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The Development of Third-Generation Tetracycline Antibiotics and New Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122085. [PMID: 34959366 PMCID: PMC8707899 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetracycline antibiotic class has acquired new valuable members due to the optimisation of the chemical structure. The first modern tetracycline introduced into therapy was tigecycline, followed by omadacycline, eravacycline, and sarecycline (the third generation). Structural and physicochemical key elements which led to the discovery of modern tetracyclines are approached. Thus, several chemical subgroups are distinguished, such as glycylcyclines, aminomethylcyclines, and fluorocyclines, which have excellent development potential. The antibacterial spectrum comprises several resistant bacteria, including those resistant to old tetracyclines. Sarecycline, a narrow-spectrum tetracycline, is notable for being very effective against Cutinebacterium acnes. The mechanism of antibacterial action from the perspective of the new compound is approached. Several severe bacterial infections are treated with tigecycline, omadacycline, and eravacycline (with parenteral or oral formulations). In addition, sarecycline is very useful in treating acne vulgaris. Tetracyclines also have other non-antibiotic properties that require in-depth studies, such as the anti-inflammatory effect effect of sarecycline. The main side effects of modern tetracyclines are described in accordance with published clinical studies. Undoubtedly, this class of antibiotics continues to arouse the interest of researchers. As a result, new derivatives are developed and studied primarily for the antibiotic effect and other biological effects.
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Myers AG, Clark RB. Discovery of Macrolide Antibiotics Effective against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1635-1645. [PMID: 33691070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides are among the most widely prescribed antibiotics, particularly for bacterial lung infections, due to their favorable safety, oral bioavailability, and spectrum of activity against Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Their utility against Gram-negative bacteria is extremely limited and does not include the Enterobacteriaceae or other ESKAPE pathogens. With the increasing development of resistance to current therapies and the lack of safe, oral options to treat Gram-negative infections, extended-spectrum macrolides have the potential to provide valuable treatment options. While the bacterial ribosome, the target of macrolides, is highly conserved across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, traditional macrolides do not possess the proper physicochemical properties to cross the polar Gram-negative outer membrane and are highly susceptible to efflux. As with most natural product-derived compounds, macrolides are generally prepared through semisynthesis, which is limited in scope and lacks the ability to make the drastic physicochemical property changes necessary to overcome these hurdles.By using a fully synthetic platform technology to greatly expand structural diversity, novel macrolides were prepared with a focus on lowering the MW and increasing the polarity to achieve a physicochemical property profile more similar to that of traditional Gram-negative drug classes. In addition to the removal of lipophilic groups, a critical structural feature for obtaining Gram-negative activity in the macrolide class proved to be the introduction of small secondary or tertiary amines to yield polycationic species potentially capable of self-promoted uptake. Within the azithromycin-like 15-membered azalides, potent activity was seen when small alkyl amines were introduced at the 6'-position of desosamine. The biggest gains, however, were made by replacing the entire C10-C13 fragment of the macrolactone ring with commercially available or readily synthesized 1,2-aminoalcohols, leading to 13-membered azalides. The introduction of a tethered basic amine at the C10-position and systematic optimization of substitution and tether length and flexibility ultimately provided new macrolides that for the first time exhibit clinically relevant antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. A retrospective computational analysis of >1800 fully synthetic macrolides prepared during this effort identified key drivers and optimum ranges for improving permeability and avoiding efflux. In contrast to standard Gram-negative drugs which generally have MWs below 600 and clogD7.4 values below 0, we found that the ideal ranges for Gram-negative macrolides were MW between 600 and 720 and cLogD7.4 between -1 and 3. A total charge of between 2.5 and 3 was also required to provide optimal permeability and efflux avoidance. Thus, Gram-negative macrolides occupy a unique physicochemical property space that lies between traditional Gram-negative drug classes and Gram-positive macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Roger B. Clark
- Zikani Therapeutics, 480 Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Bhowmick A, Warghude PK, Dharpure PD, Bhat RG. Direct access to α-acyloxycarbonyl compounds and esters via oxidative esterification of aldehydes under visible light. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of α-acyloxycarbonyl compounds and esters from aldehydes and α-bromocarbonyl compounds/benzyl bromide derivatives via photoredox catalysis has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash K. Warghude
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj D. Dharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramakrishna G. Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Bityukov OV, Matveeva OK, Vil’ VA, Kokorekin VA, Nikishin GI, Terent’ev AO. Electrochemically Induced Intermolecular Cross-Dehydrogenative C–O Coupling of β-Diketones and β-Ketoesters with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1448-1460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Bityukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Olesya K. Matveeva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A. Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya st. 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Natural products have served as powerful therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria since the golden age of antibiotics of the mid-20th century. However, the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant infections clearly demonstrates that new antibiotics are critical for modern medicine. Because combinatorial approaches have not yielded effective drugs, we propose that the development of new antibiotics around proven natural scaffolds is the best short-term solution to the rising crisis of antibiotic resistance. We analyze herein synthetic approaches aiming to reengineer natural products into potent antibiotics. Furthermore, we discuss approaches in modulating quorum sensing and biofilm formation as a nonlethal method, as well as narrow-spectrum pathogen-specific antibiotics, which are of interest given new insights into the implications of disrupting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Rossiter
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Madison H. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Deng Y, Sun C, Hunt DK, Fyfe C, Chen CL, Grossman TH, Sutcliffe JA, Xiao XY. Heterocyclyl Tetracyclines. 1. 7-Trifluoromethyl-8-Pyrrolidinyltetracyclines: Potent, Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Agents with Enhanced Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2498-2512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Deng
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Cuixiang Sun
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Diana K. Hunt
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Corey Fyfe
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Chi-Li Chen
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Trudy H. Grossman
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Joyce A. Sutcliffe
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiao
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Guerra W, Silva-Caldeira PP, Terenzi H, Pereira-Maia EC. Impact of metal coordination on the antibiotic and non-antibiotic activities of tetracycline-based drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Liu F, Myers AG. Development of a platform for the discovery and practical synthesis of new tetracycline antibiotics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 32:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Tetracyclines possess many properties considered ideal for antibiotic drugs, including activity against Gram-positive and -negative pathogens, proven clinical safety, acceptable tolerability, and the availability of intravenous (IV) and oral formulations for most members of the class. As with all antibiotic classes, the antimicrobial activities of tetracyclines are subject to both class-specific and intrinsic antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. Since the discovery of the first tetracyclines more than 60 years ago, ongoing optimization of the core scaffold has produced tetracyclines in clinical use and development that are capable of thwarting many of these resistance mechanisms. New chemistry approaches have enabled the creation of synthetic derivatives with improved in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy, ensuring that the full potential of the class can be explored for use against current and emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, MDR Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Terent’ev AO, Vil’ VA, Gorlov ES, Nikishin GI, Pivnitsky KK, Adam W. Lanthanide-Catalyzed Oxyfunctionalization of 1,3-Diketones, Acetoacetic Esters, And Malonates by Oxidative C–O Coupling with Malonyl Peroxides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:810-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A. Vil’
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii S. Gorlov
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Kasimir K. Pivnitsky
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Waldemar Adam
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Facundo Bueso 110, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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Abstract
The practice of medicine was profoundly transformed by the introduction of the antibiotics (compounds isolated from Nature) and the antibacterials (compounds prepared by synthesis) for the control of bacterial infection. As a result of the extraordinary success of these compounds over decades of time, a timeless biological activity for these compounds has been presumed. This presumption is no longer. The inexorable acquisition of resistance mechanisms by bacteria is retransforming medical practice. Credible answers to this dilemma are far better recognized than they are being implemented. In this perspective we examine (and in key respects, reiterate) the chemical and biological strategies being used to address the challenge of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
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