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Zaraei SO, Dohle W, Anbar HS, El-Gamal R, Leblond B, Foster PA, Al-Tel TH, Potter BVL, El-Gamal MI. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and stability studies of raloxifene mono- and bis-sulfamates as dual-targeting agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 101:117645. [PMID: 38401456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
All three possible sulfamate derivatives of the selective estrogen receptor modulator Raloxifene (bis-sulfamate 7 and two mono-sulfamates 8-9) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the clinical drug target steroid sulfatase (STS), both in cell-free and in cell-based assays, and also as estrogen receptor (ER) modulators. Bis-sulfamate 7 was the most potent STS inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.2 nM in a whole JEG3 cell-based assay, with the two mono-sulfamates significantly weaker. The estrogen receptor-modulating activities of 7-9 showed generally lower affinities compared to Raloxifene HCl, diethylstilbestrol and other known ligands, with mono-sulfamate 8 being the best ligand (Ki of 1.5 nM) for ERα binding, although 7 had a Ki of 13 nM and both showed desirable antagonist activity. The antiproliferative activities of the sulfamate derivatives against the T-47D breast cancer cell line showed 7 as most potent (GI50 = 7.12 µM), comparable to that of Raloxifene. Compound 7 also showed good antiproliferative potency in the NCI-60 cell line panel with a GI50 of 1.34 µM against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Stability testing of 7-9 showed that bis-sulfamate 7 hydrolyzed by desulfamoylation at a surprisingly rapid rate, initially leading selectively to 8 and finally to Raloxifene 3 without formation of 9. The mechanisms of these hydrolysis reactions could be extensively rationalized. Conversion of Raloxifene (3) into its bis-sulfamate (7) thus produced a promising drug lead with nanomolar dual activity as an STS inhibitor and ERα antagonist, as a potential candidate for treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Hanan S Anbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai 19099, United Arab Emirates
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Bertrand Leblond
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2(nd) Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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2
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Salah M, Tahoun M, Rudzitis-Auth J, Stotz L, van Koppen CJ, Laschke MW, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Potent Dual Inhibitors of Steroid Sulfatase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 with a Suitable Pharmacokinetic Profile for In Vivo Proof-of-Principle Studies in an Endometriosis Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37369108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Treating estrogen-dependent diseases like endometriosis with drugs suppressing local estrogen activation may be superior to existing endocrine therapies. Steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) are key enzymes of local estrogen activation. We describe the rational design, synthesis, and biological profilation of furan-based compounds as a novel class of dual STS/17β-HSD1 inhibitors (DSHIs). In T47D cells, compound 5 showed irreversible inhibition of STS and potent, reversible inhibition of 17β-HSD1. It was selective over 17β-HSD2 and displayed high metabolic stabilities in human and mouse liver S9 fractions. No effect on cell viability was detected up to 31 μM (HEK293) and 23 μM (HepG2), respectively, and there was no activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) up to 3.16 μM. Single daily application to mice revealed steady-state plasma levels high enough to make this compound eligible for an in vivo proof-of-principle study in a mouse endometriosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, 12577 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam Tahoun
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeannette Rudzitis-Auth
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Stotz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E81, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Mohamed A, Salah M, Tahoun M, Hawner M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Dual Targeting of Steroid Sulfatase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 by a Novel Drug-Prodrug Approach: A Potential Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Endometriosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11726-11744. [PMID: 35993890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the dual inhibition of steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(17β HSD1) by a single drug was explored, starting from in-house 17β HSD1 inhibitors via masking their phenolic OH group with a sulfamate ester. The sulfamates were intentionally designed as drugs for the inhibition of STS and, at the same time, prodrugs for 17β-HSD1 inhibition ("drug-prodrug approach"). The most promising sulfamates 13, 16, 18-20, 22-24, 36, and 37 showed nanomolar IC50 values for STS inhibition in a cellular assay and their corresponding phenols displayed potent 17β-HSD1 inhibition in cell-free and cellular assays, high selectivity over 17β-HSD2, reasonable metabolic stability, and low estrogen receptor α affinity. A close relationship was found between the liberation of the phenolic compound by sulfamate hydrolysis and 17β-HSD1 inactivation. These results showed that the envisaged drug-prodrug concept was successfully implemented. The novel compounds constitute a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of endometriosis and other estrogen-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo 12451, Egypt
| | - Mariam Tahoun
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Manuel Hawner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo 12451, Egypt.,Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E81, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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Da Costa KDA, Malvezzi H, Dobo C, Neme RM, Filippi RZ, Aloia TPA, Prado ER, Meola J, Piccinato CDA. Site-Specific Regulation of Sulfatase and Aromatase Pathways for Estrogen Production in Endometriosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:854991. [PMID: 35591944 PMCID: PMC9110888 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.854991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a highly prevalent gynecological disease characterized by lesions in different sites. Regulation of specific estrogen pathways may favor the formation of distinct microenvironments and the progression of endometriosis. However, no study has simultaneously evaluated the gene and protein regulation of the main estrogen-synthesizing enzymes in endometriosis. Thus, our goals were to study the relationship between gene and protein expression of aromatase (CYP19A1 or ARO), steroid sulfatase (STS), and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase (HSD17B1) in superficial (SUP), ovarian (OMA), and deep infiltrating (DIE) endometriotic lesion sites as well as in the eutopic endometrium of patients with (EE) and without (control) endometriosis in the same and large cohort of patients. The site-specific expression of these enzymes within different cells (glandular and stromal components) was also explored. The study included 108 patients surgically diagnosed with endometriosis who provided biopsies of EE and endometriotic lesions and 16 disease-free patients who collected normal endometrium tissue. Our results showed that CYP19A1 was detected in all endometriosis tissues and was in higher levels than in control. Unique patterns of the STS and HSD17B1 levels showed that they were most closely regulated in all tissues, with manifestation at greater levels in DIE compared to the other endometriotic lesion sites, OMA and SUP. Gene and protein expression of ARO, STS, and HSD17B1 occurred at different rates in endometriotic sites or EE. The distinctive levels of these estrogen-synthesizing enzymes in each endometriotic site support the hypothesis of a tissue microenvironment that can both influence and be influenced by the expression of different estrogenic pathways, locally affecting the availability of estrogen needed for maintenance and progression of endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristine Dobo
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Neme
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Endometriose São Paulo, Av. República Do Líbano, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renée Zon Filippi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Meola
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla de Azevedo Piccinato
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carla de Azevedo Piccinato,
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5
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Mercorio A, Giampaolino P, Romano A, Dällenbach P, Pluchino N. Is intracrinology of endometriosis relevant in clinical practice? A systematic review on estrogen metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:950866. [PMID: 36204107 PMCID: PMC9531311 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endometriosis is a chronic, multifactorial, estrogen-dependent disease. The abnormal endocrine microenvironment of endometriosis lesions is considered a main feature and multiple enzymatic pathways leading to local increased synthesis of estrogens have been identified. However, the relevance of intracrinology in clinical practice is still lacking. Medline, Embase, Scopus database were systematically searched for studies reporting on local estrogens metabolism of endometriotic lesions. The main enzymatic pathways involved in the intracrinology of endometriosis such as aromatase (CYP19A1), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) type 1, type 2 and type 5, steroid sulfatase (STS), estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) were assessed with a critical perspective on their role in disease endocrine phenotyping, drug resistance and as therapeutic targets. Overall, studies heterogeneity and missing clinical data affect the interpretation of the clinical role of these enzymes. Although the use of some drugs such as aromatase inhibitors has been proposed in clinical practice for two decades, their potential clinical value is still under investigation as well as their modality of administration. A closer look at new, more realistic drug targets is provided and discussed. Altered expression of these key enzymes in the lesions have far reaching implication in the development of new drugs aimed at decreasing local estrogenic activity with a minimal effect on gonadal function; however, given the complexity of the evaluation of the expression of the enzymes, multiple aspects still remains to be clarified. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022311329, identifier CRD42022311329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mercorio
- Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Giampaolino
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Romano
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Dällenbach
- Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Pluchino
- Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicola Pluchino,
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Coradini D. De novo cholesterol biosynthesis: an additional therapeutic target for the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with excessive adipose tissue. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:841-852. [PMID: 36654818 PMCID: PMC9834634 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset and development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women are associated with closely related individual-dependent factors, including weight gain and high levels of circulating androgens. Adipose tissue is the most peripheral site of aromatase enzyme synthesis; therefore, the excessive accumulation of visceral fat results in increased androgens aromatization and estradiol production that provides the microenvironment favorable to tumorigenesis in mammary epithelial cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). Moreover, to meet the increased requirement of cholesterol for cell membrane assembly and the production of steroid hormones to sustain their proliferation, ER-positive cells activate de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and subsequent steroidogenesis. Several approaches have been followed to neutralize the de novo cholesterol synthesis, including specific enzyme inhibitors, statins, and, more recently, metformin. Cumulating evidence indicated that inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis by statins and metformin may be a promising therapeutic strategy to block breast cancer progression. Unlike antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) which compete for binding to ER and inhibit androgens aromatization, respectively, statins block the production of mevalonic acid by inhibiting the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and metformin hampers the activation of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcription factor, thus inhibiting the synthesis of several enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Noteworthy, statins and metformin not only improve the prognosis of overweight patients with ER-positive cancer but also improve the prognosis of patients with triple-negative breast cancer, the aggressive tumor subtype that lacks, at present, specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Campus Cascina Rosa, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy,Correspondence: Danila Coradini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Campus Cascina Rosa, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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7
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Steroid Sulphatase and Its Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102852. [PMID: 34064842 PMCID: PMC8151039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulphatase (STS), involved in the hydrolysis of steroid sulphates, plays an important role in the formation of both active oestrogens and androgens. Since these steroids significantly impact the proliferation of both oestrogen- and androgen-dependent cancers, many research groups over the past 30 years have designed and developed STS inhibitors. One of the main contributors to this field has been Prof. Barry Potter, previously at the University of Bath and now at the University of Oxford. Upon Prof. Potter’s imminent retirement, this review takes a look back at the work on STS inhibitors and their contribution to our understanding of sulphate biology and as potential therapeutic agents in hormone-dependent disease. A number of potent STS inhibitors have now been developed, one of which, Irosustat (STX64, 667Coumate, BN83495), remains the only one to have completed phase I/II clinical trials against numerous indications (breast, prostate, endometrial). These studies have provided new insights into the origins of androgens and oestrogens in women and men. In addition to the therapeutic role of STS inhibition in breast and prostate cancer, there is now good evidence to suggest they may also provide benefits in patients with colorectal and ovarian cancer, and in treating endometriosis. To explore the potential of STS inhibitors further, a number of second- and third-generation inhibitors have been developed, together with single molecules that possess aromatase–STS inhibitory properties. The further development of potent STS inhibitors will allow their potential therapeutic value to be explored in a variety of hormone-dependent cancers and possibly other non-oncological conditions.
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8
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Saunders PT, Horne AW. Endometriosis: Etiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic prospects. Cell 2021; 184:2807-2824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Anbar HS, Isa Z, Elounais JJ, Jameel MA, Zib JH, Samer AM, Jawad AF, El-Gamal MI. Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: the current landscape. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:453-472. [PMID: 33783295 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1910237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Steroid sulfatase (STS) enzyme is responsible for transforming the inactive sulfate metabolites of steroid sex hormones into the active free steroids. Both the deficiency and the over-expression of STS are associated with the pathophysiology of certain diseases. This article provides the readership with a comprehensive review about STS enzyme and its recently reported inhibitors.Areas covered: In the present article, we reviewed the structure, location, and substrates of STS enzyme, physiological functions of STS, and disease states related to over-expression or deficiency of STS enzyme. STS inhibitors reported during the last five years (2016-present) have been reviewed as well.Expert opinion: Irosustat is the most successful STS inhibitor drug candidate so far. It is currently under investigation in clinical trials for treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Non-steroidal sulfamate is the most favorable scaffold for STS inhibitor design. They can be beneficial for the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers and neurodegenerative disorders without significant estrogenic side effects. Moreover, dual-acting molecules (inhibitors of STS + another synergistic mechanism) can be therapeutically efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Anbar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zahraa Isa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jana J Elounais
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariam A Jameel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joudi H Zib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya M Samer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya F Jawad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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10
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Daśko M, Demkowicz S, Biernacki K, Ciupak O, Kozak W, Masłyk M, Rachon J. Recent progress in the development of steroid sulphatase inhibitors - examples of the novel and most promising compounds from the last decade. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1163-1184. [PMID: 32363947 PMCID: PMC7241464 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1758692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of recent achievements in the synthesis of novel steroid sulphatase (STS) inhibitors. STS is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of active hormones (including oestrogens and androgens) and, therefore, represents an extremely attractive molecular target for the development of hormone-dependent cancer therapies. The inhibition of STS may effectively reduce the availability of active hormones for cancer cells, causing a positive therapeutic effect. Herein, we report examples of novel STS inhibitors based on steroidal and nonsteroidal cores that contain various functional groups (e.g. sulphamate and phosphorus moieties) and halogen atoms, which may potentially be used in therapies for hormone-dependent cancers. The presented work also includes examples of multitargeting agents with STS inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the fundamental discoveries in the development of the most promising drug candidates exhibiting STS inhibitory activities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Witold Kozak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Mottinelli M, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Leese MP, Potter BVL. N-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:259-291. [PMID: 33151004 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less-active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt, Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6-hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1- or 4-positions in combination with N-4'-chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC50 of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mottinelli
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,Present address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea L Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
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12
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Abdelsamie AS, Salah M, Siebenbürger L, Hamed MM, Börger C, van Koppen CJ, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW. Development of potential preclinical candidates with promising in vitro ADME profile for the inhibition of type 1 and type 2 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:93-107. [PMID: 31176098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are the major female sex steroid hormones, estradiol (E2) being the most potent form in humans. Disturbing the balance between E2 and its weakly active oxidized form estrone (E1) leads to diverse types of estrogen-dependent diseases such as endometriosis or osteoporosis. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) catalyzes the biosynthesis of E2 by reduction of E1 while the type 2 enzyme catalyzes the reverse reaction. Thus, 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2 are attractive targets for treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases. Recently, we reported the first proof-of-principle study of a 17β-HSD2 inhibitor in a bone fracture mouse model, using subcutaneous administration. In the present study, our aim was to improve the in vitro ADME profile of the most potent 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2 inhibitors described so far. The optimized compounds show strong and selective inhibition of both the human enzymes and their murine orthologs. In addition, they display good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (S9 fraction), low in vitro cytotoxicity as well as better aqueous solubility and physicochemical properties compared to the lead compounds. These achievements make the compounds eligible for testing in preclinical in vivo animal model studies on the effects of inhibition of 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Mostafa M Hamed
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Börger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chris J van Koppen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; ElexoPharm GmbH, Im Stadtwald, Building A1.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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13
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Shin S, Kwon YJ, Ye DJ, Baek HS, Kwon TU, Kim D, Chun YJ. Human steroid sulfatase enhances aerobic glycolysis through induction of HIF1α and glycolytic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2464-2474. [PMID: 31195119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human steroid sulfatase (STS) has been linked with poor prognosis in steroid-associated tumors and represents an important clinical target in cancers, yet the mechanism of STS-induced carcinogenesis remains unclear. To correlate STS with cancer metabolism, we determined the effects of STS on aerobic glycolysis. STS overexpression increased cellular levels of lactic acid, the final product of aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, STS suppressed the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which represents mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of STS by the specific inhibitor STX064 recovered STS-induced OCR repression and lactic acid over-production. DHEA, but not DHEA-S, suppressed the OCR level and enhanced lactic acid production. To understand the molecular mechanism of STS-induced cancer metabolism, we measured the expression of glycolytic enzymes hexokinase 2 (HK2) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which was highly upregulated by STS and DHEA at both protein and mRNA levels. HIF1α is a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis, and STS enhanced HIF1α promoter activity, mRNA expression, and protein expression. Down-regulation of HIF1α by siRNA suppressed the HK2 and PKM2 expression induced by both STS and DHEA. HIF1α siRNA also recovered the OCR repression and lactic acid over-production induced by both STS and DHEA. To explore the mechanism in vivo, we produced transgenic mice overexpressing STS and found that STS expression was particularly enhanced in the lung. Consistent with our in vitro results, the expression of HIF1α, HK2, and PKM2 was also increased in mouse lung tissues. In conclusion, we suggest that STS may induce aerobic glycolysis through enhancing HIF1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Sulfamates in drug design and discovery: Pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:257-271. [PMID: 31255926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present article, we reviewed the sulfamate-containing compounds reported as bioactive molecules. The possible molecular targets of sulfamate derivatives include steroid sulfatase enzyme, carbonic anhydrases, acyl transferase, and others. Sulfamate derivatives can help treat hormone-dependent tumors including breast, prostate, and endometrial cancers, Binge eating disorder, migraine, glaucoma, weight loss, and epilepsy. Sulfamate derivatives can act also as calcium sensing receptor agonists and can aid in osteoporosis. Furthermore, acyl sulfamate derivatives can act as antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria. A recent study revealed a new side effect of topiramate, a sulfamate-containing compound, which is sialolithiasis. The structural and biological characteristics of the reviewed compounds are presented in detail.
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15
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Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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16
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Barra F, Grandi G, Tantari M, Scala C, Facchinetti F, Ferrero S. A comprehensive review of hormonal and biological therapies for endometriosis: latest developments. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:343-360. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1581761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grandi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Tantari
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carolina Scala
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchinetti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Herman BE, Kiss A, Wölfling J, Mernyák E, Szécsi M, Schneider G. Synthesis of substituted 15β-alkoxy estrone derivatives and their cofactor-dependent inhibitory effect on 17β-HSD1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1271-1286. [PMID: 31307240 PMCID: PMC6691805 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1634064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol. Novel estrone-based compounds bearing various 15β-oxa-linked substituents and hydroxy, methoxy, benzyloxy, and sulfamate groups in position C3 as potential 17β-HSD1 inhibitors have been synthesized. In addition, in vitro inhibitory potentials measured in the presence of excess amount of NADPH or NADH were investigated. We observed substantial inhibitory potentials for several derivatives (IC50 < 1 µM) and increased binding affinities compared to unsubstituted core molecules. Binding and inhibition were found to be cofactor-dependent for some of the compounds and we propose structural explanations for this phenomenon. Our results may contribute to the development of new 17β-HSD1 inhibitors, potential drug candidates for antiestrogen therapy of hormone-dependent gynecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Kiss
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Gibson DA, Simitsidellis I, Collins F, Saunders PTK. Endometrial Intracrinology: Oestrogens, Androgens and Endometrial Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3276. [PMID: 30360364 PMCID: PMC6214123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tissue metabolism of steroids (intracrinology) is now accepted as a key way in which tissues, such as the endometrium, can utilise inactive steroids present in the blood to respond to local physiological demands and 'fine-tune' the activation or inhibition of steroid hormone receptor-dependent processes. Expression of enzymes that play a critical role in the activation and inactivation of bioactive oestrogens (E1, E2) and androgens (A4, T, DHT), as well as expression of steroid hormone receptors, has been detected in endometrial tissues and cells recovered during the menstrual cycle. There is robust evidence that increased expression of aromatase is important for creating a local microenvironment that can support a pregnancy. Measurement of intra-tissue concentrations of steroids using liquid chromatography⁻tandem mass spectrometry has been important in advancing our understanding of a role for androgens in the endometrium, acting both as active ligands for the androgen receptor and as substrates for oestrogen biosynthesis. The emergence of intracrinology, associated with disordered expression of key enzymes such as aromatase, in the aetiology of common women's health disorders such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer has prompted renewed interest in the development of drugs targeting these pathways, opening up new opportunities for targeted therapies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Gibson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ioannis Simitsidellis
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Frances Collins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
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19
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Potter BVL. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Steroid sulphatase inhibition via aryl sulphamates: clinical progress, mechanism and future prospects. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T233-T252. [PMID: 29618488 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulphatase is an emerging drug target for the endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent diseases, catalysing oestrogen sulphate hydrolysis to oestrogen. Drug discovery, developing the core aryl O-sulphamate pharmacophore, has led to steroidal and non-steroidal drugs entering numerous clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health. Steroidal oestrogen sulphamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors and one was developed clinically as an oral oestradiol pro-drug and for endometriosis applications. This review summarizes work leading to the therapeutic concept of sulphatase inhibition, clinical trials executed to date and new insights into the mechanism of inhibition of steroid sulphatase. To date, the non-steroidal sulphatase inhibitor Irosustat has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, alone and in combination, in endometrial cancer and in prostate cancer. The versatile core pharmacophore both imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties and functions via three distinct mechanisms of action, as a pro-drug, an enzyme active-site-modifying motif, likely through direct sulphamoyl group transfer, and as a structural component augmenting activity, for example by enhancing interactions at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Preliminary new structural data on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulphatase enzyme suggest two possible sulphamate-based adducts with the active site formylglycine as candidates for the inhibition end product via sulphamoyl or sulphonylamine transfer, and a speculative choice is suggested. The clinical status of sulphatase inhibition is surveyed and how it might develop in the future. Also discussed are dual-targeting approaches, development of 2-substituted steroidal sulphamates and non-steroidal derivatives as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent tumours, with other emerging directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Ferrero S, Evangelisti G, Barra F. Current and emerging treatment options for endometriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1109-1125. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1494154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulio Evangelisti
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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21
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Konings GF, Cornel KM, Xanthoulea S, Delvoux B, Skowron MA, Kooreman L, Koskimies P, Krakstad C, Salvesen HB, van Kuijk K, Schrooders YJ, Vooijs M, Groot AJ, Bongers MY, Kruitwagen RF, Romano A. Blocking 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in endometrial cancer: a potential novel endocrine therapeutic approach. J Pathol 2018; 244:203-214. [PMID: 29144553 DOI: 10.1002/path.5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme type 1 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD-1), responsible for generating active 17β-estradiol (E2) from low-active estrone (E1), is overexpressed in endometrial cancer (EC), thus implicating an increased intra-tissue generation of E2 in this estrogen-dependent condition. In this study, we explored the possibility of inhibiting 17β-HSD-1 and impairing the generation of E2 from E1 in EC using in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models. We generated EC cell lines derived from the well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma Ishikawa cell line and expressing levels of 17β-HSD-1 similar to human tissues. In these cells, HPLC analysis showed that 17β-HSD-1 activity could be blocked by a specific 17β-HSD-1 inhibitor. In vitro, E1 administration elicited colony formation similar to E2, and this was impaired by 17β-HSD-1 inhibition. In vivo, tumors grafted on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) demonstrated that E1 upregulated the expression of the estrogen responsive cyclin A similar to E2, which was impaired by 17β-HSD-1 inhibition. Neither in vitro nor in vivo effects of E1 were observed using 17β-HSD-1-negative cells (negative control). Using a patient cohort of 52 primary ECs, we demonstrated the presence of 17β-HSD-1 enzyme activity (ex vivo in tumor tissues, as measured by HPLC), which was inhibited by over 90% in more than 45% of ECs using the 17β-HSD-1 inhibitor. Since drug treatment is generally indicated for metastatic/recurrent and not primary tumor, we next demonstrated the mRNA expression of the potential drug target, 17β-HSD-1, in metastatic lesions using a second cohort of 37 EC patients. In conclusion, 17β-HSD-1 inhibition efficiently blocks the generation of E2 from E1 using various EC models. Further preclinical investigations and 17β-HSD-1 inhibitor development to make candidate compounds suitable for the first human studies are awaited. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Fj Konings
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Mc Cornel
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Delvoux
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Loes Kooreman
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Kim van Kuijk
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Jm Schrooders
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Groot
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Y Bongers
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Fpm Kruitwagen
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Romano
- GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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