1
|
Mishra R, Kilroy MK, Feroz W, Patel H, Garrett JT. HER3 V104 mutations regulate cell signaling, growth, and drug sensitivity in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1528-1541. [PMID: 38751013 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
HER3 is mutated in ~2%-10% of cancers depending on the cancer type. We found the HER3-V104L mutation to be activating from patient-derived mutations introduced via lentiviral transduction in HER3KO HER2 + HCC1569 breast cancer cells in which endogenous HER3 was eliminated by CRISPR/Cas9. Cells expressing HER3-V104L showed higher p-HER3 and p-ERK1/2 expression versus cells expressing wild-type HER3 or HER3-V104M. Patients whose tumor expressed the HER3 V104L variant had a reduced probability of overall survival compared to patients lacking a HER3 mutation whereas we did not find a statistically significant difference in overall survival of various cancer patients with the HER3 V104M mutation. Our data showed that HER2 inhibitors suppressed cell growth of HCC1569HER3KO cells stably expressing the HER3-V104L mutation. Cancer cell lines (SNU407, UC15 and DV90) with endogenous HER3-V104M mutation showed reduced cell proliferation and p-HER2/p-ERK1/2 expression with HER2 inhibitor treatment. Knock down of HER3 abrogated cell proliferation in the above cell lines which were overall more sensitive to the ERK inhibitor SCH779284 versus PI3K inhibitors. HER3-V104L mutation stabilized HER3 protein expression in COS7 and SNUC5 cells. COS7 cells transiently transfected with the HER3-V104L mutation in the presence of HER binding partners showed higher expression of p-HER3, p-ERK1/2 versus HER3-WT in a NRG-independent manner without any change in AKT signaling. Overall, this study shows the clinical relevance of the HER3 V104L and the V104M mutations and its response to HER2, PI3K and ERK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalin Mishra
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Kate Kilroy
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wasim Feroz
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hima Patel
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joan T Garrett
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Sang Y, Li S, Xue J, Chen M, Hong S, Lv W, Sehgal K, Xiao H, Liu R. The ERK inhibitor GDC-0994 selectively inhibits growth of BRAF mutant cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101991. [PMID: 38728872 PMCID: PMC11107342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BRAF or RAS mutation-induced aberrant activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is frequently observed in human cancers. As the key downstream node of MAPK pathway, ERK1/2 is as an important therapeutic target. GDC-0994 (ravoxertinib), an orally bioavailable, highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of ERK1/2, showed acceptable safety and pharmacodynamic profile in a recent phase I clinical trial. In this study, we investigated dependence of the anti-tumor effect of ERK inhibitor GDC-0994 on genetic alterations in the MAPK pathway. The results showed that GDC-0994 sharply inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation and induced remarkable G1 phase cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells harboring BRAF mutation but had little effect on cell behaviors in most RAS mutant or wild-type cell lines. The expression of a large number of genes, particularly the genes in the cell cycle pathway, were significantly changed after GDC-0994 treatment in BRAF mutant cells, while no remarkable expression change of such genes was observed in wild-type cells. Moreover, GDC-0994 selectively inhibited tumor growth in a BRAF mutant xenograft mice model. Our findings demonstrate a BRAF mutation-dependent anti-tumor effect of GDC-0994 and provide a rational strategy for patient selection for ERK1/2 inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ye Sang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shiyong Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Junyu Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Mengke Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shubin Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weiming Lv
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kartik Sehgal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Rengyun Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang R, Zhang L, Bu F, Sun F, Cheng B. AI-based prediction of protein-ligand binding affinity and discovery of potential natural product inhibitors against ERK2. BMC Chem 2024; 18:108. [PMID: 38831341 PMCID: PMC11145815 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Determination of protein-ligand binding affinity (PLA) is a key technological tool in hit discovery and lead optimization, which is critical to the drug development process. PLA can be determined directly by experimental methods, but it is time-consuming and costly. In recent years, deep learning has been widely applied to PLA prediction, the key of which lies in the comprehensive and accurate representation of proteins and ligands. In this study, we proposed a multi-modal deep learning model based on the early fusion strategy, called DeepLIP, to improve PLA prediction by integrating multi-level information, and further used it for virtual screening of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2), an ideal target for cancer treatment. Experimental results from model evaluation showed that DeepLIP achieved superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods on the widely used benchmark dataset. In addition, by combining previously developed machine learning models and molecular dynamics simulation, we screened three novel hits from a drug-like natural product library. These compounds not only had favorable physicochemical properties, but also bound stably to the target protein. We believe they have the potential to serve as starting molecules for the development of ERK2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China.
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Fanyou Bu
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Fuqiang Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Mou Y, Wan LX, Zhu S, Wang G, Gao H, Liu B. Rethinking therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs: An update on pharmacological small-molecule compounds in cancer. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38769656 DOI: 10.1002/med.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenes and tumor suppressors are well-known to orchestrate several signaling cascades, regulate extracellular and intracellular stimuli, and ultimately control the fate of cancer cells. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed that perturbation of these key modulators by mutations or abnormal protein expressions are closely associated with drug resistance in cancer therapy; however, the inherent drug resistance or compensatory mechanism remains to be clarified for targeted drug discovery. Thus, dual-target drug development has been widely reported to be a promising therapeutic strategy for improving drug efficiency or overcoming resistance mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs, especially focusing on pharmacological small-molecule compounds in cancer, including small molecules targeting mutation resistance, compensatory mechanisms, synthetic lethality, synergistic effects, and other new emerging strategies. Together, these therapeutic strategies of dual-target drugs would shed light on discovering more novel candidate small-molecule drugs for the future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Mou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Xi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shuai W, Xiao H, Yang P, Zhang Y, Bu F, Wu Y, Sun Q, Wang G, Ouyang L. Structure-Guided Discovery and Preclinical Assessment of Novel (Thiophen-3-yl)aminopyrimidine Derivatives as Potent ERK1/2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6425-6455. [PMID: 38613499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is abnormally activated in various tumors, playing a crucial role in mediating tumor progression. As the key component at the terminal stage of this cascade, ERK1/2 emerges as a potential antitumor target and offers a promising therapeutic strategy for tumors harboring BRAF or RAS mutations. Here, we identified 36c with a (thiophen-3-yl)aminopyrimidine scaffold as a potent ERK1/2 inhibitor through structure-guided optimization for hit 18. In preclinical studies, 36c showed powerful ERK1/2 inhibitory activities (ERK1/2 IC50 = 0.11/0.08 nM) and potent antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo against triple-negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer models harboring BRAF and RAS mutations. 36c could directly inhibit ERK1/2, significantly block the phosphorylation expression of their downstream substrates p90RSK and c-Myc, and induce cell apoptosis and incomplete autophagy-related cell death. Taken together, this work provides a promising ERK1/2 lead compound for multiple tumor-treatment drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shuai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongya Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiu Sun
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grogan L, Shapiro P. Progress in the development of ERK1/2 inhibitors for treating cancer and other diseases. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 100:181-207. [PMID: 39034052 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are ubiquitous regulators of many cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death. ERK1/2 regulate cell functions by phosphorylating a diverse collection of protein substrates consisting of other kinases, transcription factors, structural proteins, and other regulatory proteins. ERK1/2 regulation of cell functions is tightly regulated through the balance between activating phosphorylation by upstream kinases and inactivating dephosphorylation by phosphatases. Disruption of homeostatic ERK1/2 regulation caused by elevated extracellular signals or mutations in upstream regulatory proteins leads to the constitutive activation of ERK1/2 signaling and uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in many types of cancer. Many inhibitors of upstream kinase regulators of ERK1/2 have been developed and are part of targeted therapeutic options to treat a variety of cancers. However, the efficacy of these drugs in providing sustained patient responses is limited by the development of acquired resistance often involving re-activation of ERK1/2. As such, recent drug discovery efforts have focused on the direct targeting of ERK1/2. Several ATP competitive ERK1/2 inhibitors have been identified and are being tested in cancer clinical trials. One drug, Ulixertinib (BVD-523), has received FDA approval for use in the Expanded Access Program for patients with no other therapeutic options. This review provides an update on ERK1/2 inhibitors in clinical trials, their successes and limitations, and new academic drug discovery efforts to modulate ERK1/2 signaling for treating cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Grogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anderson JW, Vaisar D, Jones DN, Pegram LM, Vigers GP, Chen H, Moffat JG, Ahn NG. Conformation selection by ATP-competitive inhibitors and allosteric communication in ERK2. eLife 2024; 12:RP91507. [PMID: 38537148 PMCID: PMC10972564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK2) by phosphorylation has been shown to involve changes in protein dynamics, as determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and NMR relaxation dispersion measurements. These can be described by a global exchange between two conformational states of the active kinase, named 'L' and 'R,' where R is associated with a catalytically productive ATP-binding mode. An ATP-competitive ERK1/2 inhibitor, Vertex-11e, has properties of conformation selection for the R-state, revealing movements of the activation loop that are allosterically coupled to the kinase active site. However, the features of inhibitors important for R-state selection are unknown. Here, we survey a panel of ATP-competitive ERK inhibitors using HDX-MS and NMR and identify 14 new molecules with properties of R-state selection. They reveal effects propagated to distal regions in the P+1 and helix αF segments surrounding the activation loop, as well as helix αL16. Crystal structures of inhibitor complexes with ERK2 reveal systematic shifts in the Gly loop and helix αC, mediated by a Tyr-Tyr ring stacking interaction and the conserved Lys-Glu salt bridge. The findings suggest a model for the R-state involving small movements in the N-lobe that promote compactness within the kinase active site and alter mobility surrounding the activation loop. Such properties of conformation selection might be exploited to modulate the protein docking interface used by ERK substrates and effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake W Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
| | - David Vaisar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
| | - David N Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CenterBoulderUnited States
| | - Laurel M Pegram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
| | | | - Huifen Chen
- Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Natalie G Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang N, Huang Y, Zi Y, Wang M, Huang W. P(NMe 2) 3-Mediated Regioselective N-Alkylation of 2-Pyridones via Direct Deoxygenation of α-Keto Esters. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3657-3665. [PMID: 38366991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A practical and regioselective direct N-alkylation of 2-pyridones is enabled by use of α-keto esters in the P(NMe2)3-mediated deoxygenation process. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions to produce N-alkylated 2-pyridones with high selectivity and generality, and the protocol is shown to be applicable for the scale-up synthesis, which makes it promising for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - You Zi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Weichun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chiang CY, Zhang M, Huang J, Zeng J, Chen C, Pan D, Yang H, Zhang T, Yang M, Han Q, Wang Z, Xiao T, Chen Y, Zou Y, Yin F, Li Z, Zhu L, Zheng D. A novel selective ERK1/2 inhibitor, Laxiflorin B, targets EGFR mutation subtypes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:422-435. [PMID: 37816856 PMCID: PMC10789733 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) are key members of multiple signaling pathways, including the ErbB axis. Ectopic ERK1/2 activation contributes to various types of cancer, especially drug resistance to inhibitors of RTK, RAF and MEK, and specific ERK1/2 inhibitors are scarce. In this study, we identified a potential novel covalent ERK inhibitor, Laxiflorin B, which is a herbal compound with anticancer activity. However, Laxiflorin B is present at low levels in herbs; therefore, we adopted a semi-synthetic process for the efficient production of Laxiflorin B to improve the yield. Laxiflorin B induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via BAD activation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, especially in EGFR mutant subtypes. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that Laxiflorin B inhibits amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG) expression through ERK inhibition, and suppressed the activation of their receptors, ErbBs, via a positive feedback loop. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis combined with computer simulation revealed that Laxiflorin B binds covalently to Cys-183 in the ATP-binding pocket of ERK1 via the D-ring, and Cys-178 of ERK1 through non-inhibitory binding of the A-ring. In a NSCLC tumor xenograft model in nude mice, Laxiflorin B also exhibited strong tumor suppressive effects with low toxicity and AREG and EREG were identified as biomarkers of Laxiflorin B efficacy. Finally, Laxiflorin B-4, a C-6 analog of Laxiflorin B, exhibited higher binding affinity for ERK1/2 and stronger tumor suppression. These findings provide a new approach to tumor inhibition using natural anticancer compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yao Chiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chunlan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongmei Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiangqiang Han
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, China
- Wuhan Biobank Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zou Wang
- Wuhan Biobank Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yangchao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yongdong Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zigang Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Duo Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School; College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohishi Y, Nakanishi Y, Hirotani Y, Suzuki A, Tanino T, Nishimaki‐Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Nozaki F, Ohni S, Tang X, Hayashi K, Nakagawa Y, Shimizu T, Tsujino I, Takahashi N, Gon Y, Masuda S. Different effects of crizotinib treatment in two non-small cell lung cancer patients with SDC4::ROS1 fusion variants. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:89-93. [PMID: 38093515 PMCID: PMC10761618 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibility of stratifying patients according to differences in ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) fusion partners has been discussed. This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological differences between two SDC4::ROS1 positive NSCLC cases who had different responses to crizotinib. Cytology and pathology samples from two NSCLC cases with SDC4::ROS1 who were diagnosed and treated with crizotinib at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital were obtained. Case 1 has been well-controlled with crizotinib for over 5 years, but case 2 was worse and overall survival was 19 months. Sequencing analysis of ROS1 fusion genes was performed by reverse-transcription-PCR and Sanger's sequencing methods. In addition, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, ROS-1, Ki67, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)1/2 expression were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Sequencing analysis showed SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon 32 (exon33 deleted) in case 1, and coexistence of SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon 34 and SDC4 exon2::ROS1 exon35 in case 2. The Ki67 index was not different, but ROS1 and pERK1/2 expression levels tended to be higher in the tumor cells of case 2 than in case 1. Therapeutic response to crizotinib and patients' prognosis in ROS1 rearranged NSCLC may be related to the activation of ROS1 signaling, depending on ROS1 and pERK1/2 overexpression status, even if the ROS1 fusion partner is the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ohishi
- Nihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yukari Hirotani
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuko Suzuki
- Division of Pathology LaboratoryNihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanino
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Haruna Nishimaki‐Watanabe
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Fumi Nozaki
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Sumie Ohni
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Tsujino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Noriaki Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ong HW, de Silva C, Avalani K, Kwarcinski F, Mansfield CR, Chirgwin M, Truong A, Derbyshire ER, Zutshi R, Drewry DH. Characterization of 2,4-Dianilinopyrimidines Against Five P. falciparum Kinases PfARK1, PfARK3, PfNEK3, PfPK9, and PfPKB. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1774-1784. [PMID: 38116430 PMCID: PMC10726455 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium kinases are increasingly recognized as potential novel antiplasmodial targets for the treatment of malaria, but only a small subset of these kinases have had structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns reported. Herein we report the discovery of CZC-54252 (1) as an inhibitor of five P. falciparum kinases PfARK1, PfARK3, PfNEK3, PfPK9, and PfPKB. 39 analogues were evaluated against all five kinases to establish SAR at three regions of the kinase active site. Nanomolar inhibitors of each kinase were discovered. We identified common and divergent SAR trends across all five kinases, highlighting substituents in each region that improve potency and selectivity for each kinase. Potent analogues were evaluated against the P. falciparum blood stage. Eight submicromolar inhibitors were discovered, of which 37 demonstrated potent antiplasmodial activity (EC50 = 0.16 μM). Our results provide an understanding of features needed to inhibit each individual kinase and lay groundwork for future optimization efforts toward novel antimalarials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wee Ong
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chandi de Silva
- Luceome
Biotechnologies, LLC, 1665 East 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Krisha Avalani
- Luceome
Biotechnologies, LLC, 1665 East 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Frank Kwarcinski
- Luceome
Biotechnologies, LLC, 1665 East 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Christopher R. Mansfield
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Michael Chirgwin
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Anna Truong
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily R. Derbyshire
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Reena Zutshi
- Luceome
Biotechnologies, LLC, 1665 East 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural
Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pan P, He Y, Geng T, Li Z, Li Z, Meng X. Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras as Degraders of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16290. [PMID: 38003480 PMCID: PMC10671693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) alone or in combination with other targets has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for a variety of human tumors. In addition to the development of inhibitors, the development of ERK1/2 degraders is an alternative approach to decrease its activity. We synthesized proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as effective ERK1/2 degraders, among which B1-10J showed high degradative activity, with DC50 of 102 nM and cytotoxic IC50 of 2.2 μM against HCT116 cells. Moreover, B1-10J dose-dependently inhibited tumor cell migration. Xenograft experiments in nude mice demonstrated that B1-10J inhibited HCT116 tumor cell growth and achieved significant regression of tumors at a daily dose of 25 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tongtong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongtang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anderson JW, Vaisar D, Jones DN, Pegram LM, Vigers GP, Chen H, Moffat JG, Ahn NG. Conformation Selection by ATP-competitive Inhibitors and Allosteric Communication in ERK2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557258. [PMID: 37745518 PMCID: PMC10515847 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase-2 (ERK2) by phosphorylation has been shown to involve changes in protein dynamics, as determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and NMR relaxation dispersion measurements. These can be described by a global exchange between two conformational states of the active kinase, named "L" and "R", where R is associated with a catalytically productive ATP-binding mode. An ATP-competitive ERK1/2 inhibitor, Vertex-11e, has properties of conformation selection for the R-state, revealing movements of the activation loop that are allosterically coupled to the kinase active site. However, the features of inhibitors important for R-state selection are unknown. Here we survey a panel of ATP-competitive ERK inhibitors using HDX-MS and NMR and identify 14 new molecules with properties of R-state selection. They reveal effects propagated to distal regions in the P+1 and helix αF segments surrounding the activation loop, as well as helix αL16. Crystal structures of inhibitor complexes with ERK2 reveal systematic shifts in the Gly loop and helix αC, mediated by a Tyr-Tyr ring stacking interaction and the conserved Lys-Glu salt bridge. The findings suggest a model for the R-state involving small movements in the N-lobe that promote compactness within the kinase active site and alter mobility surrounding the activation loop. Such properties of conformation selection might be exploited to modulate the protein docking interface used by ERK substrates and effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Vaisar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - David N. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Laurel M. Pegram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
- Present address: Loxo Oncology, Louisville, CO 80027
| | - Guy P. Vigers
- Array BioPharma, Inc., Boulder, CO
- Present address: Allium Consulting LLC, Boulder, CO 80304
| | - Huifen Chen
- Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Natalie G. Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian Y, Zhang M, Heng P, Hou H, Wang B. Computational Investigations on Reaction Mechanisms of the Covalent Inhibitors Ponatinib and Analogs Targeting the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15223. [PMID: 37894903 PMCID: PMC10607051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important cancer therapeutic target, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) are involved in triggering various cellular responses in tumors. Regulation of the ERK signaling pathway by the small molecular inhibitors is highly desired for the sake of cancer therapy. In contrast to the routine inhibitors targeting ERKs through long-range non-bonding interactions, Ponatinib, a covalent inhibitor to ERK2 with a macrocyclic structure characterized by the α,β-C=C unsaturated ketone, can form the stable -C(S)-C(H)-type complex via the four-center barrier due to the nucleophilic addition reaction of the thiol group of the Cys166 residue of ERK2 with the C=C double bond of Ponatinib with reaction free-energy barrier of 47.2 kcal/mol. Reaction mechanisms for the covalent binding were calculated using QM/MM methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The interaction modes and the corresponding binding free energies were obtained for the non-covalent and covalent complexation. The binding free energies of the non-covalent and covalent inhibitions are 14.8 kcal/mol and 33.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The mechanistic study stimulated a rational design on the modified Ponatinib structure by substituting the C=C bond with the C=N bond. It was demonstrated that the new compound exhibits better inhibition activity toward ERK2 in term of both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects through the covalent binding with a lower reaction free-energy barrier of 23.1 kcal/mol. The present theoretical work sheds new light on the development of the covalent inhibitors for the regulation of ERKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.T.); (M.Z.); (P.H.); (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng M, Grandner JM, Bryan MC, Verma V, Larouche-Gauthier R, Leclerc JP, Zhao L, Haghshenas P, Aubert-Nicol S, Yadav A, Ashley M, Chen JZ, Durk M, Samy KE, Nespi M, Levy E, Merrick K, Moffat JG, Murray J, Oh A, Orr C, Segal E, Sims J, Sneeringer C, Prangley M, Vartanian S, Magnuson S, Parr BT. Discovery of Selective Tertiary Amide Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1179-1187. [PMID: 37736184 PMCID: PMC10510669 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle and are frequently altered in cancer cells, thereby leading to uncontrolled proliferation. In this context, CDK2 has emerged as an appealing target for anticancer drug development. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of selective small molecule inhibitors of CDK2 beginning with historical compounds from our ERK2 program (e.g., compound 6). Structure-based drug design led to the potent and selective tool compound 32, where excellent selectivity against ERK2 and CDK4 was achieved by filling the lipophilic DFG-1 pocket and targeting interactions with CDK2-specific lower hinge binding residues, respectively. Compound 32 demonstrated 112% tumor growth inhibition in mice bearing OVCAR3 tumors with 50 mg/kg bis in die (BID) oral dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Zeng
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Marian C. Bryan
- Janssen
R&D, 1400 McKean
Rd, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Liang Zhao
- Paraza
Pharma Inc., Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Arun Yadav
- Paraza
Pharma Inc., Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Melissa Ashley
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Z. Chen
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Durk
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karen E. Samy
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marika Nespi
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elizabeth Levy
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karl Merrick
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John G. Moffat
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Angela Oh
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Orr
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ehud Segal
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jessica Sims
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Steffan Vartanian
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brendan T. Parr
- Genentech
Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anderson B, Rosston P, Ong HW, Hossain MA, Davis-Gilbert ZW, Drewry DH. How many kinases are druggable? A review of our current understanding. Biochem J 2023; 480:1331-1363. [PMID: 37642371 PMCID: PMC10586788 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There are over 500 human kinases ranging from very well-studied to almost completely ignored. Kinases are tractable and implicated in many diseases, making them ideal targets for medicinal chemistry campaigns, but is it possible to discover a drug for each individual kinase? For every human kinase, we gathered data on their citation count, availability of chemical probes, approved and investigational drugs, PDB structures, and biochemical and cellular assays. Analysis of these factors highlights which kinase groups have a wealth of information available, and which groups still have room for progress. The data suggest a disproportionate focus on the more well characterized kinases while much of the kinome remains comparatively understudied. It is noteworthy that tool compounds for understudied kinases have already been developed, and there is still untapped potential for further development in this chemical space. Finally, this review discusses many of the different strategies employed to generate selectivity between kinases. Given the large volume of information available and the progress made over the past 20 years when it comes to drugging kinases, we believe it is possible to develop a tool compound for every human kinase. We hope this review will prove to be both a useful resource as well as inspire the discovery of a tool for every kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Anderson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Peter Rosston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Zachary W. Davis-Gilbert
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu X, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Zhao Z, Li Z. Grb2-related adaptor protein GRAP is a novel regulator of liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2023; 327:121861. [PMID: 37343720 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Excessive liver fibrosis is frequently observed in chronic liver diseases and associated with decline of liver functions. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are considered the principal mediator of liver fibrosis by trans-differentiating into myofibroblasts. In the present study we investigated the role of Grb2-related adaptor protein (GRAP) in HSC activation and liver fibrosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Liver fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection. Gene expression was examined by quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation was evaluated by EdU incorporation. DNA-protein interaction was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). KEY FINDINGS GRAP expression was up-regulated during HSC-myofibroblast transition both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, serum response factor (SRF) and myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) formed a complex to bind to the GRAP promoter and activate GRAP transcription. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated GRAP silencing blocked HSC-myofibroblast transition in vitro. Importantly, adeno-associated virus 6 (AAV6) mediated GRAP knockdown in myofibroblasts attenuated liver fibrosis in mice. Of note, inhibition of ERK signaling abrogated enhancement of HSC-myofibroblast transition by GRAP over-expression. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that GRAP, possibly via ERK activation, regulates HSC-myofibroblast transition and contributes to liver fibrosis. Screening for small-molecule GRAP inhibitors may yield novel therapeutic solutions against liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aguilar-Valdés A, González-Vela F, Sánchez-Vidal H, Martínez-Aguilar J. A proteomic signature and potential pharmacological opportunities in the adaptive resistance to MEK and PI3K kinase inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2300041. [PMID: 37140101 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer types and is becoming a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The limited benefit offered by chemotherapy agents has propelled the search for alternative approaches that target specific molecular drivers of cancer growth and progression. Mutant KRas and effector pathways Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt are key players in pancreatic cancer; however, preclinical studies have shown adaptive tumour response to combined MEK and PI3K kinase inhibition leading to treatment resistance. There is a critical unmet need to decipher the molecular basis underlying adaptation to this targeted approach. Here, we aimed to identify common protein expression alterations associated with adaptive resistance in KRas-mutant pancreatic cancer cells, and test if it can be overcome by selected already available small molecule drugs. We found a group of 14 proteins with common expression change in resistant cells, including KRas, caveolin-1, filamin-a, eplin, IGF2R and cytokeratins CK-8, -18 and -19. Notably, several proteins have previously been observed in pancreatic cancer cells with intrinsic resistance to the combined kinase inhibition treatment, suggesting a proteomic signature. We also found that resistant cells are sensitive to small molecule drugs ERK inhibitor GDC-0994, S6K1 inhibitor DG2 and statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Aguilar-Valdés
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco González-Vela
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hilda Sánchez-Vidal
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Martínez-Aguilar
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nitulescu GM, Stancov G, Seremet OC, Nitulescu G, Mihai DP, Duta-Bratu CG, Barbuceanu SF, Olaru OT. The Importance of the Pyrazole Scaffold in the Design of Protein Kinases Inhibitors as Targeted Anticancer Therapies. Molecules 2023; 28:5359. [PMID: 37513232 PMCID: PMC10385367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered activation or overexpression of protein kinases (PKs) is a major subject of research in oncology and their inhibition using small molecules, protein kinases inhibitors (PKI) is the best available option for the cure of cancer. The pyrazole ring is extensively employed in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development strategies, playing a vital role as a fundamental framework in the structure of various PKIs. This scaffold holds major importance and is considered a privileged structure based on its synthetic accessibility, drug-like properties, and its versatile bioisosteric replacement function. It has proven to play a key role in many PKI, such as the inhibitors of Akt, Aurora kinases, MAPK, B-raf, JAK, Bcr-Abl, c-Met, PDGFR, FGFRT, and RET. Of the 74 small molecule PKI approved by the US FDA, 8 contain a pyrazole ring: Avapritinib, Asciminib, Crizotinib, Encorafenib, Erdafitinib, Pralsetinib, Pirtobrutinib, and Ruxolitinib. The focus of this review is on the importance of the unfused pyrazole ring within the clinically tested PKI and on the additional required elements of their chemical structures. Related important pyrazole fused scaffolds like indazole, pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, or pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine are beyond the subject of this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgiana Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.N.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang MF, Sun SY, Lv HG, Wang WQ, Li HX, Sun JY, Zhang ZY. Ravoxertinib Improves Long-Term Neurologic Deficits after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage through Early Inhibition of Erk1/2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19692-19704. [PMID: 37305289 PMCID: PMC10249378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) signaling has been shown to be involved in brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A first-in-human phase I study reported that ravoxertinib hydrochloride (RAH), a novel Erk1/2 inhibitor, has an acceptable safety profile and pharmacodynamic effects. Here, we showed that the level of Erk1/2 phosphorylation (p-Erk1/2) was significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients who developed poor outcomes. In a rat SAH model that was produced by the intracranial endovascular perforation method, western blot observed that the level of p-Erk1/2 was also increased in the CSF and basal cortex, showing a similar trend with aSAH patients. Immunofluorescence and western blot indicated that RAH treatment (i.c.v injection, 30 min post-SAH) attenuates the SAH-induced increase of p-Erk1/2 at 24 h in rats. RAH treatment can improve experimental SAH-induced long-term sensorimotor and spatial learning deficits that are evaluated by the Morris water maze, rotarod test, foot-fault test, and forelimb placing test. Moreover, RAH treatment attenuates neurobehavioral deficits, the blood-brain barrier damage, and cerebral edema at 72 h after SAH in rats. Furthermore, RAH treatment decreases the SAH-elevated apoptosis-related factor active caspase-3 and the necroptosis-related factor RIPK1 expression at 72 h in rats. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that RAH attenuated neuronal apoptosis but not neuronal necroptosis in the basal cortex at 72 h after SAH in rats. Altogether, our results suggest that RAH improves long-term neurologic deficits through early inhibition of Erk1/2 in experimental SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-feng Yang
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-yao Sun
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-guang Lv
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-qi Wang
- Shandong
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan 250021, Shandong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Han-xia Li
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-yi Sun
- Shandong
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan 250021, Shandong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zong-yong Zhang
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li H, Lv W, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Wu H, Su C, Shu H, Nie F. PLGA-PEI nanobubbles carrying PDLIM5 siRNA inhibit EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cell migration and invasion ability using UTND technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
|
22
|
Lin Y, He J, Mou Z, Tian Y, Chen H, Guan T, Chen L. Common Key Genes in Differentiating Parathyroid Adenoma From Thyroid Adenoma. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:212-221. [PMID: 36599456 PMCID: PMC9970760 DOI: 10.1055/a-2007-2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the close relationship between parathyroid adenoma (PA) and thyroid follicular adenoma (FTA). However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unknown. This study focused on exploring common pathogenic genes, as well as the pathogenesis of these two diseases, through bioinformatics methods. This work obtained PA and FTA datasets from the Integrated Gene Expression Database to identify the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of two diseases. The functions of the genes were investigated by GO and KEGG enrichment. The program CytoHubba was used to select the hub genes, while receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to evaluate the predictive significance of the hub genes. The DGIbd database was used to identify gene-targeted drugs. This work detected a total of 77 DEGs. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that DEGs had activities of 3',5'-cyclic AMP, and nucleotide phosphodiesterases and were associated with cell proliferation. NOS1, VWF, TGFBR2, CAV1, and MAPK1 were identified as hub genes after verification. The area under the curve of PA and FTA was>0.7, and the hub genes participated in the Relaxin Signaling Pathway, focal adhesion, and other pathways. The construction of the mRNA-miRNA interaction network yielded 11 important miRNAs, while gene-targeting drug prediction identified four targeted drugs with possible effects. This bioinformatics study demonstrated that cell proliferation and tumor suppression and the hub genes co-occurring in PA and FTA, have important effects on the occurrence and progression of two diseases, which make them potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Jinxuan He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Zhixiang Mou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Yuchen Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Tianjun Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen
University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University,
Xiamen,
China
- Correspondence Lan Chen Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen UniversityDepartment of NephrologyXiamen Municipal Health Commission, Building B, Tianlu Building, 2
Tong ‘an Road, Xiamen city361003 Fujian ProvinceChina15060120551
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mizuno S, Ikegami M, Koyama T, Sunami K, Ogata D, Kage H, Yanagaki M, Ikeuchi H, Ueno T, Tanikawa M, Oda K, Osuga Y, Mano H, Kohsaka S. High-Throughput Functional Evaluation of MAP2K1 Variants in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:227-239. [PMID: 36442478 PMCID: PMC9890140 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1) are involved in a variety of cancers and may be classified according to their RAF dependence. Sensitivity to combined BRAF and MEK treatments is associated with co-mutations of MAP2K1 and BRAF; however, the significance of less frequent MAP2K1 mutations is largely unknown. The transforming potential and drug sensitivity of 100 MAP2K1 variants were evaluated using individual assays and the mixed-all-nominated-in-one method. In addition, A375, a melanoma cell line harboring the BRAF V600E mutation, was used to evaluate the function of the MAP2K1 variants in combination with active RAF signaling. Among a total of 67 variants of unknown significance, 16 were evaluated as oncogenic or likely oncogenic. The drug sensitivity of the individual variants did not vary with respect to BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors (MEKi), or their combination. Sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors was associated with the RAF dependency of the MAP2K1 variants, whereas resistance was higher in RAF-regulated or independent variants compared with RAF-dependent variants. Thus, the synergistic effect of BRAF and MEKis may be observed in RAF-regulated and RAF-dependent variants. MAP2K1 variants exhibit differential sensitivity to BRAF and MEKis, suggesting the importance of individual functional analysis for the selection of optimal treatments for each patient. This comprehensive evaluation reveals precise functional information and provides optimal combination treatment for individual MAP2K1 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Mizuno
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masachika Ikegami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Koyama
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniko Sunami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kage
- Department of Next Generation Precision Medicine Development Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Yanagaki
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishishimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeuchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ueno
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Division of Integrative Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Corresponding Author: Shinji Kohsaka, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. Phone: 81-3-3547-5201; Fax: 81-3-5565-0727; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang H, Zhou X, Fu D, Le C, Wang J, Zhou Q, Liu X, Yuan Y, Ding K, Xiao Q. Targeting RAS mutants in malignancies: successes, failures, and reasons for hope. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:42-74. [PMID: 36316602 PMCID: PMC9859734 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes and play critical roles in the development and progression of malignancies. The mutation, isoform (KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS), position, and type of substitution vary depending on the tissue types. Despite decades of developing RAS-targeted therapies, only small subsets of these inhibitors are clinically effective, such as the allele-specific inhibitors against KRASG12C . Targeting the remaining RAS mutants would require further experimental elucidation of RAS signal transduction, RAS-altered metabolism, and the associated immune microenvironment. This study reviews the mechanisms and efficacy of novel targeted therapies for different RAS mutants, including KRAS allele-specific inhibitors, combination therapies, immunotherapies, and metabolism-associated therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Chenqin Le
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang FR, Cao F, Liu K, He YP, Luo G, Ye ZS. Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalyzed Asymmetric N-Allylic Alkylation of 2-Hydroxypyridines. Org Lett 2022; 24:8603-8608. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ruo Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Kui Liu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ping He
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Shi Ye
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ilakiyalakshmi M, Arumugam Napoleon A. Review on recent development of quinoline for anticancer activities. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
27
|
Fu L, Chen S, He G, Chen Y, Liu B. Targeting Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in Cancer: An Update on Pharmacological Small-Molecule Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13561-13573. [PMID: 36205714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the only known substrate of MEK1/2, is located downstream of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway and is associated with the abnormal activation and poor prognosis of cancer. To date, several small-molecule inhibitors of RAS, RAF, and MEK have been reported to make rapid advances in cancer therapy; however, acquired resistance still occurs, thereby weakening the therapeutic efficacy of these inhibitors. Recently, selective inhibition of ERK1/2 has been regarded as a potential cancer therapeutic strategy that can not only effectively block the MAPK pathway but also overcome drug resistance caused by upstream mutations in RAS, RAF, and MEK. Herein, we summarize the oncogenic roles, key signaling network, and the single- and dual-target inhibitors of ERK1/2 in preclinical and clinical trials. Together, these inspiring findings shed new light on the discovery of more small-molecule inhibitors of ERK1/2 as candidate drugs to improve cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dai M, Chen S, Teng X, Chen K, Cheng W. KRAS as a Key Oncogene in the Clinical Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. J Cancer 2022; 13:3209-3220. [PMID: 36118526 PMCID: PMC9475360 DOI: 10.7150/jca.76695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most malignant tumors, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. At present, the comprehensive treatment based on surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy has encountered a bottleneck, and targeted immunotherapy turns to be the direction of future development. About 90% of PDAC patients have KRAS mutations, and KRAS has been widely used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PDAC in recent years. With the development of liquid biopsy and gene testing, KRAS is expected to become a new biomarker to assist the stratification and prognosis of PDAC patients. An increasing number of small molecule inhibitors acting on the KRAS pathway are being developed and put into the clinic, providing more options for PDAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manxiong Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005 Hunan Province, China.,Translational Medicine Laboratory of Pancreas Disease of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005 Hunan Province, China.,Translational Medicine Laboratory of Pancreas Disease of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Xiong Teng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005 Hunan Province, China.,Translational Medicine Laboratory of Pancreas Disease of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005 Hunan Province, China.,Translational Medicine Laboratory of Pancreas Disease of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005 Hunan Province, China.,Xiangyue Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Clinical Center for Schistosomiasis Treatment, Yueyang 414000, Hunan Province, China.,Translational Medicine Laboratory of Pancreas Disease of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Janardhan HP, Dresser K, Hutchinson L, Trivedi CM. Pathological MAPK activation-mediated lymphatic basement membrane disruption causes lymphangiectasia that is treatable with ravoxertinib. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153033. [PMID: 36073544 PMCID: PMC9536262 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiectasia, an anomalous dilation of lymphatic vessels first described in the 17th century, is frequently associated with chylous effusion, respiratory failure, and high mortality in young patients, yet the underlying molecular pathogenesis and effective treatments remain elusive. Here, we identify an unexpected causal link between MAPK activation and defective development of the lymphatic basement membrane that drives lymphangiectasia. Human pathological tissue samples from patients diagnosed with lymphangiectasia revealed sustained MAPK activation within lymphatic endothelial cells. Endothelial KRASG12D-mediated sustained MAPK activation in newborn mice caused severe pulmonary and intercostal lymphangiectasia, accumulation of chyle in the pleural space, and complete lethality. Pathological activation of MAPK in murine vasculature inhibited the Nfatc1-dependent genetic program required for laminin interactions, collagen crosslinking, and anchoring fibril formation, driving defective development of the lymphatic basement membrane. Treatment with ravoxertinib, a pharmacological inhibitor of MAPK, reverses nuclear-to-cytoplasmic localization of Nfatc1, basement membrane development defects, lymphangiectasia, and chyle accumulation, ultimately improving survival of endothelial KRAS mutant neonatal mice. These results reveal defective lymphatic basement membrane assembly and composition as major causes of thoracic lymphangiectasia and provide a potential treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, and.,Li-Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei R, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yu X, Wang L, Gu C, Gu X, Yang Y. AIMP1 promotes multiple myeloma malignancy through interacting with ANP32A to mediate histone H3 acetylation. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 42:1185-1206. [PMID: 36042007 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy. An overwhelming majority of patients with MM progress to serious osteolytic bone disease. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein 1 (AIMP1) participates in several steps during cancer development and osteoclast differentiation. This study aimed to explore its role in MM. METHODS The gene expression profiling cohorts of MM were applied to determine the expression of AIMP1 and its association with MM patient prognosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to detect AIMP1 expression. Protein chip analysis, RNA-sequencing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing were employed to screen the interacting proteins and key downstream targets of AIMP1. The impact of AIMP1 on cellular proliferation was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in vitro and a xenograft model in vivo. Bone lesions were evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining in vitro. A NOD/SCID-TIBIA mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of siAIMP1-loaded exosomes on bone lesion formation in vivo. RESULTS AIMP1 expression was increased in MM patients and strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes. Increased AIMP1 expression promoted MM cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Protein chip assays and subsequent experiments revealed that AIMP1 interacted with acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A) to regulate histone H3 acetylation. In addition, AIMP1 increased histone H3 acetylation enrichment function of GRB2-associated and regulator of MAPK protein 2 (GAREM2) to increase the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). Furthermore, AIMP1 promoted osteoclast differentiation by activating nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) in vitro. In contrast, exosome-coated small interfering RNA of AIMP1 effectively suppressed MM progression and osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that AIMP1 is a novel regulator of histone H3 acetylation interacting with ANP32A in MM, which accelerates MM malignancy via activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Wei
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, P. R. China.,School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiao Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wene Zhao
- Department of Analytical and Testing Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211112, P. R. China
| | - Xichao Yu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, P. R. China.,School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, P. R. China.,School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mari T, Mösbauer K, Wyler E, Landthaler M, Drosten C, Selbach M. In Vitro Kinase-to-Phosphosite Database (iKiP-DB) Predicts Kinase Activity in Phosphoproteomic Datasets. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1575-1587. [PMID: 35608653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics routinely quantifies changes in the levels of thousands of phosphorylation sites, but functional analysis of such data remains a major challenge. While databases like PhosphoSitePlus contain information about many phosphorylation sites, the vast majority of known sites is not assigned to any protein kinase. Assigning changes in the phosphoproteome to the activity of individual kinases therefore remains a key challenge. A recent large-scale study systematically identified in vitro substrates for most human protein kinases. Here, we reprocessed and filtered these data to generate an in vitro Kinase-to-Phosphosite database (iKiP-DB). We show that iKiP-DB can accurately predict changes in kinase activity in published phosphoproteomic data sets for both well-studied and poorly characterized kinases. We apply iKiP-DB to a newly generated phosphoproteomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells and provide evidence for coronavirus-induced changes in host cell kinase activity. In summary, we show that iKiP-DB is widely applicable to facilitate the functional analysis of phosphoproteomic data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mari
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirstin Mösbauer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13092 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pan X, Pei J, Wang A, Shuai W, Feng L, Bu F, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Wang G, Ouyang L. Development of small molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) inhibitors for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2171-2192. [PMID: 35646548 PMCID: PMC9136582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is widely activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, and its dysregulation is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. ERK1/2 is located at the distal end of this pathway and rarely undergoes mutations, making it an attractive target for anticancer drug development. Currently, an increasing number of ERK1/2 inhibitors have been designed and synthesized for antitumor therapy, among which representative compounds have entered clinical trials. When ERK1/2 signal transduction is eliminated, ERK5 may provide a bypass route to rescue proliferation, and weaken the potency of ERK1/2 inhibitors. Therefore, drug research targeting ERK5 or based on the compensatory mechanism of ERK5 for ERK1/2 opens up a new way for oncotherapy. This review provides an overview of the physiological and biological functions of ERKs, focuses on the structure-activity relationships of small molecule inhibitors targeting ERKs, with a view to providing guidance for future drug design and optimization, and discusses the potential therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yumeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yun X, Chen L, Lv Y, Lu Z, Huang K, Yan S. Multicomponent cascade reaction of 3-formylchromones: Highly regioselective synthesis of functionalized pyridin-2(1H)-ones. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
34
|
Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials. Genes Dis 2022; 10:76-88. [PMID: 37013062 PMCID: PMC10066287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is a conserved signaling pathway that plays vital roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The aberrant activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway induces tumors. About 33% of tumors harbor RAS mutations, while 8% of tumors are driven by RAF mutations. Great efforts have been dedicated to targeting the signaling pathway for cancer treatment in the past decades. In this review, we summarized the development of inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway with an emphasis on those used in clinical treatment. Moreover, we discussed the potential combinations of inhibitors that target the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. The inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have essentially modified the therapeutic strategy against various cancers and deserve more attention in the current cancer research and treatment.
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu H, Wang H, Dong A, Huo X, Wang H, Wang J, Si J. The Inhibition of Gastric Cancer Cells’ Progression by 23,24-Dihydrocucurbitacin E through Disruption of the Ras/Raf/ERK/MMP9 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092697. [PMID: 35566048 PMCID: PMC9100127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered to be one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide due to its high recurrence and metastasis rates. The molecule 23,24-Dihydrocucurbitacin E (DHCE) is a cucurbitacin-derived tetracyclic triterpenoid compound that has anti-tumor activity, but the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. This research aimed to explore the effects of DHCE on human gastric cancer cells and the possible mechanisms. The results showed that DHCE suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells, as well as induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest. Mechanistically, the potential targets and pathways of DHCE were predicted using database screening and verified using a molecular docking study, fluorescence staining, and Western blot. The results indicated that DHCE obviously inhibited the kinase activity of ERK2 via targeting its ATP-binding domain, destroyed F-actin microfilament, and reduced the expression levels of Ras, p-c-Raf, ERK, p-ERK, and MMP9 proteins. Collectively, our study demonstrated that DHCE suppressed gastric cancer cells’ proliferation, migration, and invasion through targeting ERK2 and disrupting the Ras/Raf/ERK/MMP9 signaling pathway. These properties make DHCE a promising candidate drug for the further design and development of novel and effective Ras/Raf/ERK/MMP9 pathway inhibitors for treating gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li X, Dong P, Zhang T, Cai G, Chen Y, Dong H, Yang F, Zhang L, Mao Y, Feng J, Bai C, He F, Tao W. Discovery of SHR2415, a Novel Pyrrole-Fused Urea Scaffold ERK1/2 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:701-706. [PMID: 35450372 PMCID: PMC9014502 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK1/2 kinase is a key downstream node of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. A highly potent and selective ERK1/2 inhibitor is a promising option for cancer treatment that will provide a potential solution for overcoming drug resistance. Herein we designed and synthesized a novel scaffold featuring a pyrrole-fused urea template. The lead compound, SHR2415, was shown to be a highly potent ERK1/2 inhibitor that exhibited high cell potency based on the Colo205 assay. In addition, SHR2415 displayed favorable PK profiles across species as well as robust in vivo efficacy in a mouse Colo205 xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Ping Dong
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Guodong Cai
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yang Chen
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Huaide Dong
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Fang Yang
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yuchang Mao
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jun Feng
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Chang Bai
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Feng He
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Weikang Tao
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bai Y, Chen J, Hu W, Wang L, Wu Y, Yu S. Silibinin Therapy Improves Cholangiocarcinoma Outcomes by Regulating ERK/Mitochondrial Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847905. [PMID: 35401195 PMCID: PMC8983842 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Silibinin is widely utilized drug in various cancer treatments, though its application in cholangiocarcinoma has not yet been explored. For the first time, we evaluated the anticancer potential and underlying molecular mechanism of silibinin in treatment of cholangiocarcinoma treatment. Methods: HuCCT-1 and CCLP-1 cells were chosen to be an in vitro study model and were exposed to various concentrations of silibinin for indicated times. Cell viability was evaluated by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and half maximal inhibitory (IC50) concentrations were calculated. Cell proliferation capacity was determined through the use of colony formation and 5-Ethynyl-2′- deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Cell apoptosis and cycle arrest were assessed by Live/Dead staining assay and flow cytometry (FCM). The protein levels of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were evaluated through western blotting (WB). Mitochondrial membrane potential changes were determined via 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). A cholangiocarcinoma cell line xenograft model was used to assess the anti-tumor activity of silibinin in vivo. Results: Inhibition of the ERK protein by silibinin led to a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, which, in turn, caused Cytochrome C to be released from the mitochondria. The activation of downstream apoptotic pathways led to apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells. In general, silibinin inhibited the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cell line xenograft tumors. Conclusions: Silibinin is able to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma through the ERK/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which makes silibinin a potential anti-tumor drug candidate for cholangiocarcinoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shi’an Yu, ; Yulian Wu,
| | - Shi’an Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Shi’an Yu, ; Yulian Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ghosh S, Ataman M, Bak M, Börsch A, Schmidt A, Buczak K, Martin G, Dimitriades B, Herrmann CJ, Kanitz A, Zavolan M. CFIm-mediated alternative polyadenylation remodels cellular signaling and miRNA biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3096-3114. [PMID: 35234914 PMCID: PMC8989530 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm) has been implicated in alternative polyadenylation (APA) in a broad range of contexts, from cancers to learning deficits and parasite infections. To determine how the CFIm expression levels are translated into these diverse phenotypes, we carried out a multi-omics analysis of cell lines in which the CFIm25 (NUDT21) or CFIm68 (CPSF6) subunits were either repressed by siRNA-mediated knockdown or over-expressed from stably integrated constructs. We established that >800 genes undergo coherent APA in response to changes in CFIm levels, and they cluster in distinct functional classes related to protein metabolism. The activity of the ERK pathway traces the CFIm concentration, and explains some of the fluctuations in cell growth and metabolism that are observed upon CFIm perturbations. Furthermore, multiple transcripts encoding proteins from the miRNA pathway are targets of CFIm-dependent APA. This leads to an increased biogenesis and repressive activity of miRNAs at the same time as some 3′ UTRs become shorter and presumably less sensitive to miRNA-mediated repression. Our study provides a first systematic assessment of a core set of APA targets that respond coherently to changes in CFIm protein subunit levels (CFIm25/CFIm68). We describe the elicited signaling pathways downstream of CFIm, which improve our understanding of the key role of CFIm in integrating RNA processing with other cellular activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meric Ataman
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Bak
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anastasiya Börsch
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georges Martin
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Dimitriades
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina J Herrmann
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kanitz
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Niu Y, Ji H. Current developments in extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1464-1473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
40
|
Chen R, Wang Z, Liu L, Pan Z. Discovery of Novel Photocaged ERK1/2 Inhibitors as Light-controlled Anticancer Agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4901-4904. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERKs) are considered important targets for the treatment of various cancers, the occurrence of severe side effects in clinical trials restricts the development of ERK...
Collapse
|
41
|
Tatli O, Dinler Doganay G. Recent Developments in Targeting RAS Downstream Effectors for RAS-Driven Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247561. [PMID: 34946644 PMCID: PMC8703923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activity of oncogenic rat sarcoma virus (RAS) protein promotes tumor growth and progression. RAS-driven cancers comprise more than 30% of all human cancers and are refractory to frontline treatment strategies. Since direct targeting of RAS has proven challenging, efforts have been centered on the exploration of inhibitors for RAS downstream effector kinases. Two major RAS downstream signaling pathways, including the Raf/MEK/Erk cascade and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, have become compelling targets for RAS-driven cancer therapy. However, the main drawback in the blockade of a single RAS effector is the multiple levels of crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms between these two pathways that contribute to drug resistance against monotherapies. A growing body of evidence reveals that the sequential or synergistic inhibition of multiple RAS effectors is a more convenient route for the efficacy of cancer therapy. Herein, we revisit the recent developments and discuss the most promising modalities targeting canonical RAS downstream effectors for the treatment of RAS-driven cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Tatli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics-Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34720, Turkey
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics-Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-2122-857-256
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu J, Wang J, Wang X, Gao M, Guo B, Gao M, Liu J, Yu Y, Wang L, Kong W, An Y, Liu Z, Sun X, Huang Z, Zhou H, Zhang N, Zheng R, Xie Z. Prediction of drug efficacy from transcriptional profiles with deep learning. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:1444-1452. [PMID: 34140681 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery focused on target proteins has been a successful strategy, but many diseases and biological processes lack obvious targets to enable such approaches. Here, to overcome this challenge, we describe a deep learning-based efficacy prediction system (DLEPS) that identifies drug candidates using a change in the gene expression profile in the diseased state as input. DLEPS was trained using chemically induced changes in transcriptional profiles from the L1000 project. We found that the changes in transcriptional profiles for previously unexamined molecules were predicted with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.74. We examined three disorders and experimentally tested the top drug candidates in mouse disease models. Validation showed that perillen, chikusetsusaponin IV and trametinib confer disease-relevant impacts against obesity, hyperuricemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, respectively. DLEPS can generate insights into pathogenic mechanisms, and we demonstrate that the MEK-ERK signaling pathway is a target for developing agents against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Our findings suggest that DLEPS is an effective tool for drug repurposing and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiang Wang
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjing Gao
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zurui Liu
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xinpei Sun
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tang D, Kroemer G, Kang R. Oncogenic KRAS blockade therapy: renewed enthusiasm and persistent challenges. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:128. [PMID: 34607583 PMCID: PMC8489073 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Across a broad range of human cancers, gain-of-function mutations in RAS genes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) lead to constitutive activity of oncoproteins responsible for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The targeting of RAS with drugs is challenging because RAS lacks classic and tractable drug binding sites. Over the past 30 years, this perception has led to the pursuit of indirect routes for targeting RAS expression, processing, upstream regulators, or downstream effectors. After the discovery that the KRAS-G12C variant contains a druggable pocket below the switch-II loop region, it has become possible to design irreversible covalent inhibitors for the variant with improved potency, selectivity and bioavailability. Two such inhibitors, sotorasib (AMG 510) and adagrasib (MRTX849), were recently evaluated in phase I-III trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS-G12C mutations, heralding a new era of precision oncology. In this review, we outline the mutations and functions of KRAS in human tumors and then analyze indirect and direct approaches to shut down the oncogenic KRAS network. Specifically, we discuss the mechanistic principles, clinical features, and strategies for overcoming primary or secondary resistance to KRAS-G12C blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Heightman TD, Berdini V, Bevan L, Buck IM, Carr MG, Courtin A, Coyle JE, Day JEH, East C, Fazal L, Griffiths-Jones CM, Howard S, Kucia-Tran J, Martins V, Muench S, Munck JM, Norton D, O'Reilly M, Palmer N, Pathuri P, Peakman TM, Reader M, Rees DC, Rich SJ, Shah A, Wallis NG, Walton H, Wilsher NE, Woolford AJA, Cooke M, Cousin D, Onions S, Shannon J, Watts J, Murray CW. Discovery of ASTX029, A Clinical Candidate Which Modulates the Phosphorylation and Catalytic Activity of ERK1/2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12286-12303. [PMID: 34387469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway frequently drives tumor growth, and the ERK1/2 kinases are positioned at a key node in this pathway, making them important targets for therapeutic intervention. Recently, a number of ERK1/2 inhibitors have been advanced to investigational clinical trials in patients with activating mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene or Ras. Here, we describe the discovery of the clinical candidate ASTX029 (15) through structure-guided optimization of our previously published isoindolinone lead (7). The medicinal chemistry campaign focused on addressing CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and maintaining favorable physicochemical properties. These efforts led to the identification of ASTX029, which showed the desired pharmacological profile combining ERK1/2 inhibition with suppression of phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK) levels, and in addition, it possesses suitable preclinical pharmacokinetic properties predictive of once daily dosing in humans. ASTX029 is currently in a phase I-II clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Valerio Berdini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Luke Bevan
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ildiko M Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Maria G Carr
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Aurélie Courtin
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joseph E Coyle
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - James E H Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Charlotte East
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Lynsey Fazal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | | | - Steven Howard
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Justyna Kucia-Tran
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sandra Muench
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joanne M Munck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - David Norton
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Marc O'Reilly
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Nicholas Palmer
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Puja Pathuri
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Torren M Peakman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Michael Reader
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - David C Rees
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sharna J Rich
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Alpesh Shah
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Nicola G Wallis
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Hugh Walton
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Nicola E Wilsher
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | | | - Michael Cooke
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - David Cousin
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Stuart Onions
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Jonathan Shannon
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - John Watts
- Sygnature Discovery Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Portelinha A, Thompson S, Smith RA, Da Silva Ferreira M, Asgari Z, Knezevic A, Seshan V, de Stanchina E, Gupta S, Denis L, Younes A, Reddy S. ASN007 is a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor with preferential activity against RAS-and RAF-mutant tumors. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100350. [PMID: 34337566 PMCID: PMC8324497 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) offers a promising therapeutic strategy in cancers harboring activated RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Here, we describe an orally bioavailable and selective ERK1/2 inhibitor, ASN007, currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. In preclinical studies, ASN007 shows strong antiproliferative activity in tumors harboring mutations in BRAF and RAS (KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS). ASN007 demonstrates activity in a BRAFV600E mutant melanoma tumor model that is resistant to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. The PI3K inhibitor copanlisib enhances the antiproliferative activity of ASN007 both in vitro and in vivo due to dual inhibition of RAS/MAPK and PI3K survival pathways. Our data provide a rationale for evaluating ASN007 in RAS/RAF-driven tumors as well as a mechanistic basis for combining ASN007 with PI3K inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Portelinha
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zahra Asgari
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Knezevic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatraman Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Anas Younes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mansouri S, Gogoi H, Pipkin M, Machuca TN, Emtiazjoo AM, Sharma AK, Jin L. In vivo reprogramming of pathogenic lung TNFR2 + cDC2s by IFNβ inhibits HDM-induced asthma. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/61/eabi8472. [PMID: 34244314 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi8472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common inflammatory lung disease with no known cure. Previously, we uncovered a lung TNFR2+ conventional DC2 subset (cDC2s) that induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintaining lung tolerance at steady state but promotes TH2 response during house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. Lung IFNβ is essential for TNFR2+ cDC2s-mediated lung tolerance. Here, we showed that exogenous IFNβ reprogrammed TH2-promoting pathogenic TNFR2+ cDC2s back to tolerogenic DCs, alleviating eosinophilic asthma and preventing asthma exacerbation. Mechanistically, inhaled IFNβ, not IFNα, activated ERK2 signaling in pathogenic lung TNFR2+ cDC2s, leading to enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and lung Treg induction. Last, human IFNβ reprogrammed pathogenic human lung TNFR2+ cDC2s from patients with emphysema ex vivo. Thus, we identified an IFNβ-specific ERK2-FAO pathway that might be harnessed for DC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mauricio Pipkin
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tiago N Machuca
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Amir M Emtiazjoo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
p85β alters response to EGFR inhibitor in ovarian cancer through p38 MAPK-mediated regulation of DNA repair. Neoplasia 2021; 23:718-730. [PMID: 34144267 PMCID: PMC8220107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR signaling promotes ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, and high EGFR expression correlates with poor prognosis. However, EGFR inhibitors alone have demonstrated limited clinical benefit for ovarian cancer patients, owing partly to tumor resistance and the lack of predictive biomarkers. Cotargeting EGFR and the PI3K pathway has been previously shown to yield synergistic antitumor effects in ovarian cancer. Therefore, we reasoned that PI3K may affect cellular response to EGFR inhibition. In this study, we revealed PI3K isoform-specific effects on the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Gene silencing of PIK3CA (p110α) and PIK3CB (p110β) rendered cells more susceptible to erlotinib. In contrast, low expression of PIK3R2 (p85β) was associated with erlotinib resistance. Depletion of PIK3R2, but not PIK3CA or PIK3CB, led to increased DNA damage and reduced level of the nonhomologous end joining DNA repair protein BRD4. Intriguingly, these defects in DNA repair were reversed upon erlotinib treatment, which caused activation and nuclear import of p38 MAPK to promote DNA repair with increased protein levels of 53BP1 and BRD4 and foci formation of 53BP1. Remarkably, inhibition of p38 MAPK or BRD4 re-sensitized PIK3R2-depleted cells to erlotinib. Collectively, these data suggest that p38 MAPK activation and the subsequent DNA repair serve as a resistance mechanism to EGFR inhibitor. Combined inhibition of EGFR and p38 MAPK or DNA repair may maximize the therapeutic potential of EGFR inhibitor in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhong L, Li Y, Xiong L, Wang W, Wu M, Yuan T, Yang W, Tian C, Miao Z, Wang T, Yang S. Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:201. [PMID: 34054126 PMCID: PMC8165101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the market by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, an increasing number of small-molecule targeted drugs have been developed for the treatment of malignancies. By December 2020, 89 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs have been approved by the US FDA and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Despite great progress, small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs still face many challenges, such as a low response rate and drug resistance. To better promote the development of targeted anti-cancer drugs, we conducted a comprehensive review of small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs according to the target classification. We present all the approved drugs as well as important drug candidates in clinical trials for each target, discuss the current challenges, and provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ullah R, Yin Q, Snell AH, Wan L. RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer evolution and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:123-154. [PMID: 33992782 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is initiated upon RTK and RAS activation. Three RAF isoforms ARAF, BRAF and CRAF, and their downstream MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 kinases constitute a coherently orchestrated signaling module that directs a range of physiological functions. Genetic alterations in this pathway are among the most prevalent in human cancers, which consist of numerous hot-spot mutations such as BRAFV600E. Oncogenic mutations in this pathway often override otherwise tightly regulated checkpoints to open the door for uncontrolled cell growth and neoplasia. The crosstalk between the RAF-MEK-ERK axis and other signaling pathways further extends the proliferative potential of this pathway in human cancers. In this review, we summarize the molecular architecture and physiological functions of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway with emphasis on its dysregulations in human cancers, as well as the efforts made to target the RAF-MEK-ERK module using small molecule inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Aidan H Snell
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li H, Khan I, Li M, Wang Z, Wu X, Ding K, Zhang YJ. Pd-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Aminoarylation of Allenols with Aryl Iodides and 2-Pyridones. Org Lett 2021; 23:3567-3572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Ijaz Khan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|