1
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Escala N, Pineda LM, Ng MG, Coronado LM, Spadafora C, del Olmo E. Antiplasmodial activity, structure-activity relationship and studies on the action of novel benzimidazole derivatives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:285. [PMID: 36609676 PMCID: PMC9822940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria cases and deaths keep being excessively high every year. Some inroads gained in the last two decades have been eroded especially due to the surge of resistance to most antimalarials. The search for new molecules that can replace the ones currently in use cannot stop. In this report, the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives guided by structure-activity parameters is presented. Thirty-six molecules obtained are analyzed according to their activity against P. falciparum HB3 strain based on the type of substituent on rings A and B, their electron donor/withdrawing, as well as their dimension/spatial properties. There is a preference for electron donating groups on ring A, such as Me in position 5, or better, 5, 6-diMe. Ring B must be of the pyridine type such as picolinamide, other modifications are generally not favorable. Two molecules, 1 and 33 displayed antiplasmodial activity in the high nanomolar range against the chloroquine sensitive strain, with selectivity indexes above 10. Activity results of 1, 12 and 16 on a chloroquine resistance strain indicated an activity close to chloroquine for compound 1. Analysis of some of their effect on the parasites seem to suggest that 1 and 33 affect only the parasite and use a route other than interference with hemozoin biocrystallization, the route used by chloroquine and most antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Escala
- grid.452531.4Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pineda
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Michelle G. Ng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lorena M. Coronado
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Esther del Olmo
- grid.452531.4Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Sousa CC, Dziwornu GA, Quadros HC, Araujo-Neto JH, Chibale K, Moreira DRM. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles Exert Strong Parasiticidal Effects by Achieving High Cellular Uptake and Suppressing Heme Detoxification. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1700-1710. [PMID: 35848708 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles (PBIs) are synthetic antiplasmodium agents with potent activity and are structurally differentiated from benchmark antimalarials. To study the cellular uptake of PBIs and understand the underlying phenotype of their antiplasmodium activity, their antiparasitic activities were examined in chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Moreover, drug uptake and heme detoxification suppression were examined in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The in vitro potency of PBIs is comparable to most 4-aminoquinolines. They have a speed of action in vitro that is superior to that of atovaquone and an ability to kill rings and trophozoites. The antiparasitic effects observed for the PBIs in cell culture and in infected mice are similar in terms of potency and efficacy and are comparable to CQ but with the added advantage of demonstrating equipotency against both CQ susceptible and resistant parasite strains. PBIs have a high rate of uptake by parasite cells and, conversely, a limited rate of uptake by host cells. The mechanism of cellular uptake of the PBIs differs from the ion-trap mechanism typically observed for 4-aminoquinolines, although they share key structural features. The high cellular uptake, attractive parasiticidal profile, and susceptibility of resistant strains to PBIs are desirable characteristics for new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Helenita C Quadros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
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3
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Ma Y, Lv L, Li Z. β-Perfluoroalkyl Peroxides as Fluorinated C3-Building Blocks for the Construction of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1564-1573. [PMID: 34989560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and selective protocol for the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-group-substituted benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been developed in which β-perfluoroalkyl peroxides act as novel fluorinated C3-building blocks to implement regioselective [3 + 3] annulation with 2-cyanomethyl benzimidazole under metal-free conditions. The application of the synthesized perfluoroalkylated BIPs as potent anticancer reagents versus the nonfluorinated ones demonstrated the biological utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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4
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Yang K, Chen ZX, Zhou YJ, Chen Q, Yu SW, Luo SH, Wang ZY. Simple inorganic base promoted polycyclic construction using mucohalic acid as a C 3 synthon: synthesis and AIE probe application of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01753e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using mucohalic acid as C3 synthon via a transition metal-free multicomponent reaction, an eco-friendly protocol to synthesize C1-functionalized benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines which can be applied as fluorescence probe for picric acid is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- College of pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xi Chen
- College of pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhou
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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5
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Yang K, Luo SH, Chen SH, Cao XY, Zhou YJ, Lin YL, Huo YP, Wang ZY. Simple inorganic base promoted C-N and C-C formation: synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines as functional AIEgens used for detecting picric acid. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8133-8139. [PMID: 34545907 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01424b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free catalyzed intermolecular tandem Michael addition/cyclization has been developed for the synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from α-bromocinnamaldehyde and 2-substituted benzimidazoles. The reaction promoted by a simple inorganic base displays moderate to good yields and good functional group tolerance. The optical properties of some typical products have been investigated. We found that, due to the presence of the benzene ring at the C1-position of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines which restricts intramolecular motion, as a new type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen (AIEgen), they show very good solid-state fluorescence with quantum yields up to 88.80%. Importantly, the AIE performance of compound 3b can be useful to detect the nitroaromatic explosive picric acid (PA) with a detection limit and quenching constant of 42.5 nM and 7.27 × 104 M-M, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. .,College of pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Si-Hong Chen
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xi-Ying Cao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Jun Zhou
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Lan Lin
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Ping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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6
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Leshabane M, Dziwornu GA, Coertzen D, Reader J, Moyo P, van der Watt M, Chisanga K, Nsanzubuhoro C, Ferger R, Erlank E, Venter N, Koekemoer L, Chibale K, Birkholtz LM. Benzimidazole Derivatives Are Potent against Multiple Life Cycle Stages of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1945-1955. [PMID: 33673735 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of resistance to front-line antimalarial treatments is of great concern. Therefore, new compounds that potentially have a novel target in various developmental stages of Plasmodium parasites are needed to treat patients and halt the spread of malaria. Here, several benzimidazole derivatives were screened for activity against the symptom-causing intraerythrocytic asexual blood stages and the transmissible gametocyte stages of P. falciparum. Submicromolar activity was obtained for 54 compounds against asexual blood stage parasites with 6 potent at IC50 < 100 nM while not displaying any marked toxicity against mammalian cells. Nanomolar potency was also observed against gametocytes with two compounds active against early stage gametocytes and two compounds active against late-stage gametocytes. The transmission-blocking potential of the latter was confirmed as they could prevent male gamete exflagellation and the lead compound reduced transmission by 72% in an in vivo mosquito feeding model. These compounds therefore have activity against multiple stages of Plasmodium parasites with potential for differential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Leshabane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Phanankosi Moyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chisanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Richard Ferger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Erica Erlank
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Nelius Venter
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lizette Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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7
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Probst A, Chisanga K, Dziwornu GA, Haeberli C, Keiser J, Chibale K. Expanding the Activity Profile of Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel N1-1-Phenylethanamine Derivatives against Schistosoma mansoni. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1032-1043. [PMID: 32786285 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel is the only widely available drug to treat schistosomiasis. With very few candidates currently in the drug development pipeline, there is an urgent need to discover and develop novel antischistosomal drugs. In this regard, the pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole (PBI) scaffold has emerged as a promising chemotype in hit-to-lead efforts. Here, we report a novel series of antischistosomal PBIs with potent in vitro activity (IC50 values of 0.08-1.43 μM) against Schistosoma mansoni newly transformed schistosomula and adult worms. Moreover, the current PBIs demonstrated good hepatic microsomal stability (>70% of drug remaining after 30 min) and were nontoxic to the Chinese hamster ovarian and human liver HepG2 cells, though toxicity (selectivity index, SI < 10) against the rat L6 myoblast cell line was observed. The compounds showed a small therapeutic window but were efficacious in vivo, exhibiting moderate to high worm burden reductions of 35.8-89.6% in S. mansoni-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Probst
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chisanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Cécile Haeberli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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8
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Discovery and development of 2-aminobenzimidazoles as potent antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113518. [PMID: 34058708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to frontline antimalarials, including artemisinin combination therapies, highlights the need for new molecules that act via novel mechanisms of action. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and antimalarial activity of a series of 2-aminobenzimidazoles, featuring a phenol moiety that is crucial to the pharmacophore. Two potent molecules exhibited IC50 values against P. falciparum 3D7 strain of 42 ± 4 (3c) and 43 ± 2 nM (3g), and high potency against strains resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), artemisinin (Cam3.IIC580Y) and PfATP4 inhibitors (SJ557733), while demonstrating no cytotoxicity against human cells (HEK293, IC50 > 50 μM). The most potent molecule, possessing a 4,5-dimethyl substituted phenol (3r) displayed an IC50 value of 6.4 ± 0.5 nM against P. falciparum 3D7, representing a 12-fold increase in activity from the parent molecule. The 2-aminobenzimidazoles containing a N1-substituted phenol represent a new class of molecules that have high potency in vitro against P. falciparum malaria and low cytotoxicity. They possessed attractive pharmaceutical properties, including low molecular weight, high ligand efficiency, high solubility, synthetic tractability and low in vitro clearance in human liver microsomes.
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