1
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Cramer J, Pero B, Jiang X, Bosko C, Silbermann M, Rabbani S, Wilke S, Nemli DD, Ernst B, Peczuh MW. Does size matter? - Comparing pyranoses with septanoses as ligands of the bacterial lectin FimH. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116225. [PMID: 38367495 PMCID: PMC10964925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of disease-relevant carbohydrate-protein interactions represents an underexplored area of medicinal chemistry. One particular challenge in the design of glycomimetic compounds is the inherent instability of the glycosidic bond toward enzymatic cleavage. This problem has traditionally been approached by employing S-, N-, or C-glycosides with reduced susceptibility toward glycosidases. The application of ring-extended glycomimetics is an innovative approach to circumvent this issue. On the example of the bacterial adhesin FimH, it was explored how design principles from pyranose glycomimetics transfer to analogous septanose structures. A series of ring-extended FimH antagonists exhibiting the well-proven pharmacophore necessary for targeting the tyrosine-gate of FimH was synthesized. The resulting septanoses were evaluated for their affinity to the conformationally rigid isolated lectin domain of FimH (FimHLD), as well as a structurally flexible full-length FimH (FimHFL) construct. Some elements of potent mannoside-based FimH antagonists could be successfully transferred to septanose-based ligands, ultimately resulting in a 32-fold increase in binding affinity. Interestingly, the canonical ca. 100-fold loss of binding affinity between FimHLD and FimHFL is partly mitigated by the more flexible septanose antagonists, hinting at potentially differing interaction features of the flexible glycomimetics with intermediately populated states during the conformational transition of FimHFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bryant Pero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristin Bosko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Marleen Silbermann
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wilke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dilara D Nemli
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Beat Ernst
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U3060, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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2
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Al-Mughaid H, Jaradat Y, Khazaaleh M, Al-Taani I. Click chemistry inspired facile one-pot synthesis of mannosyl triazoles and their hemagglutination inhibitory properties: The effect of alkyl chain spacer length between the triazole and phthalimide moieties in the aglycone backbone. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108965. [PMID: 37852130 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of a new series of mannosyl triazoles has been achieved through CuAAC reaction where the alkyl chain spacer between the phthalimide moiety and the triazole ring in the aglycone backbone is varied from one methylene to six methylene units. The target compounds were evaluated in terms of their inhibitory potency against FimH using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay. It was found that the length of four methylene units was the optimum for the fitting/binding of the compound to FimH as exemplified by compound 11 (HAI = 1.9 μM), which was approximately 200 times more potent than the reference ligand 1(HAI = 385 μM). The successful implementation of one-pot protocol with building blocks 1-7 and the architecture of ligand 11 will be the subject of our future work for developing more potent FimH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Al-Mughaid
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Younis Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Maha Khazaaleh
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Al-Taani
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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3
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Hargol Zadeh S, Kashanian S, Nazari M. A Label-Free Carbohydrate-Based Electrochemical Sensor to Detect Escherichia coli Pathogenic Bacteria Using D-mannose on a Glassy Carbon Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:619. [PMID: 37366984 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlling water and food contamination by pathogenic organisms requires quick, simple, and low-cost methods. Using the affinity between mannose and type I fimbriae in the cell wall of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as evaluation elements compared to the conventional plate counting technique enables a reliable sensing platform for the detection of bacteria. In this study, a simple new sensor was developed based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for rapid and sensitive detection of E. coli. The biorecogniton layer of the sensor was formed by covalent attachment of p-carboxyphenylamino mannose (PCAM) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electrodeposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resultant structure of PCAM was characterized and confirmed using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The developed biosensor demonstrated a linear response with a logarithm of bacterial concentration (R2 = 0.998) in the range of 1.3 × 10 1~1.3 × 106 CFU·mL-1 with the limit of detection of 2 CFU·mL-1 within 60 min. The sensor did not generate any significant signals with two non-target strains, demonstrating the high selectivity of the developed biorecognition chemistry. The selectivity of the sensor and its applicability to analysis of the real samples were investigated in tap water and low-fat milk samples. Overall, the developed sensor showed to be promising for the detection of E. coli pathogens in water and low-fat milk due to its high sensitivity, short detection time, low cost, high specificity, and user-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Hargol Zadeh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Chemistry Department, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Chemistry Department, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Chemistry Department, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
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4
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Krukiewicz K, Kazek-Kęsik A, Brzychczy-Włoch M, Łos MJ, Ateba CN, Mehrbod P, Ghavami S, Shyntum DY. Recent Advances in the Control of Clinically Important Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179526. [PMID: 36076921 PMCID: PMC9455909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex structures formed by bacteria, fungi, or even viruses on biotic and abiotic surfaces, and they can be found in almost any part of the human body. The prevalence of biofilm-associated diseases has increased in recent years, mainly because of the frequent use of indwelling medical devices that create opportunities for clinically important bacteria and fungi to form biofilms either on the device or on the neighboring tissues. As a result of their resistance to antibiotics and host immunity factors, biofilms have been associated with the development or persistence of several clinically important diseases. The inability to completely eradicate biofilms drastically increases the burden of disease on both the patient and the healthcare system. Therefore, it is crucial to develop innovative ways to tackle the growth and development of biofilms. This review focuses on dental- and implant-associated biofilm infections, their prevalence in humans, and potential therapeutic intervention strategies, including the recent advances in pharmacology and biomedical engineering. It lists current strategies used to control the formation of clinically important biofilms, including novel antibiotics and their carriers, antiseptics and disinfectants, small molecule anti-biofilm agents, surface treatment strategies, and nanostructure functionalization, as well as multifunctional coatings particularly suitable for providing antibacterial effects to the surface of implants, to treat either dental- or implant-related bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.Y.S.); Tel.: +48-32-237-1773 (K.K.)
| | - Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Divine Yufetar Shyntum
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.Y.S.); Tel.: +48-32-237-1773 (K.K.)
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5
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Al-Mughaid H, Nawasreh S, Naser H, Jaradat Y, Al-Zoubi RM. Synthesis and hemagglutination inhibitory properties of mannose-tipped ligands: The effect of terminal phenyl groups and the linker between the mannose residue and the triazole moiety. Carbohydr Res 2022; 515:108559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Al-Mughaid H, Jaradat Y, Khazaaleh M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of mannosyl triazoles and varying the nature of substituents on the terminal phthalimido moiety in the aglycone backbone. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Foroogh N, Rezvan M, Ahmad K, Mahmood S. Structural and functional characterization of the FimH adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its novel applications. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105288. [PMID: 34780972 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae are responsible for bacterial pathogenicity and biofilm production, which are important virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Many articles are published on fimH, but each examined a specific aspect of this protein. The current review study aimed at focusing on structure and conformational changes and describing efforts to use this protein in novel potential treatments for urinary tract infections, typing methods, and expression systems. The current study was the first review that briefly and effectively examined issues related to fimH adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neamati Foroogh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Qutb Ravandi Boulevard, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Moniri Rezvan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Khorshidi Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Saffari Mahmood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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8
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Mousavifar L, Roy R. Recent development in the design of small 'drug-like' and nanoscale glycomimetics against Escherichia coli infections. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2124-2137. [PMID: 33667654 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are involved in several pathological processes. Glycomimetics that can favorably emulate complex carbohydrate structures, while competing with natural ligands as inhibitors, are gaining considerable attention owing to their improved hydrolytic stability, binding affinity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Of particular interest are the families of α-d-mannopyranoside analogs, which can be used as inhibitors against adherent invasive Escherichia coli infections. Bacterial resistance to modern antibiotics triggers the search for new alternative antibacterial strategies that are less susceptible to acquiring resistance. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the chemical syntheses of this family of compounds, one of which having reached clinical trials against Crohn's disease (CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mousavifar
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
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9
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Hatton NE, Baumann CG, Fascione MA. Developments in Mannose-Based Treatments for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Urinary Tract Infections. Chembiochem 2021; 22:613-629. [PMID: 32876368 PMCID: PMC7894189 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During their lifetime almost half of women will experience a symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) with a further half experiencing a relapse within six months. Currently UTIs are treated with antibiotics, but increasing antibiotic resistance rates highlight the need for new treatments. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for the majority of symptomatic UTI cases and thus has become a key pathological target. Adhesion of type one pilus subunit FimH at the surface of UPEC strains to mannose-saturated oligosaccharides located on the urothelium is critical to pathogenesis. Since the identification of FimH as a therapeutic target in the late 1980s, a substantial body of research has been generated focusing on the development of FimH-targeting mannose-based anti-adhesion therapies. In this review we will discuss the design of different classes of these mannose-based compounds and their utility and potential as UPEC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Hatton
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington RoadYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Martin A. Fascione
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington RoadYorkYO10 5DDUK
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10
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Damalanka VC, Maddirala AR, Janetka JW. Novel approaches to glycomimetic design: development of small molecular weight lectin antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:513-536. [PMID: 33337918 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1857721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The direct binding of carbohydrates or those presented on glycoproteins or glycolipids to proteins is the primary effector of many biological responses. One class of carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins are important in all forms of life. Their functions in animals include regulating cell adhesion, glycoprotein synthesis, metabolism, and mediating immune system response while in bacteria and viruses a lectin-mediated carbohydrate-protein interaction between host cells and the pathogen initiates pathogenesis of the infection.Areas covered: In this review, the authors outline the structural and functional pathogenesis of lectins from bacteria, amoeba, and humans. Mimics of a carbohydrate are referred to as glycomimetics, which are much smaller in molecular weight and are devised to mimic the key binding interactions of the carbohydrate while also allowing additional contacts with the lectin. This article emphasizes the various approaches used over the past 10-15 years in the rational design of glycomimetic ligands.Expert opinion: Medicinal chemistry efforts enabled by X-ray structural biology have identified small-molecule glycomimetic lectin antagonists that have entered or are nearing clinical trials. A common theme in these strategies is the use of biaryl ring systems to emulate the carbohydrate interactions with the lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis USA
| | - Amarendar Reddy Maddirala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis USA
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11
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Does targeting Arg98 of FimH lead to high affinity antagonists? Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113093. [PMID: 33340913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance has become an important challenge in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The underlying resistance mechanisms can most likely be circumvented with an antiadhesive approach, antagonizing the lectin FimH located at the tip of fimbriae of uropathogenic E. coli. Here we report on a novel series of FimH antagonists based on the 1-(α-d-mannopyranosyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole scaffold, designed to incorporate carboxylic acid or ester functions to interact with FimH Arg98. The most potent representative of the series, ester 11e, displayed a Kd value of 7.6 nM for the lectin domain of FimH with a general conclusion that all esters outperform carboxylates in terms of affinity. Surprisingly, all compounds from this new series exhibited improved binding affinities also for the R98A mutant, indicating another possible interaction contributing to binding. Our study on 1-(α-d-mannopyranosyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-based FimH antagonists offers proof that targeting Arg98 side chain by a "chemical common sense", i.e. by introduction of the acidic moiety to form ionic bond with Arg98 is most likely unsuitable approach to boost FimH antagonists' potency.
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12
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Cramer J, Jiang X, Schönemann W, Silbermann M, Zihlmann P, Siegrist S, Fiege B, Jakob RP, Rabbani S, Maier T, Ernst B. Enhancing the enthalpic contribution of hydrogen bonds by solvent shielding. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:281-287. [PMID: 34458766 PMCID: PMC8341794 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, polar interactions are heavily burdened by high desolvation penalties resulting from strong solute-solvent interactions. As a consequence thereof, enthalpic contributions of hydrogen bonds to the free energy of binding are severely diminished. However, this effect is strongly attenuated for interactions within solvent-shielded areas of proteins. In microcalorimetric experiments, we show that the bacterial lectin FimH utilizes conformational adaptions to effectively shield its binding site from solvent. The transition into a lower dielectric environment results in an enthalpic benefit of approximately -13 kJ mol-1 for mannoside binding. However, this effect can be abrogated, if the hydrogen bond network within the binding site is disturbed by deoxygenation of the ligand. Conformational adaption leading to reduced local dielectric constants could represent a general mechanism for proteins to enable enthalpy-driven recognition of polar ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Schönemann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marleen Silbermann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Pascal Zihlmann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefan Siegrist
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Fiege
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Roman Peter Jakob
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 70 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Timm Maier
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 70 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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13
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Sarshar M, Behzadi P, Ambrosi C, Zagaglia C, Palamara AT, Scribano D. FimH and Anti-Adhesive Therapeutics: A Disarming Strategy Against Uropathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E397. [PMID: 32664222 PMCID: PMC7400442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-usher fimbrial adhesins are powerful weapons against the uropathogens that allow the establishment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). As the antibiotic therapeutic strategy has become less effective in the treatment of uropathogen-related UTIs, the anti-adhesive molecules active against fimbrial adhesins, key determinants of urovirulence, are attractive alternatives. The best-characterized bacterial adhesin is FimH, produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Hence, a number of high-affinity mono- and polyvalent mannose-based FimH antagonists, characterized by different bioavailabilities, have been reported. Given that antagonist affinities are firmly associated with the functional heterogeneities of different FimH variants, several FimH inhibitors have been developed using ligand-drug discovery strategies to generate high-affinity molecules for successful anti-adhesion therapy. As clinical trials have shown d-mannose's efficacy in UTIs prevention, it is supposed that mannosides could be a first-in-class strategy not only for UTIs, but also to combat other Gram-negative bacterial infections. Therefore, the current review discusses valuable and effective FimH anti-adhesive molecules active against UTIs, from design and synthesis to in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
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14
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Magala P, Klevit RE, Thomas WE, Sokurenko EV, Stenkamp RE. RMSD analysis of structures of the bacterial protein FimH identifies five conformations of its lectin domain. Proteins 2019; 88:593-603. [PMID: 31622514 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FimH is a bacterial adhesin protein located at the tip of Escherichia coli fimbria that functions to adhere bacteria to host cells. Thus, FimH is a critical factor in bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections and is of interest in drug development. It is also involved in vaccine development and as a model for understanding shear-enhanced catch bond cell adhesion. To date, over 60 structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank showing interactions between FimH and mannose ligands, potential inhibitors, and other fimbrial proteins. In addition to providing insights about ligand recognition and fimbrial assembly, these structures provide insights into conformational changes in the two domains of FimH that are critical for its function. To gain further insights into these structural changes, we have superposed FimH's mannose binding lectin domain in all these structures and categorized the structures into five groups of lectin domain conformers using RMSD as a metric. Many structures also include the pilin domain, which anchors FimH to the fimbriae and regulates the conformation and function of the lectin domain. For these structures, we have also compared the relative orientations of the two domains. These structural analyses enhance our understanding of the conformational changes associated with FimH ligand binding and domain-domain interactions, including its catch bond behavior through allosteric action of force in bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Magala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wendy E Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ronald E Stenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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15
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Abstract
The chaperone-usher (CU) pathway is a conserved secretion system dedicated to the assembly of a superfamily of virulence-associated surface structures by a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria. Pilus biogenesis by the CU pathway requires two specialized assembly components: a dedicated periplasmic chaperone and an integral outer membrane assembly and secretion platform termed the usher. The CU pathway assembles a variety of surface fibers, ranging from thin, flexible filaments to rigid, rod-like organelles. Pili typically act as adhesins and function as virulence factors that mediate contact with host cells and colonization of host tissues. Pilus-mediated adhesion is critical for early stages of infection, allowing bacteria to establish a foothold within the host. Pili are also involved in modulation of host cell signaling pathways, bacterial invasion into host cells, and biofilm formation. Pili are critical for initiating and sustaining infection and thus represent attractive targets for the development of antivirulence therapeutics. Such therapeutics offer a promising alternative to broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide a means to combat antibiotic resistance and treat infection while preserving the beneficial microbiota. A number of strategies have been taken to develop antipilus therapeutics, including vaccines against pilus proteins, competitive inhibitors of pilus-mediated adhesion, and small molecules that disrupt pilus biogenesis. Here we provide an overview of the function and assembly of CU pili and describe current efforts aimed at interfering with these critical virulence structures.
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16
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Romero-Ben E, Cid JJ, Assali M, Fernández-García E, Wellinger RE, Khiar N. Surface modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes for selective bacterial cell agglutination. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3245-3263. [PMID: 31190792 PMCID: PMC6512782 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s179202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the biggest challenges facing medicine today. Anti-adhesive therapy, using inhibitors of bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, one of the first stages of infection, is a promising approximation in this area. The size, shape, number of sugar and their placement are variables that have to be taken into account in order to develop multivalent systems able to inhibit the bacterial adhesion based on sugar-lectin interaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present work we report a modular approach for the synthesis of water-soluble 1D-carbon nanotube-sugar nanoconstructs, with the necessary flexibility to allow an efficient sugar-lectin interaction. The method is based on the reaction of aryl diazonium salts generated in situ from aniline-substituted mannose and lactose derivatives with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) sidewalls. RESULTS Two hybrid nanosystems, I-II, exposing mannose or lactose and having a tetraethylene glycol spacer between the sugar and the nanotube sidewall were rapidly assembled and adequately characterized. The sweet nano-objects were then tested for their ability to agglutinate and selectively inhibit the growth of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. These studies have shown that nanosystem I, exposing mannose on the nanotube surface is able to agglutinate and to inhibit the bacterial growth unlike nano-objects II exposing lactose. CONCLUSION The results reported constitute a proof of principle in using mannose-coated 1D-carbon nanotubes as antiadhesive drugs that compete for FimH binding and prevent the uropathogenic bacteria from adhering to the urothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Romero-Ben
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Functional Nanosystems Group, Institute of Chemical Research-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain,
| | - Juan José Cid
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Functional Nanosystems Group, Institute of Chemical Research-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain,
| | - Mohyeddin Assali
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Functional Nanosystems Group, Institute of Chemical Research-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain,
| | - Elisabeth Fernández-García
- Genome Stability Department, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- Genome Stability Department, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Noureddine Khiar
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Functional Nanosystems Group, Institute of Chemical Research-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain,
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17
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Schönemann W, Cramer J, Mühlethaler T, Fiege B, Silbermann M, Rabbani S, Dätwyler P, Zihlmann P, Jakob RP, Sager CP, Smieško M, Schwardt O, Maier T, Ernst B. Improvement of Aglycone π-Stacking Yields Nanomolar to Sub-nanomolar FimH Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:749-757. [PMID: 30710416 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious concern for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In this context, an anti-adhesive approach targeting FimH, a bacterial lectin enabling the attachment of E. coli to host cells, has attracted considerable interest. FimH can adopt a low/medium-affinity state in the absence and a high-affinity state in the presence of shear forces. Until recently, mostly the high-affinity state has been investigated, despite the fact that a therapeutic antagonist should bind predominantly to the low-affinity state. In this communication, we demonstrate that fluorination of biphenyl α-d-mannosides leads to compounds with perfect π-π stacking interactions with the tyrosine gate of FimH, yielding low nanomolar to sub-nanomolar KD values for the low- and high-affinity states, respectively. The face-to-face alignment of the perfluorinated biphenyl group of FimH ligands and Tyr48 was confirmed by crystal structures as well as 1 H,15 N-HSQC NMR analysis. Finally, fluorination improves pharmacokinetic parameters predictive for oral availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Schönemann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Cramer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Fiege
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marleen Silbermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dätwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Zihlmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman P Jakob
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph P Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Maier
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Sauer MM, Jakob RP, Luber T, Canonica F, Navarra G, Ernst B, Unverzagt C, Maier T, Glockshuber R. Binding of the Bacterial Adhesin FimH to Its Natural, Multivalent High-Mannose Type Glycan Targets. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:936-944. [PMID: 30543411 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions at host-pathogen interfaces play a crucial role in the establishment of infections. Although competitive antagonists that prevent pathogen adhesion are promising antimicrobial drugs, the molecular mechanisms underlying these complex adhesion processes are still poorly understood. Here, we characterize the interactions between the fimbrial adhesin FimH from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains and its natural high-mannose type N-glycan binding epitopes on uroepithelial glycoproteins. Crystal structures and a detailed kinetic characterization of ligand-binding and dissociation revealed that the binding pocket of FimH evolved such that it recognizes the terminal α(1-2)-, α(1-3)-, and α(1-6)-linked mannosides of natural high-mannose type N-glycans with similar affinity. We demonstrate that the 2000-fold higher affinity of the domain-separated state of FimH compared to its domain-associated state is ligand-independent and consistent with a thermodynamic cycle in which ligand-binding shifts the association equilibrium between the FimH lectin and the FimH pilin domain. Moreover, we show that a single N-glycan can bind up to three molecules of FimH, albeit with negative cooperativity, so that a molar excess of accessible N-glycans over FimH on the cell surface favors monovalent FimH binding. Our data provide pivotal insights into the adhesion properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains to their target receptors and a solid basis for the development of effective FimH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Roman P Jakob
- Biozentrum , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50/70 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Luber
- Bioorganische Chemie , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Fabia Canonica
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Giulio Navarra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50/70 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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19
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Calvert MB, Jumde VR, Titz A. Pathoblockers or antivirulence drugs as a new option for the treatment of bacterial infections. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2607-2617. [PMID: 30410623 PMCID: PMC6204809 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance is threatening mankind to such an extent that the World Health Organization expects more deaths from infections than from cancer in 2050 if current trends continue. To avoid this scenario, new classes of anti-infectives must urgently be developed. Antibiotics with new modes of action are needed, but other concepts are also currently being pursued. Targeting bacterial virulence as a means of blocking pathogenicity is a promising new strategy for disarming pathogens. Furthermore, it is believed that this new approach is less susceptible towards resistance development. In this review, recent examples of anti-infective compounds acting on several types of bacterial targets, e.g., adhesins, toxins and bacterial communication, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Calvert
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Varsha R Jumde
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Structure-based discovery of glycomimetic FmlH ligands as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion during urinary tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2819-E2828. [PMID: 29507247 PMCID: PMC5866590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720140115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of bacterial infections is becoming a serious clinical challenge due to the global dissemination of multidrug antibiotic resistance, necessitating the search for alternative treatments to disarm the virulence mechanisms underlying these infections. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) employs multiple chaperone-usher pathway pili tipped with adhesins with diverse receptor specificities to colonize various host tissues and habitats. For example, UPEC F9 pili specifically bind galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine epitopes on the kidney and inflamed bladder. Using X-ray structure-guided methods, virtual screening, and multiplex ELISA arrays, we rationally designed aryl galactosides and N-acetylgalactosaminosides that inhibit the F9 pilus adhesin FmlH. The lead compound, 29β-NAc, is a biphenyl N-acetyl-β-galactosaminoside with a Ki of ∼90 nM, representing a major advancement in potency relative to the characteristically weak nature of most carbohydrate-lectin interactions. 29β-NAc binds tightly to FmlH by engaging the residues Y46 through edge-to-face π-stacking with its A-phenyl ring, R142 in a salt-bridge interaction with its carboxylate group, and K132 through water-mediated hydrogen bonding with its N-acetyl group. Administration of 29β-NAc in a mouse urinary tract infection (UTI) model significantly reduced bladder and kidney bacterial burdens, and coadministration of 29β-NAc and mannoside 4Z269, which targets the type 1 pilus adhesin FimH, resulted in greater elimination of bacteria from the urinary tract than either compound alone. Moreover, FmlH specifically binds healthy human kidney tissue in a 29β-NAc-inhibitable manner, suggesting a key role for F9 pili in human kidney colonization. Thus, these glycoside antagonists of FmlH represent a rational antivirulence strategy for UPEC-mediated UTI treatment.
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21
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Rabbani S, Fiege B, Eris D, Silbermann M, Jakob RP, Navarra G, Maier T, Ernst B. Conformational switch of the bacterial adhesin FimH in the absence of the regulatory domain: Engineering a minimalistic allosteric system. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:1835-1849. [PMID: 29180452 PMCID: PMC5798311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For many biological processes such as ligand binding, enzymatic catalysis, or protein folding, allosteric regulation of protein conformation and dynamics is fundamentally important. One example is the bacterial adhesin FimH, where the C-terminal pilin domain exerts negative allosteric control over binding of the N-terminal lectin domain to mannosylated ligands on host cells. When the lectin and pilin domains are separated under shear stress, the FimH-ligand interaction switches in a so-called catch-bond mechanism from the low- to high-affinity state. So far, it has been assumed that the pilin domain is essential for the allosteric propagation within the lectin domain that would otherwise be conformationally rigid. To test this hypothesis, we generated mutants of the isolated FimH lectin domain and characterized their thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural properties using isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray techniques. Intriguingly, some of the mutants mimicked the conformational and kinetic behaviors of the full-length protein and, even in absence of the pilin domain, conducted the cross-talk between allosteric sites and the mannoside-binding pocket. Thus, these mutants represent a minimalistic allosteric system of FimH, useful for further mechanistic studies and antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
| | - Brigitte Fiege
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
| | - Deniz Eris
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
| | - Marleen Silbermann
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
| | - Roman Peter Jakob
- the Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Navarra
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
| | - Timm Maier
- the Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50 and
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22
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Sager CP, Eriş D, Smieško M, Hevey R, Ernst B. What contributes to an effective mannose recognition domain? Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2584-2595. [PMID: 29259668 PMCID: PMC5727865 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, carbohydrate-lectin interactions are characterized by high specificity but also low affinity. The main reason for the low affinities are desolvation costs, due to the numerous hydroxy groups present on the ligand, together with the typically polar surface of the binding sites. Nonetheless, nature has evolved strategies to overcome this hurdle, most prominently in relation to carbohydrate-lectin interactions of the innate immune system but also in bacterial adhesion, a process key for the bacterium's survival. In an effort to better understand the particular characteristics, which contribute to a successful carbohydrate recognition domain, the mannose-binding sites of six C-type lectins and of three bacterial adhesins were analyzed. One important finding is that the high enthalpic penalties caused by desolvation can only be compensated for by the number and quality of hydrogen bonds formed by each of the polar hydroxy groups engaged in the binding process. In addition, since mammalian mannose-binding sites are in general flat and solvent exposed, the half-lives of carbohydrate-lectin complexes are rather short since water molecules can easily access and displace the ligand from the binding site. In contrast, the bacterial lectin FimH benefits from a deep mannose-binding site, leading to a substantial improvement in the off-rate. Together with both a catch-bond mechanism (i.e., improvement of affinity under shear stress) and multivalency, two methods commonly utilized by pathogens, the affinity of the carbohydrate-FimH interaction can be further improved. Including those just described, the various approaches explored by nature to optimize selectivity and affinity of carbohydrate-lectin interactions offer interesting therapeutic perspectives for the development of carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Eriş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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