proliferation and normal brain development. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the emerging role of Fyn in key aspects of PD and LID pathogenesis: it may regulate α-synuclein phosphorylation, oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal death, enhanced neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity by mediating key signaling pathways, such as BDNF/TrkB, PKCδ, MAPK, AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, and NMDAR axes. These findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of Fyn or Fyn-related pathways may represent a novel approach in PD treatment. Saracatinib, a nonselective Fyn inhibitor, has already been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, and novel selective Fyn inhibitors are under investigation. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent evidence on the role of Fyn in the pathogenesis of PD and LID and provide insights on additional Fyn-related molecular mechanisms to be explored in PD and LID pathology that could aid in the development of future Fyn-targeted therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
13
|
Caffeoyl-Prolyl-Histidine Amide Inhibits Fyn and Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Phenotypes via Suppression of NF-κB Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197160. [PMID: 32998341 PMCID: PMC7582254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is produced from a variety of plants and has diverse biological functions, including anti-inflammation activity. It has been recently demonstrated that caffeoyl-prolyl-histidine amide (CA-PH), which is CA conjugated with proline-histidine dipeptide, relieves atopic dermatitis (AD)-like phenotypes in mouse. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CA-PH-mediated alleviation of AD-like phenotypes using cell line and AD mouse models. We confirmed that CA-PH suppresses AD-like phenotypes, such as increased epidermal thickening, infiltration of mast cells, and dysregulated gene expression of cytokines. CA-PH suppressed up-regulation of cytokine expression through inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Using a CA-PH affinity pull-down assay, we found that CA-PH binds to Fyn. In silico molecular docking and enzyme kinetic studies revealed that CA-PH binds to the ATP binding site and inhibits Fyn competitively with ATP. CA-PH further suppressed spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)/inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase (IKK)/inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB) signaling, which is required for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. In addition, chronic application of CA-PH, in contrast with that of glucocorticoids, did not induce up-regulation of regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1), reduction of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, or skin atrophy. Thus, our study suggests that CA-PH treatment may help to reduce skin inflammation via down-regulation of NF-κB activation, and Fyn may be a new therapeutic target of inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Greco C, Taresco V, Pearce AK, Vasey CE, Smith S, Rahman R, Alexander C, Cavanagh RJ, Musumeci F, Schenone S. Development of Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Clinical Candidates for Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:657-663. [PMID: 32435367 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor. Residual cells at the tumor margin are responsible for up to 85% of GBM recurrences after standard treatment. Despite this evidence, the identification of compounds active on this cell population is still an underexplored field. Herein, starting from the knowledge that kinases are implicated in GBM, we evaluated three in-house pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines active as Src, Fyn, and SGK1 kinase inhibitors against patient derived cell lines from either the invasive region or contrast-enhanced core of GBM. We identified our Src inhibitor, SI306, as a promising lead compound for eradicating invasive GBM cells. Furthermore, aiming at the development of a feasible oral treatment for GBM, we performed a formulation study using 2D inkjet printing to generate soluble polymer-drug dispersions. Overall, this study led to the identification of a set of polymer-formulated pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine kinase inhibitors as promising candidates for GBM preclinical efficacy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Catherine E. Vasey
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Robert J. Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fallacara AL, Passannanti R, Mori M, Iovenitti G, Musumeci F, Greco C, Crespan E, Kissova M, Maga G, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Botta M, Schenone S. Identification of a new family of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as multitarget Fyn-Blk-Lyn inhibitors active on B- and T-lymphoma cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111545. [PMID: 31400706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a key role in the development of lymphoid malignancies, and could be reverted by the simultaneous inhibition of Lyn, Fyn and Blk, three members of the Src family kinase (SFK). Fyn and Blk are also promising targets for the treatment of some forms of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma which point to the druggability of SFKs for the treatment of these cancers. We recently identified Si308 as a potent Fyn inhibitor, while preliminary data showed that it might also inhibit Lyn and Blk. Here, molecular modelling studies were coupled with enzymatic assays to further investigate the effect of Si308 on Lyn and Blk. A small library of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines structurally related to Si308 was synthesized and tested on human lymphoma cell lines. Compound 2h emerged as a new multitarget inhibitor of Lyn, Fyn and Blk endowed with remarkable antiproliferative effects on human B and T lymphoma cell lines. Its favorable ADME properties make the compound suitable for further developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Passannanti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslava Kissova
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy; Biotechnology College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Biolife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019, Castelnuovo, Berardenga, Italy.
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murlykina MV, Morozova AD, Zviagin IM, Sakhno YI, Desenko SM, Chebanov VA. Aminoazole-Based Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Heterocycles. Front Chem 2018; 6:527. [PMID: 30555815 PMCID: PMC6282055 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive review contains the analysis of literature data concerning reactions of heterocyclization of aminoazoles and demonstrates the application of these types of transformations in diversity-oriented synthesis. The review is oriented to wide range of chemists working in the field of organic synthesis and both experimental and theoretical studies of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Murlykina
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alisa D Morozova
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Ievgen M Zviagin
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yana I Sakhno
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey M Desenko
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Chemistry Faculty, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn A Chebanov
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Chemistry Faculty, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sanna M, Sicilia G, Alazzo A, Singh N, Musumeci F, Schenone S, Spriggs KA, Burley JC, Garnett MC, Taresco V, Alexander C. Water Solubility Enhancement of Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine Derivatives via Miniaturized Polymer-Drug Microarrays. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541359 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A miniaturized assay was optimized to evaluate the enhanced apparent water solubility of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives used extensively as anticancer drug scaffolds. The applied amount of drugs used in the reported strategy ranged from 5 to 10 μg per formulation which were dispensed by an inkjet 2D printer directly into a 96-well plate. The selected polymer/drug formulations with high water solubility demonstrated improved cytotoxicity against a human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (A549) compared to the free drugs. We attribute the enhanced efficacy to the improved apparent-solubility of the drug molecules achieved via this methodology. This novel miniaturized method showed promising results in terms of water solubility improvement of the highly hydrophobic pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives, requiring only a few micrograms of each drug per tested polymeric formulation. In addition, the reported experimental evidence may facilitate identification of suitable polymers for combination with drug, leading to investigations on biological properties or mechanisms of action in a single formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sicilia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ali Alazzo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nishant Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Keith A. Spriggs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonathan C. Burley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martin C. Garnett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound inhibits Fyn phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in natural killer cell leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65171-65184. [PMID: 27566560 PMCID: PMC5323146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms are characterized by clonal proliferation of cytotoxic NK cells. Since there is no standard treatment to date, new therapeutic options are needed, especially for NK aggressive tumors. Fyn tyrosine kinase has a key role in different biological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation, being also involved in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. Our previous studies led us to identify 4c pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound capable of inhibiting Fyn activation and inducing apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. Here we investigated the presence of Fyn and the effect of its inhibitor in NK malignant cells. Firstly, we showed Fyn over-expression in NK leukemic cells compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 4c treatment reduced cell viability, induced caspase 3-mediate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NK cells. Moreover, by inhibiting Fyn phosphorylation, 4c compound reduced Akt and P70 S6 kinase activation and changed the expression of genes involved in cell death and survival in NK cells. Our study demonstrated that Fyn is involved in the pathogenesis of NK leukemia and that it could represent a potential target for this neoplasm. Moreover, we proved that Fyn inhibitor pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound, could be a started point to develop new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
20
|
Takamura H, Katsube T, Okamoto K, Kadota I. Total Synthesis of Two Possible Diastereomers of Natural 6-Chlorotetrahydrofuran Acetogenin and Its Stereostructural Elucidation. Chemistry 2017; 23:17191-17194. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tomoya Katsube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Isao Kadota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shah AA, Chenard LK, Tucker JW, Helal CJ. Parallel Synthesis of 1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines via Condensation of N-Pyrazolylamides and Nitriles. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:675-680. [PMID: 28985050 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel parallel medicinal chemistry (PMC)-enabled synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines employing condensation of easily accessible N-pyrazolylamides and nitriles has been developed. The presented studies describe singleton and library enablements that allowed rapid generation of molecular diversity to examine C4 and C6 vectors. This chemistry enabled access to challenging alkyl substituents, expanding the overall chemical space beyond that available via typical C(sp2)-C(sp2) coupling and SNAr transformations. Furthermore, monomer group interconversions allowing the use of larger and more diverse amides and carboxylic acids as precursors to nitriles are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A. Shah
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lois K. Chenard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph W. Tucker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A missense MT-ND5 mutation in differentiated Parkinson Disease cytoplasmic hybrid induces ROS-dependent DNA Damage Response amplified by DROSHA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9528. [PMID: 28842646 PMCID: PMC5573376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is continuously threatened by endogenous sources of DNA damage including reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cell metabolism. Factors of the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery have been recently involved in the cellular response to DNA damage (DDR) in proliferating cells. To investigate the impact of component of RNAi machinery on DDR activation in terminally differentiated cells, we exploited cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines in which mitochondria of sporadic Parkinson’s disease patients repopulate neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y-Rho(0) cells. Upon differentiation into dopaminergic neuron-like cells, PD63 cybrid showed increased intracellular level of ROS and chronic DDR activation, compared to other cybrids with the same nuclear background. Importantly, DDR activation in these cells can be prevented by ROS scavenging treatment suggesting that ROS production is indeed causative of nuclear DNA damage. Sequence analysis of the mitogenomes identified a rare and heteroplasmic missense mutation affecting a highly conserved residue of the ND5-subunit of respiratory complex I, which accounts for ROS increase. We demonstrated that the assembly of nuclear DDR foci elicited by oxidative stress in these cells relies on DROSHA, providing the first evidence that components of RNAi machinery play a crucial role also in the mounting of ROS-induced DDR in non-replicating neuronal cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of 6-substituted 4-amino-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Musumeci F, Fallacara AL, Brullo C, Grossi G, Botta L, Calandro P, Chiariello M, Kissova M, Crespan E, Maga G, Schenone S. Identification of new pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro active against Glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:369-378. [PMID: 28076826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, several pyrrolo-pyrimidine derivatives have been either approved by the US FDA and in other countries for the treatment of different diseases or are currently in phase I/II clinical trials. Herein we present the synthesis and the characterization of a novel series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, compounds 8a-j, and their activity against Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Docking studies and MM-GBSA analysis revealed the ability of such compounds to efficiently interact with the ATP binding site of Src. Enzymatic assays against a mini-panel of kinases (Src, Fyn, EGFR, Kit, Flt3, Abl, AblT315I) have been performed, showing an unexpected selectivity of our pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines for Src. Finally, the derivatives were tested for their antiproliferative potency on U87 GBM cell line. Compound 8h showed a considerable cytotoxicity effect against U87 cell line with an IC50 value of 7.1 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università"Federico II" di Napoli, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Miroslava Kissova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Laurenzana I, Caivano A, La Rocca F, Trino S, De Luca L, D'Alessio F, Schenone S, Falco G, Botta M, Del Vecchio L, Musto P. A Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine Compound Reduces Cell Viability and Induces Apoptosis in Different Hematological Malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:416. [PMID: 27872592 PMCID: PMC5098387 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapies are based upon drugs acting on tumors by interfering with specific targets involved in growth and spread of cancer. Many targeted therapies were approved by Food and Drug Administration as standard treatment, others were introduced into preclinical or clinical studies on hematological malignancies (HMs). The development of drug-resistance in some HMs and the lack of effective treatments in other ones emphasized the need for searching new molecular targets and therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4c pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound, a Src inhibitor, on lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms. Here, we demonstrated its ability to reduce cell viability, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lymphoid cell lines such as Jurkat, SKMM1, Derl-2/7, and myeloid cell lines, such as Jurl-MK1. Moreover, we reported a high expression of a Src kinase, Fyn, in these cell lines compared to healthy subjects. This study was a starting point to investigate 4c pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound as a drug for HMs and Src kinases as its potential molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Caivano
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesco La Rocca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| | - Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Geppino Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., CEINGENapoli, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS - Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), Rionero in Vulture Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
La Sala G, Riccardi L, Gaspari R, Cavalli A, Hantschel O, De Vivo M. HRD Motif as the Central Hub of the Signaling Network for Activation Loop Autophosphorylation in Abl Kinase. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:5563-5574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Swiss
Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life
Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ISREC Foundation Chair in Translational Oncology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- IAS-S/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine Forschungszentrum, Jülich Wilhelm-Johnen-Staße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Critical residues involved in tau binding to fyn: implications for tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:49. [PMID: 27193083 PMCID: PMC4870772 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by neuropathological deposits of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles comprised of β-amyloid and tau protein, respectively. In AD, tau becomes abnormally phosphorylated and aggregates to form intracellular deposits. However, the mechanisms by which tau exerts neurotoxicity in disease remain unclear. Recent studies have suggested that the presence of tau at synapses may indicate a role in neuronal signalling, which could be disrupted in pathological conditions. The non-receptor-associated tyrosine kinase fyn is located at the dendrite in neurons, where it was recently shown to interact with tau to stabilise receptor complexes at the post-synaptic density. Fyn also co-localises with tau in a proportion of neurons containing tau tangles in AD and fyn is also a tau kinase. Hence, tau-fyn interactions could play a pathogenic role in AD. Here we report the identification of critical proline residues, Pro213, Pro216, and Pro219, located within the fifth and sixth Pro-X-X-Pro motifs in the proline-rich region of tau, that are important for its binding to fyn. These residues in tau are flanked by numerous phosphorylation sites and therefore we investigated the relationship between fyn and the degree of tau phosphorylation in human post-mortem brain tissue. We found no difference in the amount of fyn present in control and AD brain. Notably, however, there was a significant correlation between fyn and phosphorylated tau at specific phospho-epitopes in control, but not in AD brain. Our results suggest that the pathological mechanisms underlying AD, that result in increased tau phosphorylation, may disrupt the physiological relationship between tau phosphorylation and fyn.
Collapse
|