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Chałupnik P, Szymańska E. Kainate Receptor Antagonists: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1908. [PMID: 36768227 PMCID: PMC9916396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, ionotropic glutamate receptors have served as an outstanding target for drug discovery research aimed at the discovery of new neurotherapeutic agents. With the recent approval of perampanel, the first marketed non-competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors, particular interest has been directed toward 'non-NMDA' (AMPA and kainate) receptor inhibitors. Although the role of AMPA receptors in the development of neurological or psychiatric disorders has been well recognized and characterized, progress in understanding the function of kainate receptors (KARs) has been hampered, mainly due to the lack of specific and selective pharmacological tools. The latest findings in the biology of KA receptors indicate that they are involved in neurophysiological activity and play an important role in both health and disease, including conditions such as anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and migraine. Therefore, we reviewed recent advances in the field of competitive and non-competitive kainate receptor antagonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Due to the high level of structural divergence among the compounds described here, we decided to divide them into seven groups according to their overall structure, presenting a total of 72 active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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2
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Phenylalanine-Based AMPA Receptor Antagonist as the Anticonvulsant Agent with Neuroprotective Activity-In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030875. [PMID: 35164136 PMCID: PMC8840081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trying to meet the multitarget-directed ligands strategy, a series of previously described aryl-substituted phenylalanine derivatives, reported as competitive antagonists of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, were screened in vitro for their free-radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity in two different assays: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity fluorescent (ORAC-FL) assays. The most active antioxidants 1 and 8 were further examined to evaluate their neuroprotective properties in vitro. In this study, compound 1 showed a significant neuroprotective effect against the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cell lines. Both compounds also showed prevention from high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, the desired monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition effect (IC50 = 278 ± 29 nM) for 1 was determined. No toxic effects up to 100 µM of 1 and 8 against neuroblastoma cells were observed. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that compound 1 demonstrated significant anticonvulsant potential in 6-Hz test, but in neuropathic pain models its antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic properties were not observed. Concluding, the compound 1 seems to be of higher importance as a new phenylalanine-based lead candidate due to its confirmed promise in in vitro and in vivo anticonvulsant activity.
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Silva-Vaz P, Jarak I, Rato L, Oliveira PF, Morgado-Nunes S, Paulino A, Castelo-Branco M, Botelho MF, Tralhão JG, Alves MG, Abrantes AM. Plasmatic Oxidative and Metabonomic Profile of Patients with Different Degrees of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis Severity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060988. [PMID: 34205667 PMCID: PMC8234183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory process of the pancreas with variable involvement of the pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues and remote organ systems. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress (OS), and plasma metabolome of patients with different degrees of biliary AP severity to improve its prognosis. Twenty-nine patients with biliary AP and 11 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. We analyzed several inflammatory biomarkers, multifactorial scores, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants defenses, and the plasma metabolome of biliary AP and healthy controls. Hepcidin (1.00), CRP (0.94), and SIRI (0.87) were the most accurate serological biomarkers of AP severity. OS played a pivotal role in the initial phase of AP, with significant changes in ROS and antioxidant defenses relating to AP severity. Phenylalanine (p < 0.05), threonine (p < 0.05), and lipids (p < 0.01) showed significant changes in AP severity. The role of hepcidin and SIRI were confirmed as new prognostic biomarkers of biliary AP. OS appears to have a role in the onset and progression of the AP process. Overall, this study identified several metabolites that may predict the onset and progression of biliary AP severity, constituting the first metabonomic study in the field of biliary AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva-Vaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Unidade Local de Saúde de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras (CACB), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-966-498-337
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Luís Rato
- Health School of the Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal;
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Sara Morgado-Nunes
- Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras (CACB), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Escola Superior de Gestão, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Aida Paulino
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Unidade Local de Saúde de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras (CACB), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras (CACB), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.B.); (J.G.T.); (A.M.A.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium/Center for Innovation Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.B.); (J.G.T.); (A.M.A.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium/Center for Innovation Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicina, University Hospital, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.B.); (J.G.T.); (A.M.A.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicina, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium/Center for Innovation Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Huang JH, He D, Chen L, Dong CY, Zhang SH, Qin YH, Yu R, Ahmed R, Kuang JJ, Zhang XW. GC-MS based metabolomics strategy to distinguish three types of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2019; 19:630-637. [PMID: 31262499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.05.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a progressive systemic inflammatory response with high morbidity and high mortality, which is mainly caused by alcohol, bulimia, gallstones and hyperlipidemia. The early diagnosis of different types of AP and further explore potential pathophysiological mechanism of each type of AP is beneficial for optimized treatment strategies and better patient's care. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and random forests algorithm was established to distinguish biliary acute pancreatitis (BAP), Hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis (HLAP), and alcoholic acute pancreatitis (AAP), from healthy controls. The classification accuracies for BAP, HLAP, and AAP patients compared with healthy control, were 0.886, 0.906 and 0.857, respectively, by using 5-fold cross-validation method. And some special metabolites for each type of AP were discovered, such as l-Lactic acid, (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid, Phosphoric acid, Glycine, Erythronic acid, l-Phenylalanine, d-Galactose, l-Tyrosine, Arachidonic acid, Glycerol 1-hexadecanoate. Furthermore, associations between these metabolites with the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids were identified. Our studies have illuminated the biomarkers and physiological mechanism of disease in a clinical setting, which suggested that metabolomics is a valuable tool for identifying the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the etiology of BAP, AAP, HLAP and thus novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, PR China
| | - Dan He
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Chun-Yang Dong
- Emergency Department, The People's Hosptial of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, PR China
| | - Shui-Han Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Yu-Hui Qin
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Rong Yu
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, PR China
| | - Rida Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, DHA Suffa University, 75500, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jian-Jun Kuang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
| | - Xing-Wen Zhang
- Emergency Department, The People's Hosptial of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, PR China.
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Szymańska E, Chałupnik P, Johansen TN, Nielsen B, Cuñado Moral AM, Pickering DS, Więckowska A, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted phenylalanines as AMPA receptor ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017. [PMID: 28636281 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic unnatural amino acids was rationally designed on the basis of recently published X-ray structures of the GluA2 LBD with bound phenylalanine-based antagonists. Twelve new diaryl- or aryl/heteroaryl-substituted phenylalanine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro in radioligand binding assays at native rat ionotropic glutamate receptors. The most interesting compound in this series, (RS)-2-amino-3-(3'-hydroxy-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)propanoic acid 7e, showed the binding affinity of 4.6 μm for native AMPA receptors and over fourfold lower affinity for kainic acid receptors. Furthermore, 7e was evaluated at recombinant homomeric rat GluA2 and GluA3 receptors. Recently reported X-ray structures 5CBR and 5CBS, representing two distinct antagonist binding modes, were used as templates for molecular docking of the synthesized series. Binding data supported with molecular modeling confirmed that aryl/heteroaryl-substituted phenylalanine analogues effectively bind to AMPA receptors with low micromolar affinity and high selectivity over native NMDA and kainate receptors. These properties make 7e a promising lead for the further development of new AMPA receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Chałupnik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tommy N Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Maria Cuñado Moral
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Szymańska E, Nielsen B, Johansen TN, Cuñado Moral AM, Pickering DS, Szczepańska K, Mickowska A, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Pharmacological characterization and binding modes of novel racemic and optically active phenylalanine-based antagonists of AMPA receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:874-883. [PMID: 28738307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to map out molecular determinants for the competitive blockade of AMPA receptor subtypes, a series of racemic aryl-substituted phenylalanines was synthesized and pharmacologically characterized in vitro at native rat ionotropic glutamate receptors. Most of the compounds showed micromolar affinity and preference for AMPA receptors. Individual stereoisomers of selected compounds were further evaluated at recombinant homomeric rat GluA2 and GluA3 receptors. The most potent compound, (-)-2-amino-3-(6-chloro-2',5'-dihydroxy-5-nitro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)propanoic acid, the expected R-isomer showing Ki of 1.71 μM at the GluA2 subtype, was found to competitively antagonize GluA2(Q)i receptors in TEVC electrophysiological experiments (Kb = 2.13 μM). Molecular docking experiments allowed us to compare two alternative antagonist binding modes for the synthesized phenylalanines at the GluA2 binding core, showing the direction for further structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tommy N Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ana Maria Cuñado Moral
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Szczepańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Mickowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Tamborini L, Cullia G, Nielsen B, De Micheli C, Conti P, Pinto A. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of conformationally constrained glutamic acid higher homologues. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5741-5747. [PMID: 27658797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Homologation of glutamic acid chain together with conformational constraint is a commonly used strategy to achieve selectivity towards different types of glutamate receptors. In the present work, starting from two potent and selective unnatural amino acids previously developed by us, we investigated the effects on the activity/selectivity profile produced by a further increase in the distance between the amino acidic moiety and the distal carboxylate group. Interestingly, the insertion of an aromatic ring as a spacer produced a low micromolar affinity NMDA ligand that might represent a lead for the development of a new class of NMDA antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Cullia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Szymańska E, Chałupnik P, Szczepańska K, Cuñado Moral AM, Pickering DS, Nielsen B, Johansen TN, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel phenylalanine-based amino acids as kainate receptors ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5568-5572. [PMID: 27765511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of carboxyaryl-substituted phenylalanines was designed, synthesized and pharmacologically characterized in vitro at native rat ionotropic glutamate receptors as well as at cloned homomeric kainate receptors GluK1-GluK3. Among them, six compounds bound to GluK1 receptor subtypes with reasonable affinity (Ki values in the range of 4.9-7.5μM). A structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the obtained series, focused mainly on the pharmacological effect of structural modifications in the 4- and 5-position of the phenylalanine ring, was established. To illustrate the results, molecular docking of the synthesized series to the X-ray structure of GluK1 ligand binding core was performed. The influence of individual substituents at the phenylalanine ring for both the affinity and selectivity at AMPA, GluK1 and GluK3 receptors was analyzed, giving directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Chałupnik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szczepańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Cuñado Moral
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tommy N Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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