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Lamba M, Singh PR, Bandyopadhyay A, Goswami A. Synthetic 18F labeled biomolecules that are selective and promising for PET imaging: major advances and applications. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1899-1920. [PMID: 38911154 PMCID: PMC11187557 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of positron emission tomography (PET) based imaging was developed more than 40 years ago. It has been a widely adopted technique for detecting and staging numerous diseases in clinical settings, particularly cancer, neuro- and cardio-diseases. Here, we reviewed the evolution of PET and its advantages over other imaging modalities in clinical settings. Primarily, this review discusses recent advances in the synthesis of 18F radiolabeled biomolecules in light of the widely accepted performance for effective PET. The discussion particularly emphasizes the 18F-labeling chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, oligonucleotides, peptides, and protein molecules, which have shown promise for PET imaging in recent decades. In addition, we have deliberated on how 18F-labeled biomolecules enable the detection of metabolic changes at the cellular level and the selective imaging of gross anatomical localization via PET imaging. In the end, the review discusses the future perspective of PET imaging to control disease in clinical settings. We firmly believe that collaborative multidisciplinary research will further widen the comprehensive applications of PET approaches in the clinical management of cancer and other pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Lamba
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Birla Farms Ropar Punjab-140001 India
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2
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Huang Y, Li C, Li Z, Xie Y, Chen H, Li S, Liang Y, Wu Z. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel [ 18F]-Labeled Arginine Derivative for Tumor Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1477. [PMID: 37895948 PMCID: PMC10610273 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To better diagnose and treat tumors related to arginine metabolism, (2S,4S)-2-amino-4-(4-(2-(fluoro-18F)ethoxy)benzyl)-5-guanidinopentanoic acid ([18F]7) was designed and prepared by introducing [18F]fluoroethoxy benzyl on carbon-4 of arginine. [18F]7 and 7 were successfully prepared using synthesis methods similar to those used for (2S,4S)-4-[18F]FEBGln and (2S,4S)-4-FEBGln, respectively. In vitro experiments on cell transport mechanisms showed that [18F]7 was similar to (2S,4S)4-[18F]FPArg and was transported into tumor cells by cationic amino acid transporters. However, [18F]7 can also enter MCF-7 cells via ASC and ASC2 amino acid transporters. Further microPET-CT imaging showed that the initial uptake and retention properties of [18F]7 in MCF-7 subcutaneous tumors were good (2.29 ± 0.09%ID/g at 2.5 min and 1.71 ± 0.09%ID/g at 60 min after administration), without significant defluorination in vivo. However, compared to (2S,4S)4-[18F]FPArg (3.06 ± 0.59%ID/g at 60 min after administration), [18F]7 exhibited lower tumor uptake and higher nonspecific uptake. When further applied to U87MG imaging, [18F]7 can quickly visualize brain gliomas (tumor-to-brain, 1.85 at 60 min after administration). Therefore, based on the above results, [18F]7 will likely be applied for the diagnosis of arginine nutrition-deficient tumors and efficacy evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Chengze Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zhongjing Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hualong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Ding Y, Shen L, Liang K, Xia C. Synthesis of C2-Carbonyl Indoles via Visible Light-Induced Oxidative Cleavage of an Aminomethylene Group. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16644-16654. [PMID: 36445203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for photochemical oxidative cleavage of the aminomethylene group at the C2 position of indole was developed to synthesize C2-carbonyl indoles. The reaction was initiated by the photochemical oxidation of N1, followed by a water-assisted concerted H-shift by abstracting hydrogen from aminomethylene. Bromopyridine was discovered to play dual roles as an oxidant for the regeneration of photocatalysts and as an accelerant for the single-electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kangjiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Graff J, Müller J, Sadurní A, Rubin M, Cuissa IAC, Keller C, Hartmann M, Singer S, Gertsch J, Altmann KH. The Evaluation of L-Tryptophan Derivatives as Inhibitors of the LType Amino Acid Transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5). ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200308. [PMID: 35895286 PMCID: PMC9545129 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of derivatives of the substrate amino acid l‐tryptophan have been investigated for inhibition of the L‐type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5), which is an emerging target in anticancer drug discovery. Of the four isomeric 4‐, 5‐, 6‐, or 7‐benzyloxy‐l‐tryptophans, the 5‐substituted derivative was the most potent, with an IC50 of 19 μM for inhibition of [3H]‐l‐leucine uptake into HT‐29 human colon carcinoma cells. The replacement of the carboxy group in 5‐benzyloxy‐l‐tryptophan by a bioisosteric tetrazole moiety led to a complete loss in potency. Likewise, the corresponding tetrazolide derived from l‐tryptophan itself was found to be neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of the transporter. Increasing the steric bulk at the 5‐position, while reasonably well tolerated in some cases, did not result in an improvement in potency. At the same time, none of these derivatives was found to be a substrate for LAT1‐mediated transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Graff
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | - Jennifer Müller
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Chenistry and Applied Biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | - Anna Sadurní
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | - Matthias Rubin
- University of Bern: Universitat Bern, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Claudia Keller
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | - Marco Hartmann
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | - Simon Singer
- University of Bern: Universitat Bern, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, SWITZERLAND
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- University of Bern: Universitat Bern, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, SWITZERLAND
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zurich, Deptm. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1- 5/10, 8093, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
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Fluorine-18-Labeled PET Radiotracers for Imaging Tryptophan Uptake and Metabolism: a Systematic Review. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:805-819. [PMID: 31512038 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to its metabolism via the serotonin and kynurenine pathways, tryptophan plays a key role in multiple disease processes including cancer. Imaging tryptophan uptake and metabolism in vivo can be achieved with tryptophan derivative positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. While human studies with such tracers have been confined to C-11-labeled compounds, preclinical development of F-18-labeled tryptophan-based radiotracers has surged in recent years. We performed a systematic review of studies reporting on such F-18-labeled tryptophan tracers to summarize and compare their biological characteristics and their potential for tumor imaging, with a particular focus on key enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [IDO] and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [TDO]), which play an important role in tumoral immune resistance. From a PubMed search, English language articles including data on the preparation and radiochemical and/or biological characteristics of F-18-labeled tryptophan derivative radiotracers were reviewed. A total of 19 original papers included data on 15 unique radiotracers, the majority of which were synthesized with an adequate radiochemical yield. Automated synthesis was reported for 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan, the most extensively evaluated tracer thus far. Biodistribution studies showed high uptake in the pancreas, while the L-type amino acid transporter was the dominant transport mechanism for most of the reviewed tracers. Tracers tested for tumor uptake showed accumulation in tumor cell lines in vitro and in xenografts in vivo, often with favorable tumor-to-background uptake ratios in comparison with clinically used F-18-labeled radiotracers. Five tracers showed promise for imaging IDO activity, including 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan and a F-18-labeled analog of alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan tested clinically in previous studies. Two radiotracers were metabolized by TDO but showed defluorination in vivo. In summary, most F-18-labeled tryptophan derivative PET tracers share common transport mechanisms and biodistribution characteristics. Several reported tracers could be candidates for further testing and validation toward PET imaging applications in a variety of human diseases.
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Zlatopolskiy BD, Endepols H, Krasikova RN, Fedorova OS, Ermert J, Neumaier B. 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans as PET-tracers for imaging of altered tryptophan metabolism in age-associated disorders. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ageing of the world’s population is the result of increased life expectancy observed in almost all countries throughout the world. Consequently, a rising tide of ageing-associated disorders, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, represents one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The ability of mankind to overcome these challenges is directly dependent on the capability to develop novel methods for therapy and diagnosis of age-associated diseases. One hallmark of age-related pathologies is an altered tryptophan metabolism. Numerous pathological processes including neurodegenerative and neurological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, cancer and diabetes exhibit marked changes in tryptophan metabolism. Visualization of key processes of tryptophan metabolic pathways, especially using positron emission tomography (PET) and related hybrid methods like PET/CT and PET/MRI, can be exploited to early detect the aforementioned disorders with considerable accuracy, allowing appropriate and timely treatment of patients. Here we review the published 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans with respect to the production and also preclinical and clinical evaluation as PET-tracers for visualization of different branches of tryptophan metabolism.
The bibliography includes 159 references.
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Krasikova R, Kondrashov M, Avagliano C, Petukhov M, Vazquez-Romero A, Revunov E, Johnström P, Tari L, Tóth M, Häggkvist J, Erhardt S, Cervenka S, Schou M. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of 6-[ 18F]Fluorine-α-methyl-l-tryptophan, a Novel PET Tracer for Measuring Tryptophan Uptake. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1756-1761. [PMID: 32343551 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan ([11C]AMT) has been used to assess tryptophan metabolism in cancer, epilepsy, migraine, and autism. Despite its extensive application, the utility of this tracer is currently hampered by the short half-life of the radionuclide used for its labeling (11C, t1/2 = 20.4 min). We herein report the design, synthesis, radiolabeling, and initial in vivo evaluation of a fluorine-18 (18F, t1/2 = 109.7 min) labeled analogue that is fluorinated in the 6-position of the aromatic ring ([18F]6-F-AMTr). In a head-to-head comparison between [18F]6-F-AMTr and [11C]AMT in mice using PET, peak brain radioactivity, regional brain distribution, and kinetic profiles were similar between the two tracers. [18F]6-F-AMTr was however not a substrate for IDO1 or TPH as determined in in vitro enzymatic assays. The brain uptake of the tracer is thus more likely related to LAT1 transport over the blood-brain barrier than metabolism along the serotonin or kynurenine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Krasikova
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, 9, Pavlov str., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kondrashov
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Avagliano
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Petukhov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named after B.P. Konstantinov, NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies named after A.M. Granov, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ana Vazquez-Romero
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evgeny Revunov
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lenke Tari
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggkvist
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE- 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Xin Y, Gao X, Liu L, Ge WP, Jain MK, Cai H. Evaluation of L-1-[ 18F]Fluoroethyl-Tryptophan for PET Imaging of Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:1138-1146. [PMID: 30815792 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluorine-18 labeled tryptophan analog L-1-[18F]fluoroethyl-tryptophan (L-1-[18F]FETrp) was designed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancer by dual targeting of the overexpressed amino acid transporters and altered indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. In our previous study, we described the radiosynthesis and preliminary evaluation of L-1-[18F]FETrp for PET imaging of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo imaging mechanism and further evaluate this radiotracer in more wide range types of cancers including prostate cancer, lung cancer, and glioma. PROCEDURES The mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 prostate cancer, subcutaneous H2009 and H460 lung cancers, subcutaneous MDA-MB-231, orthotopic A549 lung cancer, and intracranial 73C glioma were employed to evaluate L-1-[18F]FETrp for PET imaging of cancer. The in vivo catabolism of L-1-[18F]FETrp in the tumor was studied by analysis of PC-3 extracts with radio-HPLC. RESULTS Small animal PET/CT imaging of L-1-[18F]FETrp visualized all tumors in these different mouse models with high accumulations of radioactivity in PC-3 (7.5 ± 0.6 % ID/g), H2009 (5.3 ± 0.8 % ID/g), H460 (9.0 ± 1.4 % ID/g), A549 (4.5 ± 0.5 % ID/g), and 73C (4.1 ± 0.7 % ID/g) tumors. The radio-HPLC analysis of PC-3 tumor extracts revealed that about 30 % of L-1-[18F]FETrp was converted into a highly polar radioactive metabolite. The uptake in H460 cancer was about 1.7-fold higher than that in H2009 cancer, which indicated L-1-[18F]FETrp could differentiate these subtypes of lung cancers (H2009 and H460) by imaging quantification. Furthermore, small animal PET/CT imaging in intracranial glioma revealed L-1-[18F]FETrp could pass blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate in glioma with a favorable imaging contrast (tumor-to-brain 2.9). CONCLUSIONS L-1-[18F]FETrp highly accumulated in a wide range of malignancies including lung cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma. These results suggested that L-1-[18F]FETrp is a promising radiotracer for PET imaging of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Xin
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Katzin Diagnostic & Research PET/MR Center, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Manoj K Jain
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hancheng Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Awad LF, Ayoup MS. Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1022-1050. [PMID: 32509033 PMCID: PMC7237815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the chemistry of peptides containing fluorinated phenylalanines (Phe) represents a hot topic in drug research over the last few decades. ᴅ- or ʟ-fluorinated phenylalanines have had considerable industrial and pharmaceutical applications and they have been expanded also to play an important role as potential enzyme inhibitors as well as therapeutic agents and topography imaging of tumor ecosystems using PET. Incorporation of fluorinated aromatic amino acids into proteins increases their catabolic stability especially in therapeutic proteins and peptide-based vaccines. This review seeks to summarize the different synthetic approaches in the literature to prepare ᴅ- or ʟ-fluorinated phenylalanines and their pharmaceutical applications with a focus on published synthetic methods that introduce fluorine into the phenyl, the β-carbon or the α-carbon of ᴅ-or ʟ-phenylalanines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Fathy Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
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PET imaging of medulloblastoma with an 18F-labeled tryptophan analogue in a transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3800. [PMID: 32123231 PMCID: PMC7051973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a key modality to evaluate disease status of brain tumors. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made in developing PET imaging methods for pediatric brain tumors. Carbon-11 labelled tryptophan derivatives are feasible as PET imaging probes in brain tumor patients with activation of the kynurenine pathway, but the short half-life of carbon-11 limits its application. Using a transgenic mouse model for the sonic hedgehog (Shh) subgroup of medulloblastoma, here we evaluated the potential of the newly developed 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan (1-L-[18F]FETrp) as a PET imaging probe for this common malignant pediatric brain tumor. 1-L-[18F]FETrp was synthesized on a PETCHEM automatic synthesizer with good chemical and radiochemical purities and enantiomeric excess values. Imaging was performed in tumor-bearing Smo/Smo medulloblastoma mice with constitutive actvation of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor using a PerkinElmer G4 PET-X-Ray scanner. Medulloblastoma showed significant and specific accumulation of 1-L-[18F]FETrp. 1-L-[18F]FETrp also showed significantly higher tumor uptake than its D-enantiomer, 1-D-[18F]FETrp. The uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp in the normal brain tissue was low, suggesting that 1-L-[18F]FETrp may prove a valuable PET imaging probe for the Shh subgroup of medulloblastoma and possibly other pediatric and adult brain tumors.
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11
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Wu R, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun Y, Cheng X, Huang Y, Yang Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [18F](2S,4S)4-(3-fluoropropyl) arginine as a tumor imaging agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The development of persulfate-mediated oxidation of tetrahydro-β-carbolines is reported. This mild reaction facilitates the formation of a variety of 2-formyl N-substituted tryptamines and the related derivatives as key intermediates in moderate to excellent yields. The method is applicable to direct last-stage oxidation of two interesting pharmaceuticals, Cialis and evodiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Fu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
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Verhoeven J, Hulpia F, Kersemans K, Bolcaen J, De Lombaerde S, Goeman J, Descamps B, Hallaert G, Van den Broecke C, Deblaere K, Vanhove C, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S, Goethals I, De Vos F. New fluoroethyl phenylalanine analogues as potential LAT1-targeting PET tracers for glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2878. [PMID: 30814660 PMCID: PMC6393465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for brain tumor imaging might have some limitations because of the relatively low affinity for the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). To assess the stereospecificity and evaluate the influence of aromatic ring modification of phenylalanine LAT1 targeting tracers, six different fluoroalkylated phenylalanine analogues were synthesized. After in vitro Ki determination, the most promising compound, 2-[18F]-2-fluoroethyl-L-phenylalanine (2-[18F]FELP), was selected for further evaluation and in vitro comparison with [18F]FET. Subsequently, 2-[18F]FELP was assessed in vivo and compared with [18F]FET and [18F]FDG in a F98 glioblastoma rat model. 2-[18F]FELP showed improved in vitro characteristics over [18F]FET, especially when the affinity and specificity for system L is concerned. Based on our results, 2-[18F]FELP is a promising new PET tracer for brain tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Kersemans
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic synthesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- IBiTech-MEDISIP Ghent University, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Hallaert
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Karel Deblaere
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- IBiTech-MEDISIP Ghent University, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic synthesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Li C, Liu H, Duan D, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Preclinical study of an 18F-labeled glutamine derivative for cancer imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 64-65:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Qiao K, Zhang D, Zhang K, Yuan X, Zheng MW, Guo TF, Fang Z, Wan L, Guo K. Iron(ii)-catalyzed C-2 cyanomethylation of indoles and pyrroles via direct oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling with acetonitrile derivatives. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach for the C(sp2)–H/C(sp3)–H oxidative coupling of indoles and pyrroles with acetonitrile derivatives was reported by using the Fe(ii) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Tian-Fo Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
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17
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Tang T, Gill HS, Ogasawara A, Tinianow JN, Vanderbilt AN, Williams SP, Hatzivassiliou G, White S, Sandoval W, DeMent K, Wong M, Marik J. Preparation and evaluation of L- and D-5-[ 18F]fluorotryptophan as PET imaging probes for indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 51:10-17. [PMID: 28511073 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and TDO2) are pyrrolases catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of the 2,3-double bond of L-tryptophan in kynurenine pathway. In the tumor microenvironment, their increased activity prevents normal immune function, i.e. tumor cell recognition and elimination by cytotoxic T-cells. Consequently, inhibition of the kynurenine pathway may enhance the activity of cancer immunotherapeutics by reversing immune dysfunction. We sought to investigate the properties of radiolabeled 5-[18F]fluorotryptophan with respect to its ability for measuring IDO1 and TDO2 activity by positron emission tomography (PET). RESULTS L-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan and D-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan were synthesized by Cu(I) catalyzed [18F]fluorodeboronylation of Boc/tBu protected precursors in moderate yields (1.5±0.6%) sufficient for pre-clinical studies. The specific activity of the product was 407-740GBq/μmol, radiochemical purity >99% and enantiomeric excess 90-99%. Enzymatic assay confirmed that L-5-fluorotryptophan is an IDO1 and TDO2 substrate whereas the D-isomer is not. In-vitro cell uptake experiments using CT26 cells with doxycycline-induced overexpression of human-IDO1 and human-TDO2 revealed an elevated cell uptake of L-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan upon induction of IDO1 or TDO2 enzymes compared to baseline; however, the uptake was observed only in the presence of low L-tryptophan levels in media. PET imaging experiments performed using tumor bearing mouse models expressing IDO1 at various levels (CT26, CT26-hIDO1, 17082A, 17095A) showed tumor uptake of the tracer elevated up to 8%ID/g; however, the observed tumor uptake could not be attributed to IDO1 activity in the tumor tissue. The metabolism of L- and D- isomers was markedly different in vivo, the D-isomer was excreted by a combination of hepatobiliary and renal routes, the L-isomer underwent extensive metabolism to [18F]fluoride. CONCLUSION The observed in vivo tumor uptake of the tracer could not be attributed to IDO1 or TDO2 enzyme activity in the tumor, presumably due to competition with endogenous tryptophan as well as rapid tracer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Tang
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Herman S Gill
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Annie Ogasawara
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeff N Tinianow
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander N Vanderbilt
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Simon-Peter Williams
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Georgia Hatzivassiliou
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sharla White
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mengling Wong
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Meletta R, Slavik R, Mu L, Rancic Z, Borel N, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Krämer SD, Müller Herde A. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) as one of the candidate genes in human carotid plaque imaging: Evaluation of the novel radiotracer [ 11 C]RS-016 targeting CB2 in atherosclerosis. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 47:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Bartoccini F, Bartolucci S, Mari M, Piersanti G. A simple, modular synthesis of C4-substituted tryptophan derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10095-10100. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, rapid, versatile, regio- and chemoselective approach for the synthesis of C4-substituted tryptophan derivatives is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - S. Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - M. Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - G. Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
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