1
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Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu W, Wang S, Wang L, Zheng P, Zi G, Liu H, Liu W, Wei S. Drug conjugates for the treatment of lung cancer: from drug discovery to clinical practice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:26. [PMID: 38429828 PMCID: PMC10908151 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A drug conjugate consists of a cytotoxic drug bound via a linker to a targeted ligand, allowing the targeted delivery of the drug to one or more tumor sites. This approach simultaneously reduces drug toxicity and increases efficacy, with a powerful combination of efficient killing and precise targeting. Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) are the best-known type of drug conjugate, combining the specificity of antibodies with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce adverse reactions by preferentially targeting the payload to the tumor. The structure of ADCs has also provided inspiration for the development of additional drug conjugates. In recent years, drug conjugates such as ADCs, peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) and radionuclide drug conjugates (RDCs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scope and application of drug conjugates have been expanding, including combination therapy and precise drug delivery, and a variety of new conjugation technology concepts have emerged. Additionally, new conjugation technology-based drugs have been developed in industry. In addition to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, drug conjugate therapy has undergone continuous development and made significant progress in treating lung cancer in recent years, offering a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of drug conjugates for lung cancer treatment, including structure-based drug design, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and side effects. Furthermore, challenges, potential approaches and future prospects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanglong Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengdou Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guisha Zi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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2
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Yelamali AR, Chendamarai E, Ritchey JK, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF, Persaud SP. Streptavidin-drug conjugates streamline optimization of antibody-based conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579199. [PMID: 38405731 PMCID: PMC10888937 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) conditioning using antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) is a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy- and irradiation-based conditioning regimens. The drug payload bound to an ADC is a key contributor to its efficacy and potential toxicities; however, a comparison of HSCT conditioning ADCs produced with different toxic payloads has not been performed. Indeed, ADC optimization studies in general are hampered by the inability to produce and screen multiple combinations of antibody and drug payload in a rapid, cost-effective manner. Herein, we used Click chemistry to covalently conjugate four different small molecule payloads to streptavidin; these streptavidin-drug conjugates can then be joined to any biotinylated antibody to produce stable, indirectly conjugated ADCs. Evaluating CD45-targeted ADCs produced with this system, we found the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer SGD-1882 was the most effective payload for targeting mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and acute myeloid leukemia cells. In murine syngeneic HSCT studies, a single dose of CD45-PBD enabled near-complete conversion to donor hematopoiesis. Finally, human CD45-PBD provided significant antitumor benefit in a patient-derived xenograft model of acute myeloid leukemia. As our streptavidin-drug conjugates were generated in-house with readily accessible equipment, reagents, and routine molecular biology techniques, we anticipate this flexible platform will facilitate the evaluation and optimization of ADCs for myriad targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Yelamali
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Ezhilarasi Chendamarai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Julie K Ritchey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Michael P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Stephen P Persaud
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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3
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Goel B, Jain SK. Natural products as a source of cytotoxic warheads in antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2973-2985. [PMID: 36305758 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2138872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the most rapidly expanding classes of oncology therapeutics. Till now, 11 ADCs have been approved by USFDA, with the first ADC approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in 2000. A large number of ADCs are being evaluated in different stages of clinical trials and pre-clinical studies. Interestingly, the cytotoxic warheads of the all approved ADCs, as well as clinical and preclinical candidates, belong to different classes of natural products viz. calicheamicins, auristatins, maytansinoids, camptothecin derivatives, pyrolidobenzodiazepines (PBDs), and duocarmycins, etc. Herein, a review of the natural product-based cytotoxic warheads, briefly discussing their source, modifications, and mechanism of action, has been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Goel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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5
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Covalent DNA Binding Is Essential for Gram-Negative Antibacterial Activity of Broad Spectrum Pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121770. [PMID: 36551427 PMCID: PMC9774941 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgent to find new antibiotic classes against multidrug-resistant bacteria as the rate of discovery of new classes of antibiotics has been very slow in the last 50 years. Recently, pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) with a C8-linked aliphatic-heterocycle have been identified as a new broad-spectrum antibiotic class with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The active imine moiety of the reported lead pyrrolobenzodiazepine compounds was replaced with amide to obtain the non-DNA binding and noncytotoxic dilactam analogues to understand the structure-activity relationship further and improve the safety potential of this class. The synthesised compounds were tested against panels of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including WHO priority pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the dilactam analogues ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L for MDR Gram-positive bacteria, compared to 0.03 to 2 mg/L for the corresponding imine analogues. At the same time, they were found to be inactive against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, with a MIC > 32 mg/L, compared to a MIC of 0.5 to 32 mg/L for imine analogues. A molecular modelling study suggests that the lack of imine functionality also affects the interaction of PBDs with DNA gyrase. This study suggests that the presence of N10-C11 imine moiety is crucial for the broad-spectrum activity of pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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6
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Koenig SG, Angelaud R, Crittenden CM, Kurita K, Russell DJ, Marcoux JF, Matt T, Gosselin F. Development of Dual Practical Manufacturing Routes to Cognate Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Based Linker-Drugs. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Koenig
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rémy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher M. Crittenden
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenji Kurita
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David J. Russell
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Marcoux
- Department of Manufacturing and Science Technology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Viaduktstrasse 31, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Matt
- Chemical R&D Department, Cerbios Pharma SA, Via Figino 6, 6917 Barbengo/Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Fu Z, Li S, Han S, Shi C, Zhang Y. Antibody drug conjugate: the "biological missile" for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:93. [PMID: 35318309 PMCID: PMC8941077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) is typically composed of a monoclonal antibody (mAbs) covalently attached to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker. It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. Since the first ADC, Mylotarg® (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), was approved in 2000 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been 14 ADCs received market approval so far worldwide. Moreover, over 100 ADC candidates have been investigated in clinical stages at present. This kind of new anti-cancer drugs, known as “biological missiles”, is leading a new era of targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we conducted a review of the history and general mechanism of action of ADCs, and then briefly discussed the molecular aspects of key components of ADCs and the mechanisms by which these key factors influence the activities of ADCs. Moreover, we also reviewed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase-3 clinical trials and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next generations, which provide insights for the research and development of novel cancer therapeutics using ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, (Parkville Campus) 381 Royal Parade,, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Su Z, Xiao D, Xie F, Liu L, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3889-3907. [PMID: 35024314 PMCID: PMC8727783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are gradually revolutionizing clinical cancer therapy. The antibody–drug conjugate linker molecule determines both the efficacy and the adverse effects, and so has a major influence on the fate of ADCs. An ideal linker should be stable in the circulatory system and release the cytotoxic payload specifically in the tumor. However, existing linkers often release payloads nonspecifically and inevitably lead to off-target toxicity. This defect is becoming an increasingly important factor that restricts the development of ADCs. The pursuit of ADCs with optimal therapeutic windows has resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel linkers. The present review summarizes the advance of the chemical trigger, linker‒antibody attachment and linker‒payload attachment over the last 5 years, and describes the ADMET properties of ADCs. This work also helps clarify future developmental directions for the linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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9
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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10
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The Chemistry Behind ADCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050442. [PMID: 34067144 PMCID: PMC8152005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining the selective targeting of tumor cells through antigen-directed recognition and potent cell-killing by cytotoxic payloads, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged in recent years as an efficient therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers. Besides a number of approved drugs already on the market, there is a formidable follow-up of ADC candidates in clinical development. While selection of the appropriate antibody (A) and drug payload (D) is dictated by the pharmacology of the targeted disease, one has a broader choice of the conjugating linker (C). In the present paper, we review the chemistry of ADCs with a particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on the chemical methods that enable the efficient assembly of the ADC from its three components and the controlled release of the drug payload.
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11
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Staben LR, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Del Rosario G, Go MA, Guo J, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Li G, Ng C, Lewis Phillips GD, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Wai J, Wei B, Xu K, Xu Z, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Systematic Variation of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimer Payload Physicochemical Properties Impacts Efficacy and Tolerability of the Corresponding Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9603-9622. [PMID: 32787101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-dimer molecules are frequently utilized as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and many examples are currently in clinical development. In order to further explore this ADC payload class, the physicochemical properties of various PBD-dimer molecules were modified by the systematic introduction of acidic and basic moieties into their chemical structures. The impact of these changes on DNA binding, cell membrane permeability, and in vitro antiproliferation potency was, respectively, determined using a DNA alkylation assay, PAMPA assessments, and cell-based cytotoxicity measurements conducted with a variety of cancer lines. The modified PBD-dimer compounds were subsequently incorporated into CD22-targeting ADCs, and these entities were profiled in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The introduction of a strongly basic moiety into the PBD-dimer scaffold afforded a conjugate with dramatically worsened mouse tolerability properties relative to ADCs derived from related payloads, which lacked the basic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Geoff Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Ann Go
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Abstract
The use of an acetylene (ethynyl) group in medicinal chemistry coincides with the launch of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1959. Since then, the acetylene group has been broadly exploited in drug discovery and development. As a result, it has become recognized as a privileged structural feature for targeting a wide range of therapeutic target proteins, including MAO, tyrosine kinases, BACE1, steroid receptors, mGlu5 receptors, FFA1/GPR40, and HIV-1 RT. Furthermore, a terminal alkyne functionality is frequently introduced in chemical biology probes as a click handle to identify molecular targets and to assess target engagement. This Perspective is divided into three parts encompassing: (1) the physicochemical properties of the ethynyl group, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of the ethynyl group in medicinal chemistry, and (3) the impact of the ethynyl group on chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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13
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Huang R, Sheng Y, Wei D, Yu J, Chen H, Jiang B. Bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines as efficient linkers for highly homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112080. [PMID: 32018094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide re-bridging strategy has demonstrated significant advantages in the construction of homogeneous antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). However, a major issue that disulfide scrambling at the hinge region of antibody leads to the formation of "half-antibody" has appeared for many re-bridging linkers. We present bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines (BVP) as efficient linkers to selectively re-bridge disulfides at the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) regions and produce highly homogeneous conjugates with a loading of two drugs without disulfide scrambling. We also found that optically active (S)-configuration linkers led to more sufficient conjugation compared with (R)-configuration. The BVP-linked ADCs demonstrated superior efficacy and antigen-selectivity in vitro cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianghui Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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14
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Sonzini S, Greco ML, Cailleau T, Adams L, Masterson L, Vijayakrishnan B, Barry C, Howard P, Ravn P, van der Walle CF. Improved Physical Stability of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Host-Guest Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:123-129. [PMID: 31794200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of biopharmaceutical products for oncology, with the cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) family of "warheads" well-established in the clinic. While PBDs offer high potency, they are also characterized by their hydrophobicity, which can make formulation of the ADC challenging. Several approaches have been investigated to improve the physicochemical properties of PBD-containing ADCs, and herein a supramolecular approach was explored using cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The ability of CB[8] to simultaneously encapsulate two guests was exploited to incorporate a 12-mer polyethylene glycol harboring a methyl viologen moiety at one terminus (MV-PEG12), together with a PBD harboring an indole moiety at the C2' position (SG3811). This formulation approach successfully introduced a hydrophilic PEG to mask the hydrophobicity of SG3811, improving the physical stability of the ADC while avoiding any loss of potency related to chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lauren Adams
- Spirogen, Ltd , 42 New Road , London , E1 2AX , U.K
| | | | | | - Conor Barry
- Spirogen, Ltd , 42 New Road , London , E1 2AX , U.K
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15
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Forte N, Benni I, Karu K, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Cysteine-to-lysine transfer antibody fragment conjugation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10919-10924. [PMID: 32190247 PMCID: PMC7066670 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-selective antibody fragment conjugation is achieved by using a disulfide bond to ‘hook’ and deliver thioester acylating agents to specific lysines.
The modification of lysine residues with acylating agents has represented a ubiquitous approach to the construction of antibody conjugates, with the resulting amide bonds being robustly stable and clinically validated. However, the conjugates are highly heterogeneous, due to the presence of numerous lysines on the surface of the protein, and greater control of the sites of conjugation are keenly sought. Here we present a novel approach to achieve the targeted modification of lysines distal to an antibody fragment's binding site, using a disulfide bond as a temporary ‘hook’ to deliver the acylating agent. This cysteine-to-lysine transfer (CLT) methodology offers greatly improved homogeneity of lysine conjugates, whilst retaining the advantages offered by the formation of amide linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ;
| | - Irene Benni
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ;
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ;
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; .,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ;
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16
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Synthesis and evaluation of pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer antibody-drug conjugates with dual β-glucuronide and dipeptide triggers. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:591-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Yang K, Chen B, Gianolio DA, Stefano JE, Busch M, Manning C, Alving K, Gregory RC, Brondyk WH, Miller RJ, Dhal PK. Convergent synthesis of hydrophilic monomethyl dolastatin 10 based drug linkers for antibody-drug conjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8115-8124. [PMID: 31460552 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a modular approach to synthesize maleimido group containing hydrophilic dolastatin 10 (Dol10) derivatives as drug-linkers for the syntheses of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Discrete polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties of different chain lengths were introduced as part of the linker to impart hydrophilicity to these drug linkers. The synthesis process involved construction of PEG maleimido derivatives of the tetrapeptide intermediate (N-methylvaline-valine-dolaisoleucine-dolaproine), which were subsequently coupled with dolaphenine to generate the desired drug linkers. The synthetic method reported in this manuscript circumvents the use of highly cytotoxic Dol10 in its native form. By using trastuzumab (Herceptin®) as the antibody we have synthesized Dol10 containing ADCs. The presence of a discrete PEG chain in the drug linkers resulted in ADCs free from aggregation. The effect of PEG chain length on the biological activities of these Dol10 containing ADCs was investigated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays. ADCs containing PEG6 and PEG8 spacers exhibited the highest level of in vitro anti-proliferative activity against HER2-positive (SK-BR-3) human tumor cells. ADCs derived from Herceptin® and PEG8-Dol10, at a dose of 10 mg kg-1, effectively delayed the tumor growth and prolonged the survival time in mice bearing human ovarian SKOV-3 xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwen Yang
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bo Chen
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - James E Stefano
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michelle Busch
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Kim Alving
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | - Robert J Miller
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Pradeep K Dhal
- Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Williams BA, Law A, Hunyadkurti J, Desilets S, Leyton JV, Keating A. Antibody Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Unconjugated, Toxin-Conjugated, Radio-Conjugated and Multivalent Formats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1261. [PMID: 31434267 PMCID: PMC6723634 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained relatively unchanged, with chemotherapy regimens primarily consisting of an induction regimen based on a daunorubicin and cytarabine backbone, followed by consolidation chemotherapy. Patients who are relapsed or refractory can be treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation with modest benefits to event-free and overall survival. Other modalities of immunotherapy include antibody therapies, which hold considerable promise and can be categorized into unconjugated classical antibodies, multivalent recombinant antibodies (bi-, tri- and quad-specific), toxin-conjugated antibodies and radio-conjugated antibodies. While unconjugated antibodies can facilitate Natural Killer (NK) cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), bi- and tri-specific antibodies can engage either NK cells or T-cells to redirect cytotoxicity against AML targets in a highly efficient manner, similarly to classic ADCC. Finally, toxin-conjugated and radio-conjugated antibodies can increase the potency of antibody therapies. Several AML tumour-associated antigens are at the forefront of targeted therapy development, which include CD33, CD123, CD13, CLL-1 and CD38 and which may be present on both AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. This review focused on antibody therapies for AML, including pre-clinical studies of these agents and those that are either entering or have been tested in early phase clinical trials. Antibodies for checkpoint inhibition and microenvironment targeting in AML were excluded from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Williams
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
| | - Arjun Law
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Judit Hunyadkurti
- Département de medécine nucléaire et radiobiology, Faculté de medécine et des sciences de la santé, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey V Leyton
- Département de medécine nucléaire et radiobiology, Faculté de medécine et des sciences de la santé, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institute de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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19
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Gregson SJ, Tiberghien AC, Masterson LA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimers as Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. CYTOTOXIC PAYLOADS FOR ANTIBODY – DRUG CONJUGATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012898-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ring system was first discovered in the 1960s and is found in several naturally occurring potent anti-tumour antibiotics. The mode of action of PBDs involves sequence-selective [purine–guanine–purine (PuGPu)] alkylation in the minor groove of DNA through covalent binding from guanine N2 to the PBD C11-position. Dimerization of the PBD ring system gives molecules that can cross-link DNA, which leads to a substantial increase in potency and DNA binding affinity and an extension of sequence-selectivity compared with monomers. PBD dimers feature as the cytotoxic component of numerous ADCs being evaluated in clinical trials. PBD-ADC clinical candidates loncastuximab tesirine, camidanlumab tesirine and rovalpituzumab tesirine employ a PBD N10 linkage while vadastuximab talirine uses a C2-linkage. The PBD dimer scaffold is versatile and offers many opportunities to diversify the ADC platform, with extensive research being performed worldwide to develop the next generation of PBD payload–linker molecules. The search for new PBD payload–linker molecules has mainly focused on changes in payload structure (e.g. PBD C2 modification and macrocyclisation), alternative conjugation strategies (e.g. haloacetamides, ‘click’ approaches and pyridyl disulphides), non-peptide triggers in the linker (e.g. disulphides) and non-cleavable derivatives (i.e. payload release through antibody degradation).
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20
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MacGregor P, Gonzalez-Munoz AL, Jobe F, Taylor MC, Rust S, Sandercock AM, Macleod OJS, Van Bocxlaer K, Francisco AF, D’Hooge F, Tiberghien A, Barry CS, Howard P, Higgins MK, Vaughan TJ, Minter R, Carrington M. A single dose of antibody-drug conjugate cures a stage 1 model of African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007373. [PMID: 31120889 PMCID: PMC6532856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of humans and livestock with African trypanosomes are treated with drugs introduced decades ago that are not always fully effective and often have severe side effects. Here, the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor (HpHbR) has been exploited as a route of uptake for an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that is completely effective against Trypanosoma brucei in the standard mouse model of infection. Recombinant human anti-HpHbR monoclonal antibodies were isolated and shown to be internalised in a receptor-dependent manner. Antibodies were conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) toxin and killed T. brucei in vitro at picomolar concentrations. A single therapeutic dose (0.25 mg/kg) of a HpHbR antibody-PBD conjugate completely cured a T. brucei mouse infection within 2 days with no re-emergence of infection over a subsequent time course of 77 days. These experiments provide a demonstration of how ADCs can be exploited to treat protozoal diseases that desperately require new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula MacGregor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fatoumatta Jobe
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C. Taylor
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Sandercock
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew K. Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan J. Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Vasudevan A, Argiriadi MA, Baranczak A, Friedman MM, Gavrilyuk J, Hobson AD, Hulce JJ, Osman S, Wilson NS. Covalent binders in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 58:1-62. [PMID: 30879472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modulation of protein function can have multiple utilities including therapeutics, and probes to interrogate biology. While this field is still viewed with scepticism due to the potential for (idiosyncratic) toxicities, significant strides have been made in terms of understanding how to tune electrophilicity to selectively target specific residues. Progress has also been made in harnessing the potential of covalent binders to uncover novel biology and to provide an enhanced utility as payloads for Antibody Drug Conjugates. This perspective covers the tenets and applications of covalent binders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Sami Osman
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
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22
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Forte N, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates via site-selective disulfide bridging. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:11-20. [PMID: 30553515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constructed using site-selective labelling methodologies are likely to dominate the next generation of these targeted therapeutics. To this end, disulfide bridging has emerged as a leading strategy as it allows the production of highly homogeneous ADCs without the need for antibody engineering. It consists of targeting reduced interchain disulfide bonds with reagents which reconnect the resultant pairs of cysteine residues, whilst simultaneously attaching drugs. The 3 main reagent classes which have been exemplified for the construction of ADCs by disulfide bridging will be discussed in this review; bissulfones, next generation maleimides and pyridazinediones, along with others in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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23
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Kinneer K, Meekin J, Tiberghien AC, Tai YT, Phipps S, Kiefer CM, Rebelatto MC, Dimasi N, Moriarty A, Papadopoulos KP, Sridhar S, Gregson SJ, Wick MJ, Masterson L, Anderson KC, Herbst R, Howard PW, Tice DA. SLC46A3 as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Antibody–Drug Conjugates Bearing Noncleavable Linked Maytansinoid and Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Warheads. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6570-6582. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Anami Y, Yamazaki CM, Xiong W, Gui X, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Glutamic acid-valine-citrulline linkers ensure stability and efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2512. [PMID: 29955061 PMCID: PMC6023893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Valine-citrulline linkers are commonly used as enzymatically cleavable linkers for antibody-drug conjugates. While stable in human plasma, these linkers are unstable in mouse plasma due to susceptibility to an extracellular carboxylesterase. This instability often triggers premature release of drugs in mouse circulation, presenting a molecular design challenge. Here, we report that an antibody-drug conjugate with glutamic acid-valine-citrulline linkers is responsive to enzymatic drug release but undergoes almost no premature cleavage in mice. We demonstrate that this construct exhibits greater treatment efficacy in mouse tumor models than does a valine-citrulline-based variant. Notably, our antibody-drug conjugate contains long spacers facilitating the protease access to the linker moiety, indicating that our linker assures high in vivo stability despite a high degree of exposure. This technology could add flexibility to antibody-drug conjugate design and help minimize failure rates in pre-clinical studies caused by linker instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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25
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Rodrigues T, Bernardes GJL. Antikörpergerichtete Therapien: Quo vadis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Av Prof Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Av Prof Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge Großbritannien
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26
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Rodrigues T, Bernardes GJL. Development of Antibody-Directed Therapies: Quo Vadis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2032-2034. [PMID: 29341367 PMCID: PMC5838556 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Less is more: The efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy is traditionally associated with cleavable linkers for payload release. Evidence now suggests that simpler constructs without cleavable moieties can afford more stable and effective ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Christie RJ, Tiberghien AC, Du Q, Bezabeh B, Fleming R, Shannon A, Mao S, Breen S, Zhang J, Zhong H, Harper J, Wu H, Howard PW, Gao C. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates Designed for Stable Thiol Conjugation. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040020. [PMID: 31548535 PMCID: PMC6698857 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosuccinimide-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are susceptible to drug loss over time due to a retro-Michael reaction, which can be prevented by selecting stable conjugation positions or hydrolysis of the thiosuccinimide. Here, we investigate pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ADC drug-linkers equipped with N-phenyl maleimide functionality for stable thiol conjugation via thiosuccinimide hydrolysis. Two PBD drug-linker formats (enzyme-cleavable and non-cleavable) were evaluated following site-specific conjugation to an engineered cysteine incorporated at position T289, which is known to be unstable for N-alkyl maleimide conjugates. N-phenyl maleimide PBDs conjugated to antibodies with similar efficiencies as N-alkyl maleimide PBDs and enhanced thiosuccinimide hydrolysis for N-phenyl maleimide PBDs was confirmed by mass spectrometry, capillary isoelectric focusing, and a SYPRO Orange dye binding assay. All of the PBD ADCs were highly potent in vitro regardless of maleimide- or linker-type, exhibiting low pM EC50 values. Thiol conjugation to N-phenyl maleimide PBD minimized the retro-Michael reaction in both rat and mouse serum. However, cleavage of the valine-alanine dipeptide in mouse serum for ADCs containing cleavable drug-linker led to drug loss regardless of maleimide type, which impacted ADC potency in tumor growth inhibition studies that were conducted in mouse models. Therapeutic improvement in mouse tumor models was realized for ADCs prepared with non-cleavable PBD drug-linkers that were conjugated through N-phenyl maleimide, where a stronger tumor growth inhibition (TGI) response was achieved when compared to the analogous N-alkyl maleimide drug-linker ADC. Altogether, our findings highlight the stability and efficacy benefits of N-phenyl maleimide functionality for ADCs that are produced with thiol-maleimide conjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Qun Du
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Binyam Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Amanda Shannon
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Shannon Breen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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