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Kassem AF, Sabt A, Korycka-Machala M, Shaldam MA, Kawka M, Dziadek B, Kuzioła M, Dziadek J, Batran RZ. New coumarin linked thiazole derivatives as antimycobacterial agents: Design, synthesis, enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibition and molecular modeling. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107511. [PMID: 38870705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global serious problem that imposes major health, economic and social challenges worldwide. The search for new antitubercular drugs is extremely important which could be achieved via inhibition of different druggable targets. Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) enzyme is essential for the survival of M. tuberculosis. In this investigation, a series of coumarin based thiazole derivatives was synthesized relying on a molecular hybridization approach and was assessed against thewild typeMtb H37Rv and its mutant strain (ΔkatG) via inhibiting InhA enzyme. Among the synthesized derivatives, compounds 2b, 3i and 3j were the most potent against wild type M. tuberculosis with MIC values ranging from 6 to 8 μg/ mL and displayed low cytotoxicity towards mouse fibroblasts at concentrations 8-13 times higher than the MIC values. The three hybrids could also inhibit the growth of ΔkatGmutant strain which is resistant to isoniazid (INH). Compounds 2b and 3j were able to inhibit the growth of mycobacteria inside human macrophages, indicating their ability to penetrate human professional phagocytes. The two derivatives significantly suppress mycobacterial biofilm formation by 10-15 %. The promising target compounds were also assessed for their inhibitory effect against InhA and showed potent effectiveness with IC50 values of 0.737 and 1.494 µM, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed that the tested compounds occupied the active site of InhA in contact with the NAD+ molecule. The 4-phenylcoumarin aromatic system showed binding interactions within the hydrophobic pocket of the active site. Furthermore, H-bond formation and π -π stacking interactions were also recorded for the promising derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Kassem
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Małgorzata Korycka-Machala
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Malwina Kawka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Dziadek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kuzioła
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland; Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Rasha Z Batran
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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2
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Maddipatla S, Bakchi B, Gadhave RR, Ammara A, Sau S, Rani B, Nanduri S, Kalia NP, Supuran CT, Yaddanapudi VM. Exploring rhodanine linked enamine-carbohydrazide derivatives as mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400064. [PMID: 38498883 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
With the rise of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the imperative for an alternative and superior treatment regimen, incorporating novel mechanisms of action, has become crucial. In pursuit of this goal, we have developed and synthesized a new series of rhodanine-linked enamine-carbohydrazide derivatives, exploring their potential as inhibitors of mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase. The findings reveal their efficacy, displaying notable selectivity toward the mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase 2 (mtCA 2) enzyme. While exhibiting moderate activity against human carbonic anhydrase isoforms, this series demonstrates promising selectivity, positioning these compounds as potential antitubercular agents. Compound 6d was the best one from the series with a Ki value of 9.5 µM toward mtCA 2. Most of the compounds displayed moderate to good inhibition against the Mtb H37Rv strain; compound 11k showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 µg/mL. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 6d and 11k show metal coordination with the zinc ion, like classical CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvan Maddipatla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bulti Bakchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rutuja Rama Gadhave
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Andrea Ammara
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Shashikanta Sau
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bandela Rani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Venkata Madhavi Yaddanapudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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3
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Dingiş Birgül Sİ, Kumari J, Tamhaev R, Mourey L, Lherbet C, Sriram D, Akdemir A, Küçükgüzel İ. In silico design, synthesis and antitubercular activity of novel 2-acylhydrazono-5-arylmethylene-4-thiazolidinones as enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38450660 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2319678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria regulate the synthesis of mycolic acid through the fatty acid synthase system type 1 (FAS I) and the fatty acid synthase system type-2 (FAS-II). Because mammalian cells exclusively utilize the FAS-I enzyme system for fatty acid production, targeting the FAS-II enzyme system could serve as a specific approach for developing selective antimycobacterial drugs. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase enzyme (MtInhA), part of the FAS-II enzyme system, contains the NADH cofactor in its active site and reduces the intermediate. Molecular docking studies were performed on an in-house database (∼2200 compounds). For this study, five different crystal structures of MtInhA (PDB Code: 4TZK, 4BQP, 4D0S, 4BGE, 4BII) were used due to rotamer difference, mutation and the presence of cofactors. Molecular dynamics simulations (250 ns) were performed for the novel 2-acylhydrazono-5-arylmethylene-4-thiazolidinones derivatives selected by molecular docking studies. Twenty-three compounds selected by in silico methods were synthesized. Antitubercular activity and MtInhA enzyme inhibition studies were performed for compounds whose structures were elucidated by IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, MS and elemental analysis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap İpek Dingiş Birgül
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Jyothi Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rasoul Tamhaev
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Lherbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İlkay Küçükgüzel
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fenerbahçe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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4
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Cheng S, Zou Y, Chen X, Chen J, Wang B, Tian J, Ye F, Lu Y, Huang H, Lu Y, Zhang D. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-substituted-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (rhodanine) derivatives as antitubercular agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115571. [PMID: 37348296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections still pose a serious threat to human health. Combination therapies are effective medical solutions to the problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that mainly depends on a virulence factor (Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B, MptpB) for its survival in the host. Therefore, MptpB inhibitors are potential components of tuberculosis combination treatments. Herein, a new series of MptpB inhibitors bearing a rhodanine group were developed using a structure-based strategy based on the virtual screening hit. The new MptpB inhibitors displayed potent MptpB inhibitory activities and great improvements in cell membrane permeability. The optimal compounds reduced the bacterial burden in a dose-dependent manner in a macrophage infection model, especially, a combination of compound 20 and rifampicin led to a bacterial burden reduction of more than 95%, greater than the reductions achieved with compound 20 or rifampicin alone. This research provides new insights into the rational design of new MptpB inhibitors and verifies that the MptpB inhibitor has a promising potential as a component of tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yi Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing, 101149, PR China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing, 101149, PR China
| | - Jinying Tian
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing, 101149, PR China
| | - Haihong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China.
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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5
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Kamat V, Poojary B, Puthran D, Das VB, Kumar BK, Sankaranarayan M, Shetye G, Ma R, Franzblau SG, Nayak SP. Synthesis, antimycobacterial, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, in silico studies and molecular dynamics of pyrazole-embedded thiazolidin-4-one hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200444. [PMID: 36461683 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we devolved and synthesized a new series of pyrazole-embedded thiazolidin-4-one derivatives (9a-p) with the goal to produce promising antitubercular leads. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was tested against replicating and nonreplicating Mtb H37Rv strains. With MIC ranging from 3.03 to 22.55 µg/ml, five compounds (9a, 9c, 9d, 9e, and 9f) emerged as promising antitubercular agents. The active molecules were nontoxic to normal Vero cells. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro anti-inflammatory studies. Compounds 9a, 9b, 9c, 9h, and 9i exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory efficacy. Docking study was performed to understand the binding pattern of the significantly active compound 9a with 1P44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinuta Kamat
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| | - Boja Poojary
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| | - Divyaraj Puthran
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishwa B Das
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
| | - Banoth K Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Gauri Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Suresh P Nayak
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
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6
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Chaurasyia A, Chawla P, Monga V, Singh G. Rhodanine derivatives: An insight into the synthetic and medicinal perspectives as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:500-549. [PMID: 36447391 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Rhodanine or 2-Thioxothiazolidin-4-one is a privileged heterocyclic compound offering a wide opportunity for structural modification, lead development, and modification. It is one of the highly decorated scaffolds in the drug discovery process. Rhodanine derivatives possess a plethora of biological activities due to their ability to interact with a diverse range of protein targets, which provide tremendous opportunities to discover new drugs with different modes of action. The most common strategy for developing novel rhodanine derivatives is the introduction of structurally diverse substituents at the C-5 or N-3, or both positions. Since the inception of Epralestat into the market in 1992, the exploration of rhodanine-3-acetic acids has led to the development of novel leads against different biological targets such as MRSA, HHV-6, Mycobacterial tuberculosis, dengue, etc. In the current pandemic era, some rhodanine compounds have been explored against SARS-CoV-2. In recent years, rhodanine and its derivatives have witnessed significant progress in developing new drug leads as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents. Different synthetic methodologies and recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of rhodanine derivatives, including biological activities, their mechanistic aspects, structure-activity relationships, and in silico findings, have been compiled in the present review. This article will benefit the scientific community and offer perspectives on how these scaffolds as privileged structures might be exploited in the future for rational design and discovery of rhodanine-based bio-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chaurasyia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.,Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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7
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Upadhyay R, Khalifa Z, Patel D, Patel AB. Rhodanine‐Incorporated Indole Derivatives as Pharmacologically Vital Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry Government College Daman (Affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat Daman (U.T.) 396210 India
| | - Zebabanu Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry Government College Daman (Affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat Daman (U.T.) 396210 India
| | - Divyesh Patel
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390002 India
| | - Amit B. Patel
- Department of Chemistry Government College Daman (Affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat Daman (U.T.) 396210 India
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8
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Han Q, Wu N, Liu YY, Zhang JY, Zhang RL, Li HL, Jiang ZY, Huang JX, Duan HX, Yang Q. Piperonyl-Tethered Rhodanine Derivatives Potently Inhibit Chitinolytic Enzymes of Ostrinia furnacalis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7387-7399. [PMID: 35687728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect pest chitinases are potential target for developing new insect growth regulators. Piperine was found first to inhibit the insect chitinase (OfChi-h) from Ostrinia furnacalis (Asian corn borer) in this work, except for previously reported OfChtI. Novel piperonyl-tethered rhodanine derivatives 7a-j were rationally designed with piperine as lead and synthesized by introducing a unique rhodanine moiety into the piperine scaffold based on the similar binding cavity of OfChtI and OfChi-h. Compared to piperine, compounds 7a-j showed approximately 100- to 400-fold or 110- to 210-fold higher inhibitory capacity against two chitinases, respectively. Molecular mechanism studies indicated that π interactions are crucial for improving inhibitory activity against two chitinases due to the introduction of the conjugated rhodanine ring. Moreover, compounds 7a-c could dramatically inhibit the growth and development of O. furnacalis larvae by in vivo activity evaluation. This study provides novel piperonyl-tethered rhodanine derivatives inhibiting dual chitinases as insect growth regulator candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Yang Liu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Lei Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yang Jiang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xing Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, People's Republic of China
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9
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Akunuri R, M TU, Kaul G, Akhir A, Saxena D, Wajidali M, Veerareddy V, Yaddanapudi VM, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Synthesis and Antibacterial evaluation of Rhodanine and Its related heterocyclic compounds against S. aureus and A. baumannii. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200213. [PMID: 35714172 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious challenge to modern medicine. Besides imposing high financial burden, multidrug resistant infections are directly responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Even though a number of antibiotics are currently available to treat infections caused by ESKAPE organisms, more and more bacterial strains are becoming resistant to these drugs. In these circumstances, there is an urgent unmet need for development of newer antimicrobials to treat the infections caused due to MDR organisms. Rhodanine and structurally related 5-membered heterocycles possess wide range of pharmacological activities. A number of these derivatives have shown good to potent inhibition against the various microorganisms. They are reported to alter the functions of DNA gyrase B, metallo-β-lactamases, pencilline binding protein (PBP), Mur ligases, RNA polymerase, Enoyl ACP reductases, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase. etc which are vital molecular targets involved in bacterial growth, survival and replication. In this study, we have generated a library of Rhodanine and related 5 membered heterocyclic derivatives and screened them against a panel of pathogens. Among all the compounds, 2a-i, 3a-b, 3g, 4, 6b-c, 6e, 6g, 12a-b and 14b-c have demonstrated good to moderate inhibition against S. aureus (MIC 0.125-8 µ g/mL). Further, compound 17b demonstrated moderate activity against A. baumannii (MIC 8 µ g/mL). In addition, compounds 2a, 2e, 4, 6c, 6g and 14b have shown good to mild inhibition against MDR S. aureus including VRSA (MIC 0.5-16 µ g/mL) with good selectivity index 20-1600. In addition, compound 2e has inhibited growth gradually after 6 h in time kill kinetic studies and not antagonized with the tested FDA approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Akunuri
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Department Of Chemical Sciences, Balanagar, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Tanveer Unnissa M
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Department of Chemical Sciences, Balanagar, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Grace Kaul
- CSIR-CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute, Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CDRI, Luknow, INDIA
| | - Abdul Akhir
- CSIR-CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute, Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CDRI, Luknow, INDIA
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- CSIR-CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute, Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CDRI, Luknow, INDIA
| | - Mohmadd Wajidali
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Department Of Chemical Sciences, Balanagar, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Vaishnavi Veerareddy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Department of Chemical Sciences, Balanagar, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Venkata Madhavi Yaddanapudi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Department of Chemical Sciences, Balanagar, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- CSIR-CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute, Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CDRI, Luknow, INDIA
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Process Chemistry, Balanagar, 500037, Hyderabad, INDIA
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10
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2-{5-[( Z,2 Z)-2-Chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propenylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl}-3-methylbutanoic Acid as a Potential Anti-Breast Cancer Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084091. [PMID: 35456915 PMCID: PMC9032233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It was established that the synthesis of hybrid molecules containing a thiazolidinone and a (2Z)-2-chloro-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-ene structural fragments is an effective approach for the design of potential anticancer agents. Given the results of the previous SAR-analysis, the aim of the study was to synthesize a novel 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3331 and investigate its molecular mechanism of action in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic properties and antiproliferative potential of Les-3331 were determined. The effect of the tested compound on apoptosis induction and mitochondrial membrane potential was checked by flow cytometry. ELISA was used to determine caspase-8 and caspase-9, LC3A, LC3B, Beclin-1, and topoisomerase II concentration. Additionally, PAMPA, in silico or in vitro prediction of metabolism, CYP3A4/2D6 inhibition, and an Ames test were performed. Les-3331 possesses high cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Its molecular mechanism of action is associated with apoptosis induction, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased caspase-9 and caspase-8 concentrations. Les-3331 decreased LC3A, LC3B, and Beclin-1 concentration in tested cell lines. Topoisomerase II concentration was also lowered. The most probable metabolic pathways and no DDIs risk of Les-3331 were confirmed in in vitro assays. Our studies confirmed that a novel 4-thiazolidinone derivative represents promising anti-breast cancer activity.
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Purushotham N, Singh M, Paramesha B, Kumar V, Wakode S, Banerjee SK, Poojary B, Asthana S. Design and synthesis of amino acid derivatives of substituted benzimidazoles and pyrazoles as Sirt1 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3809-3827. [PMID: 35425455 PMCID: PMC8981170 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its presence in several biological processes, Sirt1 acts as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Here, we report the structure-based designing and synthesis of two distinct series of novel Sirt1 inhibitors, benzimidazole mono-peptides and amino-acid derived 5-pyrazolyl methylidene rhodanine carboxylic acid. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro enzyme-based and cell-based Sirt1 inhibition assay, and cytotoxic-activity in both liver and breast cancer cells. The tryptophan conjugates i.e.13h (IC50 = 0.66 μM, ΔGbind = −1.1 kcal mol−1) and 7d (IC50 = 0.77 μM, ΔGbind = −4.4 kcal mol−1) demonstrated the maximum efficacy to inhibit Sirt1. The MD simulation unveiled that electrostatic complementarity at the substrate-binding-site through a novel motif “SLxVxP(V/F)A” could be a cause of increased Sirt1 inhibition by 13h and 13l over Sirt2 in cell-based assay, as compared to the control Ex527 and 7d. Finally, this study highlights novel molecules 7d and 13h, along with a new key hot-spot in Sirt1, which could be used as a starting lead to design more potent and selective sirtuin inhibitors as a potential anticancer molecule. Owing to its presence in several biological processes, Sirt1 acts as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Purushotham
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka-574 199, India
| | - Mrityunjay Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR University, M.B Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Bugga Paramesha
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
| | - Vasantha Kumar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka-574 199, India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR University, M.B Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sanjay K. Banerjee
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
| | - Boja Poojary
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka-574 199, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
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12
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Prasad MS, Bhole RP, Khedekar PB, Chikhale RV. Mycobacterium enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA): A key target for antitubercular drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105242. [PMID: 34392175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is a key enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis mainly mycolic acid biosynthesis that is a part of NADH dependent acyl carrier protein reductase family. The aim of the present literature is to underline the different scaffolds or enzyme inhibitors that inhibit mycolic acid biosynthesis mainly cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzyme InhA. Various scaffolds were identified based on the screening technologies like high throughput screening, encoded library technology, fragment-based screening. The compounds studied include indirect inhibitors (Isoniazid, Ethionamide, Prothionamide) and direct inhibitors (Triclosan/Diphenyl ethers, Pyrrolidine Carboxamides, Pyrroles, Acetamides, Thiadiazoles, Triazoles) with better efficacy against drug resistance. Out of the several scaffolds studied, pyrrolidine carboxamides were found to be the best molecules targeting InhA having good bioavailability properties and better MIC. This review provides with a detailed information, analysis, structure activity relationship and useful insight on various scaffolds as InhA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MS, India
| | - Ritesh P Bhole
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramod B Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MS, India.
| | - Rupesh V Chikhale
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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13
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Mermer A. The Importance of Rhodanine Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: A Comprehensive Overview. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:738-789. [PMID: 33334286 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666201217144954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After the clinical use of epalrestat that contains a rhodanine ring, in type II diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications, rhodanin-based compounds have become an important class of heterocyclic in the field of medicinal chemistry. Various modifications to the rhodanine ring have led to a broad spectrum of biological activity of these compounds. Synthesis of rhodanine derivatives, depended on advenced throughput scanning hits, frequently causes potent and selective modulators of targeted enzymes or receptors, which apply their pharmacological activities through different mechanisms of action. Rhodanine-based compounds will likely stay a privileged scaffold in drug discovery because of different probability of chemical modifications of the rhodanine ring. We have, therefore reviewed their biological activities and structure activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mermer
- Department of Biotechnology, Hamidiye Health Science Institute, University of Health Sciences Turkey, 34668, İstanbul, Turkey
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14
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Trotsko N. Antitubercular properties of thiazolidin-4-ones - A review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113266. [PMID: 33588179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidin-4-one scaffold has great potential for medicinal chemistry and is of interest to scientists in view of wide spectrum of biological activity. This scaffold is often used for designing of small molecules with various biological activity including antituberculosis activity. The presented review is an attempt to gather, analyze and systemize data about antitubercular properties of thiazolidine-4-ones from two last decades. Some of them have promising antitubercular activity which is significantly higher than that of the reference drugs. Among them compounds 82c, 82d and 84 that were active against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain with MICs in the range of 0.05-0.2 μg/mL and compound 108 exhibited activity with MIC = 0.36 μM. Compounds 115a-115c and 116a-116c were very effective against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC values in the range of 0.031-0.125 μg/mL. Acidomycin was showed activity against seven MDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs in the range of 0.6-0.62 μM and against two XDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs 0.096 and 1.2 μM. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of some groups of compounds, as well as some potential molecular targets were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Trotsko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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15
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16
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5-Aryl-furan derivatives bearing a phenylalanine- or isoleucine-derived rhodanine moiety as potential PTP1B inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104483. [PMID: 33268007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of 5-aryl-furan derivatives bearing a phenylalanine- or isoleucine-derived rhodanine moiety were identified as competitive protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors. Among the compounds studied, 5g was found to have the best PTP1B inhibitory potency (IC50 = 2.66 ± 0.16 µM) and the best cell division cycle 25 homolog B (CDC25B) inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.02 µM). Enzymatic data together with molecular modeling results demonstrated that the introduction of a sec-butyl group at the 2-position of the carboxyl group remarkably improved the PTP1B inhibitory activity.
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17
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Armstrong T, Lamont M, Lanne A, Alderwick LJ, Thomas NR. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA: Design, synthesis and evaluation of new di-triclosan derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115744. [PMID: 33007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a growing problem for global healthcare systems. In addition to 1.3 million deaths in 2018, the World Health Organisation reported 484,000 new cases of MDR-TB. Isoniazid is a key anti-TB drug that inhibits InhA, a crucial enzyme in the cell wall biosynthesis pathway and identical in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis. Isoniazid is a pro-drug which requires activation by the enzyme KatG, mutations in KatG prevent activation and confer INH-resistance. 'Direct inhibitors' of InhA are attractive as they would circumvent the main clinically observed resistance mechanisms. A library of new 1,5-triazoles, designed to mimic the structures of both triclosan molecules uniquely bound to InhA have been synthesised. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated using isolated enzyme assays with 2 (5-chloro-2-(4-(5-(((4-(4-chloro-2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenoxy)phenol) exhibiting an IC50 of 5.6 µM. Whole-cell evaluation was also performed, with 11 (5-chloro-2-(4-(5-(((4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenoxy)phenol) showing the greatest potency, with an MIC99 of 12.9 µM against M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Armstrong
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Lamont
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Lanne
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R Thomas
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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18
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Hanna N, Kicka S, Chiriano G, Harrison C, Sakouhi HO, Trofimov V, Kranjc A, Nitschke J, Pagni M, Cosson P, Hilbi H, Scapozza L, Soldati T. Identification of Anti- Mycobacterium and Anti- Legionella Compounds With Potential Distinctive Structural Scaffolds From an HD-PBL Using Phenotypic Screens in Amoebae Host Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32153546 PMCID: PMC7047896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubercular Mycobacteria and Legionella pneumophila are the causative agents of potentially fatal respiratory diseases due to their intrinsic pathogenesis but also due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance that limits treatment options. The aim of our study was to explore the antimicrobial activity of a small ligand-based chemical library of 1255 structurally diverse compounds. These compounds were screened in a combination of three assays, two monitoring the intracellular growth of the pathogenic bacteria, Mycobacterium marinum and L. pneumophila, and one assessing virulence of M. marinum. We set up these assays using two amoeba strains, the genetically tractable social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. In summary, 64 (5.1%) compounds showed anti-infective/anti-virulence activity in at least one of the three assays. The intracellular assays hit rate varied between 1.7% (n = 22) for M. marinum and 2.8% (n = 35) for L. pneumophila with seven compounds in common for both pathogens. In parallel, 1.2% (n = 15) of the tested compounds were able to restore D. discoideum growth in the presence of M. marinum spiked in a lawn of food bacteria. We also validated the generality of the hits identified in the A. castellanii–M. marinum anti-infective screen using the D. discoideum–M. marinum host–pathogen model. The characterization of anti-infective and antibacterial hits in the latter infection model revealed compounds able to reduce intracellular growth more than 50% at 30 μM. Moreover, the chemical space and physico-chemical properties of the anti-M. marinum hits were compared to standard and candidate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drugs using ChemGPS-NP. A principle component analysis identified separate clusters for anti-M. marinum and anti-L. pneumophila hits unveiling the potentially new physico-chemical properties of these hits compared to standard and candidate M. tuberculosis drugs. Our studies underscore the relevance of using a combination of low-cost and low-complexity assays with full 3R compliance in concert with a rationalized focused library of compounds to identify new chemical scaffolds and to dissect some of their properties prior to taking further steps toward compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Kicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gianpaolo Chiriano
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Harrison
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hajer Ouertatani Sakouhi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Trofimov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Agata Kranjc
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jahn Nitschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Singh K, Sinha M, Kuletha S, Kaur B, Kaur A, Tripathi DK, Srivastava KK, Murugesan V, Srikala R, Chaudhary AK. Synthesis, Antitubercular Activity, Molecular Modeling and Docking Studies of Novel Thiazolidin-4-One Linked Dinitrobenzamide Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180720150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Tuberculosis is a catastrophe sprawled across the world. The World Health
Organization Global Tuberculosis Report 2017 inferred that there were an estimated 10.4 million people
suffered from tuberculosis including 490000 Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases. Several new
lead molecules like dinitrobenzamide derivatives were found to be highly active against multidrugresistant
strains of M. tuberculosis. To further explore the pharmacophoric space around the
dinitobenzamide moiety, a series of compounds have been synthesized by linking it with the thiazolidin-
4-one. The presented work is an effort to study the biological effect of thiazolidin-4-one scaffold on
dinitrobenzamide derivatives as antitubercular agents. A molecular modeling study was also performed
on the synthesized molecules to reveal the requirements for further lead optimization.
Methods:
The thiazolidin-4-one linked 3,5-dinitrobenzamide derivatives have been synthesized by onepot
three-component condensation reaction of an amine, substituted aldehydes and thioglycolic acid in
presence of N, N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). These compounds were evaluated against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis H37Ra. A pharmacophore modeling approach has been used in order to explore
the collection of possible pharmacophore queries of thiazolidin-4-one linked 3, 5-dinitrobenzamide
derivatives against M. tuberculosis. The synthesized compounds were docked on to the M. tuberculosis
DprE1 enzyme to identify the structural features requirement of these analogs against this potential target
of M. tuberculosis.
Results:
The synthesized compounds showed the antitubercular activity in the range of 6.25-50 μg/ml.
The pharmacophore modeling suggests that the presence of aromatic moiety, thiazolidin-4-one ring and one of
the nitro groups are significant for inhibiting the enzymatic activity. While docking studies showed that hydrophobic
and hydrogen bond interactions of the aromatic moiety and nitro group crucial to inactivate the
DprE1 enzyme.
Conclusion:
The study showed that the linking of thiazolidin-4-one with dinitrobenzamide leads to
compounds active against M. tuberculosis. These findings also suggested that further lead optimization
would be carried out by focusing on the aromatic system along with electron-rich substituents placed on
the thiazolidin-4-one for making better hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions with the DprE1
target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM college of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Manish Sinha
- Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Kathog, Kangra. Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Kuletha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM college of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Baljeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM college of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM college of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Dinesh K. Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Vanangamudi Murugesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupati, A. Rangampet, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajala Srikala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupati, A. Rangampet, Andhra Pradesh, India
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20
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Maddila S, Gorle S, Jonnalagadda SB. Drug screening of rhodanine derivatives for antibacterial activity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:203-229. [PMID: 31777321 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1696768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Bacteriological infections are a major risk to human health. These include all hospital and public-acquired infections. In drug discovery, rhodanines are privileged heterocyclic frameworks. Their derivatives possess strong anti-bacterial activity and some of them have shown potent activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. To treat multi-drug resistant pathogens, the development of novel potent drugs, with superior anti-bacterial efficacy, is paramount. One avenue which shows promise is the design and development of novel rhodanines.Areas covered: This review summarizes the status on rhodanine-based derivatives and their anti-bacterial activity, based on published research over the past six years. Furthermore, to facilitate the design of novel derivatives with improved functions, their structure-activity relationships are assessed with reference to their efficacy as anti-bacterial agents and their toxicity.Expert opinion: The pharmacological activity of molecules bearing a rhodanine scaffold needs to be very critically assessed in spite of considerable information available from various biological evaluations. Although, some data on structure-activity relationship frameworks is available, information is not adequate to optimize the efficacy of rhodanine derivatives for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Sridevi Gorle
- Department of Microbiology and Food Science & Technology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
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21
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Yavari I, Sheikhi S, Taheri Z, Halvagar MR. A diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized spiropyrrolizidine-linked rhodanines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Ghattas MA, Eissa NA, Tessaro F, Perozzo R, Scapozza L, Obaid D, Atatreh N. Structure-based drug design and in vitro testing reveal new inhibitors of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1545-1555. [PMID: 31063658 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The need for new antibacterial agents is increasingly becoming of great importance as bacterial resistance to current drugs is quickly spreading. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (FabI) are important enzymes for fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria and other micro-organisms. In this project, we conducted structure-based virtual screening against the FabI enzyme, and accordingly, 37 compounds were selected for experimental testing. Interestingly, five compounds were able to demonstrate antimicrobial effect with variable inhibition activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the active compounds were determined and showed to be in low to medium micromolar range. Subsequently, enzyme inhibition assay was carried out for our five antimicrobial hits to confirm their biological target and determine their IC50 values. Three of these tested compounds exhibited inhibition activity for the FabI enzyme where our best hit MN02 had an IC50 value of 7.8 μM. Furthermore, MN02 is a small bisphenolic compound that is predicted to have all required features to firmly bind with the target enzyme. To sum up, hits discovered in this work can act as a good starting point for the future development of new and potent antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nermin A Eissa
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francesca Tessaro
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remo Perozzo
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dana Obaid
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor Atatreh
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Discovery and development of novel rhodanine derivatives targeting enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1509-1516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Sun ZG, Xu YJ, Xu JF, Liu QX, Yang YS, Zhu HL. Introducing Broadened Antibacterial Activity to Rhodanine Derivatives Targeting Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:125-129. [PMID: 30713272 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Broadened antibacterial activity was introduced to rhodanine derivatives targeting Mycobacterial tuberculosis enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (Mtb InhA) by recruiting feature of xacins to bring DNA Gyrase B inhibitory capability. This is significant for preventing further bacterial injections in the tuberculosis treatment. The most potent compound Cy14 suggested comparable bioactivity (IC50 = 3.18 µM for Mtb InhA; IC50 = 10 nM for DNA Gyrase B) with positive controls. Structure-activity relationship discussion and molecular docking model revealed the significance of rhodanine moiety and derived methoxyl on meta-position, pointing out orientations for future modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University.,Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital
| | - Yun-Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
| | - Jian-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
| | - Qi-Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
| | - Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University
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Wu Y, Ding X, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Lei H, Zhao Y. Design and synthesis of biaryloxazolidinone derivatives containing a rhodanine or thiohydantoin moiety as novel antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Yavari I, Naeimabadi M, Halvagar MR. A diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized bis-spirorhodanine-linked cyclopentanes via C(sp 3 )–H activation. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Diop EA, Queiroz EF, Kicka S, Rudaz S, Diop T, Soldati T, Wolfender JL. Survey on medicinal plants traditionally used in Senegal for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and assessment of their antimycobacterial activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:71-78. [PMID: 29289797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In West Africa, populations are used to taking traditional medicine as a first aid against common health problems. In this aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB), which according to the World Health Organization (WHO) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The main aim of this study was to identify plants used to treat TB-symptoms by the population of Senegal and to evaluate their possible concomitant use with clinically approved TB-drugs. This approach allowed the selection of plants effectively used in traditional medicine. In order to verify if the usage of some of these plants can be rationalized, the activity of their traditional preparations was assessed with both an intracellular and extracellular antimycobacterial host-pathogen assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnopharmacological survey conducted on 117 TB-patients and 30 healers in Senegal from March to May 2014. The questionnaires were focused on the use of medicinal plants to treat common TB -symptoms (cough longer than 2 weeks, fever, night sweats, weight loss and bloody sputum). Local plant names, utilized organs (herbal drugs) and traditional formulations of the plants were recorded. Extracts were prepared by mimicking the traditional decoction in boiling water and screened for their antimycobacterial activity using Mycobacterium marinum, as a validated TB surrogate, and an Acanthamoeba castellanii - M. marinum whole-cell based host-pathogen assay, to detect anti-infective activities. RESULTS By the end of the survey, nearly 30 plants were cited and the 12 most cited herbal drugs were collected and their usage documented by extensive literature search. Extracts of the chosen herbs were screened with the described assays; with a main focus on traditional formulas (mainly herbal decoctions). Two of the water extracts from Combretum aculeatum and Guiera senegalensis showed significant antimycobacterial activities when compared to the positive control drug (rifampin). These extracts showed no observable toxicity against amoeba host cells (Acanthamoeba castellanii). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that most of the patients do not concomitantly use plants and TB drugs (~90% of informants) but, instead, most are treated with medicinal plants before they are admitted to a hospital (41%). Interestingly, among the aqueous extracts assayed, two extracts (Combretum aculeatum (Combretaceae) and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)) collected within this survey demonstrate antimycobacterial activities on the validated whole-cell based host-pathogen assay. Both extracts showed significant activities against intracellular and extracellular - M. marinum growth presenting IC50 lower than 0.5mg/ml compared to the reference drug Rifampin (IC50 of 0.4 and 7µg/ml). No toxicity was observed for amoebae cells at concentration until 0.8mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElHadji Assane Diop
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland; Biology Department, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Kicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Quai Ansermet 30, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland
| | - Tahir Diop
- Biology Department, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Quai Ansermet 30, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.
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Kaminskyy D, Kryshchyshyn A, Lesyk R. 5-Ene-4-thiazolidinones - An efficient tool in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:542-594. [PMID: 28987611 PMCID: PMC7111298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presented review is an attempt to summarize a huge volume of data on 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones being a widely studied class of small molecules used in modern organic and medicinal chemistry. The manuscript covers approaches to the synthesis of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone derivatives: modification of the C5 position of the basic core; synthesis of the target compounds in the one-pot or multistage reactions or transformation of other related heterocycles. The most prominent pharmacological profiles of 5-ene derivatives of different 4-thiazolidinone subtypes belonging to hit-, lead-compounds, drug-candidates and drugs as well as the most studied targets have been discussed. Currently target compounds (especially 5-en-rhodanines) are assigned as frequent hitters or pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) within high-throughput screening campaigns. Nevertheless, the crucial impact of the presence/nature of C5 substituent (namely 5-ene) on the pharmacological effects of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones was confirmed by the numerous listed findings from the original articles. The main directions for active 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones optimization have been shown: i) complication of the fragment in the C5 position; ii) introduction of the substituents in the N3 position (especially fragments with carboxylic group or its derivatives); iii) annealing in complex heterocyclic systems; iv) combination with other pharmacologically attractive fragments within hybrid pharmacophore approach. Moreover, the utilization of 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones in the synthesis of complex compounds with potent pharmacological application is described. The chemical transformations cover mainly the reactions which involve the exocyclic double bond in C5 position of the main core and correspond to the abovementioned direction of the 5-ene-4-thiazolidinone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv-10, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Anna Kryshchyshyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv-10, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv-10, 79010, Ukraine.
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Stawoska I, Tejchman W, Mazuryk O, Lyčka A, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Żesławska E, Nitek W, Kania A. Spectral Characteristic and Preliminary Anticancer Activity in vitro
of Selected Rhodanine-3-carboxylic Acids Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stawoska
- Institute of Biology; Pedagogical University of Cracow; Podchorążych 2 30-084 Kraków Poland
| | - Waldemar Tejchman
- Institute of Biology; Pedagogical University of Cracow; Podchorążych 2 30-084 Kraków Poland
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 30-060 Kraków Poland
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Králové; Rokitanského 62 Hradec Králové 3 Czech Republic
| | | | - Ewa Żesławska
- Institute of Biology; Pedagogical University of Cracow; Podchorążych 2 30-084 Kraków Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 30-060 Kraków Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kania
- Institute of Biology; Pedagogical University of Cracow; Podchorążych 2 30-084 Kraków Poland
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30
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Borsari C, Ferrari S, Venturelli A, Costi MP. Target-based approaches for the discovery of new antimycobacterial drugs. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:576-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Štular T, Lešnik S, Rožman K, Schink J, Zdouc M, Ghysels A, Liu F, Aldrich CC, Haupt VJ, Salentin S, Daminelli S, Schroeder M, Langer T, Gobec S, Janežič D, Konc J. Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA Inhibitors by Binding Sites Comparison and Ligands Prediction. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11069-11078. [PMID: 27936766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery is usually focused on a single protein target; in this process, existing compounds that bind to related proteins are often ignored. We describe ProBiS plugin, extension of our earlier ProBiS-ligands approach, which for a given protein structure allows prediction of its binding sites and, for each binding site, the ligands from similar binding sites in the Protein Data Bank. We developed a new database of precalculated binding site comparisons of about 290000 proteins to allow fast prediction of binding sites in existing proteins. The plugin enables advanced viewing of predicted binding sites, ligands' poses, and their interactions in three-dimensional graphics. Using the InhA query protein, an enoyl reductase enzyme in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, we predicted its possible ligands and assessed their inhibitory activity experimentally. This resulted in three previously unrecognized inhibitors with novel scaffolds, demonstrating the plugin's utility in the early drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Štular
- National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Lešnik
- National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaja Rožman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julia Schink
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska , Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Zdouc
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska , Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - An Ghysels
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University , Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Feng Liu
- AAT Bioquest, Inc. , 520 Mercury Drive, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - V Joachim Haupt
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden , 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Salentin
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden , 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Daminelli
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden , 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeder
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden , 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Janežič
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska , Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Janez Konc
- National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska , Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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