1
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Huh S, Batistatou N, Wang J, Saunders GJ, Kritzer JA, Yudin AK. Cell penetration of oxadiazole-containing macrocycles. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:328-334. [PMID: 38576720 PMCID: PMC10989506 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Passive membrane permeability is an important property in drug discovery and biological probe design. To elucidate the cell-penetrating ability of oxadiazole-containing (Odz) peptides, we employed the Chloroalkane Penetration Assay. The present study demonstrates that Odz cyclic peptides can be highly cell-penetrant depending on the position of specific side chains and the chloroalkane tag. Solution NMR shows that Odz cyclic peptides adopt a β-turn conformation. However, despite observing high cell penetration, we observed low passive permeability in experiments with artificial membranes. These findings highlight the complexity of controlling cell penetration for conformationally sensitive macrocycles and suggest that Odz cyclic peptides may provide a framework for designing cell-penetrant cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoon Huh
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Nefeli Batistatou
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - George J Saunders
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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2
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Zhang C, Liu F, Zhang Y, Song C. Macrocycles and macrocyclization in anticancer drug discovery: Important pieces of the puzzle. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116234. [PMID: 38401189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing disease-related proteins have been identified as novel therapeutic targets. Macrocycles are emerging as potential solutions, bridging the gap between conventional small molecules and biomacromolecules in drug discovery. Inspired by successful macrocyclic drugs of natural origins, macrocycles are attracting more attention for enhanced binding affinity and target selectivity. Due to the conformation constraint and structure preorganization, macrocycles can reach bioactive conformations more easily than parent acyclic compounds. Also, rational macrocyclization combined with sequent structural modification will help improve oral bioavailability and combat drug resistance. This review introduces various strategies to enhance membrane permeability in macrocyclization and subsequent modification, such as N-methylation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding modulation, isomerization, and reversible bicyclization. Several case studies highlight macrocyclic inhibitors targeting kinases, HDAC, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, some macrocyclic agents targeting tumor microenvironments are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chun Song
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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3
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Ly HM, Desgagné M, Nguyen DT, Comeau C, Froehlich U, Marsault É, Boudreault PL. Insights on Structure-Passive Permeability Relationship in Pyrrole and Furan-Containing Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3711-3726. [PMID: 38417040 PMCID: PMC10946398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles have recognized therapeutic potential, but their limited cellular permeability can hinder their development as oral drugs. To better understand the structure-permeability relationship of heterocycle-containing, semipeptidic macrocycles, a library was synthesized. These compounds were created by developing two novel reactions described herein: the reduction of activated oximes by LiBH4 and the aqueous reductive mono-N-alkylation of aldehydes using catalytic SmI2 and stoichiometric Zn. The permeability of the macrocycles was evaluated through a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), and the results indicated that macrocycles with a furan incorporated into the structure have better passive permeability than those with a pyrrole moiety. Compounds bearing a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole (endo orientation) were shown to be implicated in intramolecular H-bonds, enhancing their permeability. This study highlighted the impact of heterocycles moieties in semipeptides, creating highly permeable macrocycles, thus showing promising avenues for passive diffusion of drugs beyond the rule-of-five chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy M Ly
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Duc Tai Nguyen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Ulrike Froehlich
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
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4
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Lee D, Choi J, Yang MJ, Park CJ, Seo J. Controlling the Chameleonic Behavior and Membrane Permeability of Cyclosporine Derivatives via Backbone and Side Chain Modifications. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13189-13204. [PMID: 37718494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Some macrocycles exhibit enhanced membrane permeability through conformational switching in different environmental polarities, a trait known as chameleonic behavior. In this study, we demonstrate specific backbone and side chain modifications that can control chameleonic behavior and passive membrane permeability using a cyclosporin O (CsO) scaffold. To quantify chameleonic behavior, we used a ratio of the population of the closed conformation obtained in polar solvent and nonpolar solvent for each CsO derivative. We found that β-hydroxylation at position 1 (1 and 3) can encode chameleonicity and improve permeability. However, the conformational stabilization induced by adding an additional transannular H-bond (2 and 5) leads to a much slower rate of membrane permeation. Our CsO scaffold provides a platform for the systematic study of the relationship among conformation, membrane permeability, solubility, and protein binding. This knowledge contributes to the discovery of potent beyond the rule of five (bRo5) macrocycles capable of targeting undruggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min June Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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5
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Franca TC, Goncalves ADS, Bérubé C, Voyer N, Aubry N, LaPlante SR. Determining the Predominant Conformations of Mortiamides A-D in Solution Using NMR Data and Molecular Modeling Tools. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25832-25838. [PMID: 37521620 PMCID: PMC10373451 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptidomimetics have been seriously contributing to our arsenal of drugs to combat diseases. The search for nature's discoveries led us to mortiamides A-D (found in a novel fungus from Northern Canada), which is a family of cyclic peptides that clearly have demonstrated impressive pharmaceutical potential. This prompted us to learn more about their solution-state properties as these are central for binding to target molecules. Here, we secured and isolated mortiamide D, and then acquired high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to learn more about its structure and dynamics attributes. Sets of two-dimensional NMR experiments provided atomic-level (through-bond and through-space) data to confirm the primary structure, and NMR-driven molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that more than one predominant three-dimensional (3D) structure exist in solution. Further steps of MD simulations are consistent with the finding that the backbones of mortiamides A-C also have at least two prominent macrocyclic shapes, but the side-chain structures and dynamics differed significantly. Knowledge of these solution properties can be exploited for drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanos
C. C. Franca
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université de Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Arlan da Silva Goncalves
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Espírito
Santo − Unit Vila Velha, 29106-010 Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- PPGQUI
(Graduate Program in Chemistry), Federal
University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514,, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Christopher Bérubé
- Departement
de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Quebec G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- Departement
de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Quebec G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Norman Aubry
- NMR
consultant of Steven R. LaPlante’s Lab, INRS − Centre
Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université de Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R. LaPlante
- INRS
− Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université de Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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6
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Rzepiela AA, Viarengo-Baker LA, Tatarskii V, Kombarov R, Whitty A. Conformational Effects on the Passive Membrane Permeability of Synthetic Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10300-10317. [PMID: 35861996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic compounds (MCs) can have complex conformational properties that affect pharmacologically important behaviors such as membrane permeability. We measured the passive permeability of 3600 diverse nonpeptidic MCs and used machine learning to analyze the results. Incorporating selected properties based on the three-dimensional (3D) conformation gave models that predicted permeability with Q2 = 0.81. A biased spatial distribution of polar versus nonpolar regions was particularly important for good permeability, consistent with a mechanism in which the initial insertion of nonpolar portions of a MC helps facilitate the subsequent membrane entry of more polar parts. We also examined effects on permeability of 800 substructural elements by comparing matched molecular pairs. Some substitutions were invariably beneficial or invariably deleterious to permeability, while the influence of others was highly contextual. Overall, the work provides insights into how the permeability of MCs is influenced by their 3D conformational properties and suggests design hypotheses for achieving macrocycles with high membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rzepiela
- Pyxis Discovery, Delftechpark 26, 2628XH Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren A Viarengo-Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Victor Tatarskii
- Asinex Corporation, 101 N Chestnut St # 104, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101,United States
| | - Roman Kombarov
- Asinex Corporation, 101 N Chestnut St # 104, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101,United States
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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7
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Szałaj N, Benediktsdottir A, Rusin D, Karlén A, Mowbray SL, Więckowska A. Bacterial type I signal peptidase inhibitors - Optimized hits from nature. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Taechalertpaisarn J, Ono S, Okada O, Johnstone TC, Scott Lokey R. A New Amino Acid for Improving Permeability and Solubility in Macrocyclic Peptides through Side Chain-to-Backbone Hydrogen Bonding. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5072-5084. [PMID: 35275623 PMCID: PMC10681114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the notoriously poor membrane permeability of peptides, many cyclic peptide natural products show high passive membrane permeability and potently inhibit a variety of "undruggable" intracellular targets. A major impediment to the design of cyclic peptides with good permeability is the high desolvation energy associated with the peptide backbone amide NH groups. While several strategies have been proposed to mitigate this deleterious effect, only few studies have used polar side chains to sequester backbone NH groups. We investigated the ability of N,N-pyrrolidinylglutamine (Pye), whose side chain contains a powerful hydrogen-bond-accepting C═O amide group but no hydrogen-bond donors, to sequester exposed backbone NH groups in a series of cyclic hexapeptide diastereomers. Analyses revealed that specific Leu-to-Pye substitutions conferred dramatic improvements in aqueous solubility and permeability in a scaffold- and position-dependent manner. Therefore, this approach offers a complementary tool for improving membrane permeability and solubility in cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaru Taechalertpaisarn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Modality Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshidacho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Okimasa Okada
- Modality Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshidacho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Timothy C. Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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9
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Buyanova M, Pei D. Targeting intracellular protein-protein interactions with macrocyclic peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:234-248. [PMID: 34911657 PMCID: PMC8840965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are challenging targets for traditional drug modalities. Macrocyclic peptides (MPs) prove highly effective PPI inhibitors in vitro and can be rapidly discovered against PPI targets by rational design or screening combinatorial libraries but are generally impermeable to the cell membrane. Recent advances in MP science and technology are allowing for the development of 'drug-like' MPs that potently and specifically modulate intracellular PPI targets in cell culture and animal models. In this review, we highlight recent progress in generating cell-permeable MPs that enter the mammalian cell by passive diffusion, endocytosis followed by endosomal escape, or as-yet unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Buyanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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10
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Song H, Burton AJ, Shirran SL, Fahrig-Kamarauskaitė J, Kaspar H, Muir TW, Künzler M, Naismith JH. Engineering of a Peptide α-N-Methyltransferase to Methylate Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14319-14323. [PMID: 33856715 PMCID: PMC8251615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of α‐N‐methylated non‐proteinogenic amino acids into peptides can improve their biological activities, membrane permeability and proteolytic stability. This is commonly achieved, in nature and in the lab, by assembling pre‐methylated amino acids. The more appealing route of methylating amide bonds is challenging. Biology has evolved an α‐N‐automethylating enzyme, OphMA, which acts on the amide bonds of peptides fused to its C‐terminus. Due to the ribosomal biosynthesis of its substrate, the activity of this enzyme towards peptides with non‐proteinogenic amino acids has not been addressed. An engineered OphMA, intein‐mediated protein ligation and solid‐phase peptide synthesis have allowed us to demonstrate the methylation of amide bonds in the context of non‐natural amides. This approach may have application in the biotechnological production of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Song
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Antony J Burton
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sally L Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jūratė Fahrig-Kamarauskaitė
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tom W Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
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11
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Song H, Burton AJ, Shirran SL, Fahrig‐Kamarauskaitė J, Kaspar H, Muir TW, Künzler M, Naismith JH. Engineering of a Peptide α-N-Methyltransferase to Methylate Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:14440-14444. [PMID: 38505374 PMCID: PMC10947093 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of α-N-methylated non-proteinogenic amino acids into peptides can improve their biological activities, membrane permeability and proteolytic stability. This is commonly achieved, in nature and in the lab, by assembling pre-methylated amino acids. The more appealing route of methylating amide bonds is challenging. Biology has evolved an α-N-automethylating enzyme, OphMA, which acts on the amide bonds of peptides fused to its C-terminus. Due to the ribosomal biosynthesis of its substrate, the activity of this enzyme towards peptides with non-proteinogenic amino acids has not been addressed. An engineered OphMA, intein-mediated protein ligation and solid-phase peptide synthesis have allowed us to demonstrate the methylation of amide bonds in the context of non-natural amides. This approach may have application in the biotechnological production of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Song
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUK
- The Research Complex at HarwellHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
- The Rosalind Franklin InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
| | - Antony J. Burton
- Department of ChemistryFrick Chemistry LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Sally L. Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North HaughUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Jūratė Fahrig‐Kamarauskaitė
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of ChemistryFrick Chemistry LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - James H. Naismith
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUK
- The Research Complex at HarwellHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
- The Rosalind Franklin InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
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12
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Viarengo-Baker LA, Brown LE, Rzepiela AA, Whitty A. Defining and navigating macrocycle chemical space. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4309-4328. [PMID: 34163695 PMCID: PMC8179434 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05788f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic compounds (MCs) are of growing interest for inhibition of challenging drug targets. We consider afresh what structural and physicochemical features could be relevant to the bioactivity of this compound class. Using these features, we performed Principal Component Analysis to map oral and non-oral macrocycle drugs and clinical candidates, and also commercially available synthetic MCs, in structure–property space. We find that oral MC drugs occupy defined regions that are distinct from those of the non-oral MC drugs. None of the oral MC regions are effectively sampled by the synthetic MCs. We identify 13 properties that can be used to design synthetic MCs that sample regions overlapping with oral MC drugs. The results advance our understanding of what molecular features are associated with bioactive and orally bioavailable MCs, and illustrate an approach by which synthetic chemists can better evaluate MC designs. We also identify underexplored regions of macrocycle chemical space. Macrocyclic compounds (MCs) are of high interest for inhibition of challenging drug targets, but existing oral MC drugs occupy regions of chemical space that are not well sampled by many available synthetic MC chemotypes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Viarengo-Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA .,Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University 24 Cummington Mall Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Anna A Rzepiela
- Pyxis Discovery Delftechpark 26 Delft 2628XH The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA .,Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University 24 Cummington Mall Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
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13
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Cipcigan F, Smith P, Crain J, Hogner A, De Maria L, Llinas A, Ratkova E. Membrane Permeability in Cyclic Peptides is Modulated by Core Conformations. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 61:263-269. [PMID: 33350828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have the potential to bind to challenging targets, which are undruggable with small molecules, but their application is limited by low membrane permeability. Here, using a series of cyclic pentapeptides, we showed that established physicochemical criteria of permeable peptides are heavily violated. We revealed that a dominant core conformation, stabilized by amides' shielding pattern, could guide the design of novel compounds. As a result, counter-intuitive strategies, such as incorporation of polar residues, can be beneficial for permeability. We further find that core globularity is a promising descriptor, which can extend the capability of standard predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviu Cipcigan
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Paul Smith
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.,King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Anders Hogner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (RI), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Antonio Llinas
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
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14
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Buckton LK, Rahimi MN, McAlpine SR. Cyclic Peptides as Drugs for Intracellular Targets: The Next Frontier in Peptide Therapeutic Development. Chemistry 2020; 27:1487-1513. [PMID: 32875673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing macrocyclic peptides that can reach intracellular targets is a significant challenge. This review discusses the most recent strategies used to develop cell permeable cyclic peptides that maintain binding to their biological target inside the cell. Macrocyclic peptides are unique from small molecules because traditional calculated physical properties are unsuccessful for predicting cell membrane permeability. Peptide synthesis and experimental membrane permeability is the only strategy that effectively differentiates between cell permeable and cell impermeable molecules. Discussed are chemical strategies, including backbone N-methylation and stereochemical changes, which have produced molecular scaffolds with improved cell permeability. However, these improvements often come at the expense of biological activity as chemical modifications alter the peptide conformation, frequently impacting the compound's ability to bind to the target. Highlighted is the most promising approach, which involves side-chain alterations that improve cell permeability without impact binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Buckton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Marwa N Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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15
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Apte CN, Diaz DB, Adrianov T, Yudin AK. Grafting Bis(heteroaryl) Motifs into Ring Structures. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N. Apte
- Davenport Research Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street M5S3H6 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Diego B. Diaz
- Davenport Research Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street M5S3H6 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Timur Adrianov
- Davenport Research Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street M5S3H6 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street M5S3H6 Toronto ON Canada
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16
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Jwad R, Weissberger D, Hunter L. Strategies for Fine-Tuning the Conformations of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9743-9789. [PMID: 32786420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for drug development, attributable in part to their increased conformational order compared to linear peptides. However, when optimizing the target-binding or pharmacokinetic properties of cyclic peptides, it is frequently necessary to "fine-tune" their conformations, e.g., by imposing greater rigidity, by subtly altering certain side chain vectors, or by adjusting the global shape of the macrocycle. This review systematically examines the various types of structural modifications that can be made to cyclic peptides in order to achieve such conformational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Jwad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Daniel Weissberger
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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17
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Song H, Fahrig-Kamarauskaitè J, Matabaro E, Kaspar H, Shirran SL, Zach C, Pace A, Stefanov BA, Naismith JH, Künzler M. Substrate Plasticity of a Fungal Peptide α- N-Methyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1901-1912. [PMID: 32491837 PMCID: PMC7372559 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
methylation of amide nitrogen atoms can improve the stability,
oral availability, and cell permeability of peptide therapeutics.
Chemical N-methylation of peptides is challenging.
Omphalotin A is a ribosomally synthesized, macrocylic dodecapeptide
with nine backbone N-methylations. The fungal natural
product is derived from the precursor protein, OphMA, harboring both
the core peptide and a SAM-dependent peptide α-N-methyltransferase domain. OphMA forms a homodimer and its α-N-methyltransferase domain installs the methyl groups in trans on the hydrophobic core dodecapeptide and some
additional C-terminal residues of the protomers. These post-translational
backbone N-methylations occur in a processive manner
from the N- to the C-terminus of the peptide substrate. We demonstrate
that OphMA can methylate polar, aromatic, and charged residues when
these are introduced into the core peptide. Some of these amino acids
alter the efficiency and pattern of methylation. Proline, depending
on its sequence context, can act as a tunable stop signal. Crystal
structures of OphMA variants have allowed rationalization of these
observations. Our results hint at the potential to control this fungal α-N-methyltransferase for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Song
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Ju̅ratè Fahrig-Kamarauskaitè
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Matabaro
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sally L. Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Zach
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amy Pace
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bozhidar-Adrian Stefanov
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James H. Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Rutherford Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of all disease-relevant human proteins, including those involved in intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), are undruggable with the current drug modalities (i.e., small molecules and biologics). Macrocyclic peptides provide a potential solution to these undruggable targets because their larger sizes (relative to conventional small molecules) endow them the capability of binding to flat PPI interfaces with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have been developed to routinely identify cyclic peptides as potent, specific inhibitors against proteins including PPI targets. However, with the exception of a very small set of sequences, the vast majority of cyclic peptides are impermeable to the cell membrane, preventing their application against intracellular targets. This Review examines common structural features that render most cyclic peptides membrane impermeable, as well as the unique features that allow the minority of sequences to enter the cell interior by passive diffusion, endocytosis/endosomal escape, or other mechanisms. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cell penetration, the various strategies for designing cell-permeable, biologically active cyclic peptides against intracellular targets, and the assay methods available to quantify their cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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19
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Appavoo SD, Huh S, Diaz DB, Yudin AK. Conformational Control of Macrocycles by Remote Structural Modification. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9724-9752. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon D. Appavoo
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Sungjoon Huh
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Diego B. Diaz
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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20
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Huo Y, Buckton LK, Bennett JL, Smith EC, Byrne FL, Hoehn KL, Rahimi MN, McAlpine SR. Delivering bioactive cyclic peptides that target Hsp90 as prodrugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:728-739. [PMID: 30822267 PMCID: PMC6407599 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1580276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most challenging issue facing peptide drug development is producing a molecule with optimal physical properties while maintaining target binding affinity. Masking peptides with protecting groups that can be removed inside the cell, produces a cell-permeable peptide, which theoretically can maintain its biological activity. Described are series of prodrugs masked using: (a) O-alkyl, (b) N-alkyl, and (c) acetyl groups, and their binding affinity for Hsp90. Alkyl moieties increased compound permeability, Papp, from 3.3 to 5.6, however alkyls could not be removed by liver microsomes or in-vivo and their presence decreased target binding affinity (IC50 of ≥10 µM). Thus, unlike small molecules, peptide masking groups cannot be predictably removed; their removal is related to the 3-D conformation. O-acetyl groups were cleaved but are labile, increasing challenges during synthesis. Utilising acetyl groups coupled with mono-methylated amines may decrease the polarity of a peptide, while maintaining binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantao Huo
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Laura K Buckton
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jack L Bennett
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Eloise C Smith
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- b School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- b School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Marwa N Rahimi
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- a School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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21
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Reguera L, Rivera DG. Multicomponent Reaction Toolbox for Peptide Macrocyclization and Stapling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9836-9860. [PMID: 30990310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, multicomponent reactions have experienced a renaissance as powerful peptide macrocyclization tools enabling the rapid creation of skeletal complexity and diversity with low synthetic cost. This review provides both a historical and modern overview of the development of the peptide multicomponent macrocyclization as a strategy capable to compete with the classic peptide cyclization methods in terms of chemical efficiency and synthetic scope. We prove that the utilization of multicomponent reactions for cyclizing peptides by either their termini or side chains provides a key advantage over those more established methods; that is, the possibility to explore the cyclic peptide chemotype space not only at the amino acid sequence but also at the ring-forming moiety. Owing to its multicomponent nature, this type of peptide cyclization process is well-suited to generate diversity at both the endo- and exo-cyclic fragments formed during the ring-closing step, which stands as a distinctive and useful characteristic for the creation and screening of cyclic peptide libraries. Examples of the novel multicomponent peptide stapling approach and heterocycle ring-forming macrocyclizations are included, along with multicomponent methods incorporating macrocyclization handles and the one-pot syntheses of macromulticyclic peptide cages. Interesting applications of this strategy in the field of drug discovery and chemical biology are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Reguera
- Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Havana , Zapata y G , Havana 10400 , Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Havana , Zapata y G , Havana 10400 , Cuba
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22
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Masumian E, Nowroozi A. Comparative study of resonance-inhibited hydrogen bonded (RIHB) systems with different atoms involved: the leading role of σ-planarity. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1557350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Masumian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nowroozi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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23
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Orally Active Peptides: Is There a Magic Bullet? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14414-14438. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
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24
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Oral aktive Peptide: Gibt es ein Patentrezept? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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25
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Emerging Methods and Design Principles for Cell-Penetrant Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11868-11881. [PMID: 29740917 PMCID: PMC7184558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules such as antibodies, proteins, and peptides are important tools for chemical biology and leads for drug development. They have been used to inhibit a variety of extracellular proteins, but accessing intracellular proteins has been much more challenging. In this review, we discuss diverse chemical approaches that have yielded cell-penetrant peptides and identify three distinct strategies: masking backbone amides, guanidinium group patterning, and amphipathic patterning. We summarize a growing number of large data sets, which are starting to reveal more specific design guidelines for each strategy. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of current methods for quantifying cell penetration. Finally, we provide an overview of best-odds approaches for applying these new methods and design principles to optimize cytosolic penetration for a given bioactive peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
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26
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Szałaj N, Lu L, Benediktsdottir A, Zamaratski E, Cao S, Olanders G, Hedgecock C, Karlén A, Erdélyi M, Hughes D, Mowbray SL, Brandt P. Boronic ester-linked macrocyclic lipopeptides as serine protease inhibitors targeting Escherichia coli type I signal peptidase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1346-1360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Neue Methoden und Designprinzipien für zellgängige Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
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28
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Improving oral bioavailability of cyclic peptides by N-methylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2766-2773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Kamenik AS, Lessel U, Fuchs JE, Fox T, Liedl KR. Peptidic Macrocycles - Conformational Sampling and Thermodynamic Characterization. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:982-992. [PMID: 29652495 PMCID: PMC5974701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles are of considerable interest as highly specific drug candidates, yet they challenge standard conformer generators with their large number of rotatable bonds and conformational restrictions. Here, we present a molecular dynamics-based routine that bypasses current limitations in conformational sampling and extensively profiles the free energy landscape of peptidic macrocycles in solution. We perform accelerated molecular dynamics simulations to capture a diverse conformational ensemble. By applying an energetic cutoff, followed by geometric clustering, we demonstrate the striking robustness and efficiency of the approach in identifying highly populated conformational states of cyclic peptides. The resulting structural and thermodynamic information is benchmarked against interproton distances from NMR experiments and conformational states identified by X-ray crystallography. Using three different model systems of varying size and flexibility, we show that the method reliably reproduces experimentally determined structural ensembles and is capable of identifying key conformational states that include the bioactive conformation. Thus, the described approach is a robust method to generate conformations of peptidic macrocycles and holds promise for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Uta Lessel
- Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach , Germany
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , 1120 Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Fox
- Medicinal Chemistry , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach , Germany
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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30
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Lee LLH, Buckton LK, McAlpine SR. Converting polar cyclic peptides into membrane permeable molecules using N
-methylation. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo L. H. Lee
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura K. Buckton
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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31
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Whitty A, Viarengo LA, Zhong M. Progress towards the broad use of non-peptide synthetic macrocycles in drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7729-7735. [PMID: 28876025 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We discuss progress towards addressing three key questions pertaining to the design of screening libraries of synthetic non-peptidic macrocycles (MCs) for drug discovery: What structural and physicochemical properties of MCs maximize the likelihood of achieving strong and specific binding to protein targets? What features render a protein target suitable for binding MCs, and can this information be used to identify suitable targets for inhibition by MCs? What properties of synthetic MCs confer good pharmaceutical properties, and particularly good aqueous solubility coupled with passive membrane permeability? We additionally discuss how the criteria that define a meaningful MC screening hit are linked to the size of the screening library and the synthetic methodology employed in its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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32
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Kaldas SJ, Yudin AK. Achieving Skeletal Diversity in Peptide Macrocycles through The Use of Heterocyclic Grafts. Chemistry 2018; 24:7074-7082. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif J. Kaldas
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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33
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Buckton LK, McAlpine SR. Improving the Cell Permeability of Polar Cyclic Peptides by Replacing Residues with Alkylated Amino Acids, Asparagines, and d-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2018; 20:506-509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Buckton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia
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34
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Sun S, Compañón I, Martínez‐Sáez N, Seixas JD, Boutureira O, Corzana F, Bernardes GJL. Enhanced Permeability and Binding Activity of Isobutylene-Grafted Peptides. Chembiochem 2018; 19:48-52. [PMID: 29105291 PMCID: PMC5813187 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new peptide-macrocyclization strategy with an isobutylene graft. The reaction is mild and proceeds rapidly and efficiently both for linear and cyclic peptides. The resulting isobutylene-grafted peptides possess improved passive membrane permeability due to the shielding of the polar backbone of the amides, as demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. The isobutylene-stapled structures are fully stable in human plasma and in the presence of glutathione. This strategy can be applied to bioactive cyclic peptides such as somatostatin. Importantly, we found that structural preorganization forced by the isobutylene graft leads to a significant improvement in binding. The combined advantages of directness, selectivity, and smallness could allow application to peptide macrocyclization based on this attachment of the isobutylene graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Ismael Compañón
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación en Síntesis QuímicaUniversidad de La RiojaMadre de Dios, 5326006LogroñoSpain
| | - Nuria Martínez‐Sáez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - João D. Seixas
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Professor Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de QuímicaCentro de Investigación en Síntesis QuímicaUniversidad de La RiojaMadre de Dios, 5326006LogroñoSpain
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Instituto de Medicina MolecularFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Professor Egas Moniz1649-028LisboaPortugal
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35
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Alihodžić S, Bukvić M, Elenkov IJ, Hutinec A, Koštrun S, Pešić D, Saxty G, Tomašković L, Žiher D. Current Trends in Macrocyclic Drug Discovery and beyond -Ro5. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 57:113-233. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Zaretsky S, Yudin AK. Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic pseudopeptides. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 26:3-10. [PMID: 29249240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Constrained peptides pose tremendous value in drug discovery. For example, owing to their large surface areas, they offer novel ways at inhibiting protein-protein interactions. As this field has grown, it has become desirable to introduce non-peptidic functionality into these rings to enable differentiated structure activity relationships and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic pseudopeptides include macrocyclization through cysteine alkylation, multicomponent reactions, decarboxylative couplings, and novel stapling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zaretsky
- University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Labs, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Labs, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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37
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Costil R, Lefebvre Q, Clayden J. Medium-Sized-Ring Analogues of Dibenzodiazepines by a Conformationally Induced Smiles Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14602-14606. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Costil
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Quentin Lefebvre
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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38
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Costil R, Lefebvre Q, Clayden J. Medium-Sized-Ring Analogues of Dibenzodiazepines by a Conformationally Induced Smiles Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Costil
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Quentin Lefebvre
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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39
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Madhavachary R, Abdelraheem EMM, Rossetti A, Twarda-Clapa A, Musielak B, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Holak TA, Dömling A. Two-Step Synthesis of Complex Artificial Macrocyclic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10725-10729. [PMID: 28691783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of head-to-tail linked artificial macrocycles using the Ugi-reaction has been developed. This synthetic approach of just two steps is unprecedented, short, efficient and works over a wide range of medium (8-11) and macrocyclic (≥12) loop sizes. The substrate scope and functional group tolerance is exceptional. Using this approach, we have synthesized 39 novel macrocycles by two or even one single synthetic operation. The properties of our macrocycles are discussed with respect to their potential to bind to biological targets that are not druggable by conventional, drug-like compounds. As an application of these artificial macrocycles we highlight potent p53-MDM2 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrakshula Madhavachary
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Address Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eman M M Abdelraheem
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Address Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Arianna Rossetti
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Address Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Street, 30-060, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Street, 30-060, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Tad A Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Street, 30-060, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Address Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Madhavachary R, Abdelraheem EMM, Rossetti A, Twarda-Clapa A, Musielak B, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Holak TA, Dömling A. Two-Step Synthesis of Complex Artificial Macrocyclic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman M. M. Abdelraheem
- Drug Design; University of Groningen; Address Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Sohag University; Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Arianna Rossetti
- Drug Design; University of Groningen; Address Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; 3 Ingardena Street 30-060 Krakow Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; 3 Ingardena Street 30-060 Krakow Poland
| | | | - Tad A. Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; 3 Ingardena Street 30-060 Krakow Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design; University of Groningen; Address Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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41
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Solid-phase synthesis, cyclization, and site-specific functionalization of aziridine-containing tetrapeptides. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1277-1287. [PMID: 28538738 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic tetrapeptides comprise a potent and selective class of molecules with a wide range of biological activities, including the phytotoxic activity of tentoxin and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory effects of chlamydocin. The incorporation of a functional aziridine group within cyclic peptides enables their conformational control and allows for late-stage and site-selective functionalization of these molecules, thereby creating the potential for covalent protein labeling. This protocol describes the solid-phase synthesis, cyclization, and site-specific structural modification of aziridine-containing tetrapeptides. The linear precursors are assembled by solid-phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc-protected amino acid building blocks, followed by head-to-tail peptide cyclization. Cyclization is performed using a slow reverse-addition method that prevents the formation of undesired higher-order cyclo-oligomeric side products. Site-specific structural modification of the resulting macrocycles is described using sodium azide or thiophenol as representative examples. It requires ∼4 d to prepare peptide macrocycles from their respective Fmoc-protected amino acid starting materials, an improvement upon the 3 weeks required for conventional solution-phase methods. This protocol also addresses important considerations regarding the handling of these compounds, whose electrophilic aziridine functionalities can otherwise be prone to undesired side reactions. With recent developments in aziridine-containing macrocyclic peptide synthesis and the potential for covalent protein labeling, these scaffolds represent a valuable addition to many screening libraries, and we expect that access to these macrocycles will facilitate efforts in drug discovery and molecular probe development.
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Giordanetto F, Tyrchan C, Ulander J. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Expectations in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:139-142. [PMID: 28197301 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Design strategies centered on intramolecular hydrogen bonds are sometime used in drug discovery, but their general applicability has not been addressed beyond scattered examples or circumstantial evidence. A total of 1053 matched molecular pairs where only one of the two molecules is able to form an intramolecular hydrogen bond via monatomic transformations have been identified across the ChEMBL database. These pairs were used to investigate the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on biological activity. While cases of extreme, conflicting variation of effect emerge, the mean biological activity difference for a pair is close to zero and does not exceed ±0.5 log biological activity for over 50% of the analyzed sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Respiratory and Inflammation, Innovative Medicines and
Early Development Biotech Unit, Astrazeneca, Mölndal, Pepparedsleden
1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Ulander
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech
Unit, Astrazeneca, Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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44
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Morejón MC, Laub A, Westermann B, Rivera DG, Wessjohann LA. Solution- and Solid-Phase Macrocyclization of Peptides by the Ugi-Smiles Multicomponent Reaction: Synthesis of N-Aryl-Bridged Cyclic Lipopeptides. Org Lett 2016; 18:4096-9. [PMID: 27505031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new multicomponent methodology for the solution- and solid-phase macrocyclization of peptides is described. The approach comprises the utilization of the Ugi-Smiles reaction for the cyclization of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing peptides either by the N-terminus or the lysine side-chain amino groups. Both the on-resin and solution cyclizations took place with good to excellent efficiency in the presence of an aldehyde and a lipidic isocyanide, while the use of paraformaldehyde required an aminocatalysis-mediated imine formation prior to the on-resin Ugi-Smiles ring closure. The introduction of a turn motif in the peptide sequence facilitated the cyclization step, shortened the reaction time, and delivered crude products with >90% purity. This powerful method provided a variety of structurally novel N-aryl-bridged cyclic lipopeptides occurring as single atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micjel C Morejón
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.,Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana , Zapata y G, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Annegret Laub
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.,Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana , Zapata y G, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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