1
|
Mittal K. Early Stage Detection of Alzheimer's Disease With Microsoft Azure Based Deep Learning. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3352620. [PMID: 38014038 PMCID: PMC10680911 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3352620/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent a pivotal aspect of ensuring effective patient care and timely intervention. This research introduces an innovative approach that harnesses the capabilities of Microsoft Azure-based custom vision technology for AD classification. The study primarily centers around the analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans as the primary input data, categorizing these scans into two distinct categories: Cognitive Normal and Cognitive Impairment. To accomplish this, we employ transfer learning, leveraging a pre-trained Microsoft Azure Custom Vision model fine-tuned specifically for multi-class AD classification. The proposed work shows better results with the best validation average accuracy on the test data of AD. This test accuracy score is significantly higher in comparison with existing works. This proposed solution showcases the immense potential of convolutional neural networks and advanced deep learning techniques in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease, thereby paving the way for significantly improved patient care.
Collapse
|
2
|
Pruthviraja D, Nagaraju SC, Mudligiriyappa N, Raisinghani MS, Khan SB, Alkhaldi NA, Malibari AA. Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Cloud-Based Deep Learning Paradigm. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2687. [PMID: 37627946 PMCID: PMC10453097 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep learning is playing a major role in identifying complicated structure, and it outperforms in term of training and classification tasks in comparison to traditional algorithms. In this work, a local cloud-based solution is developed for classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as MRI scans as input modality. The multi-classification is used for AD variety and is classified into four stages. In order to leverage the capabilities of the pre-trained GoogLeNet model, transfer learning is employed. The GoogLeNet model, which is pre-trained for image classification tasks, is fine-tuned for the specific purpose of multi-class AD classification. Through this process, a better accuracy of 98% is achieved. As a result, a local cloud web application for Alzheimer's prediction is developed using the proposed architectures of GoogLeNet. This application enables doctors to remotely check for the presence of AD in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayananda Pruthviraja
- Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sowmyarani C. Nagaraju
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059, India
| | - Niranjanamurthy Mudligiriyappa
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | | | - Surbhi Bhatia Khan
- Department of Data Science, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M54WT, UK
| | - Nora A. Alkhaldi
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A. Malibari
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mourtas S, Athanasopoulos V, Gatos D, Barlos K. Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2-Benzothiazolyl and 2-(Aminophenyl)benzothiazolyl Amino Acids and Peptides. Molecules 2023; 28:5412. [PMID: 37513284 PMCID: PMC10385376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
2-benzothiazoles and 2-(aminophenyl)benzothiazoles represent biologically interesting heterocycles with high pharmacological activity. The combination of these heterocycles with amino acids and peptides is of special interest, as such structures combine the advantages of amino acids and peptides with the advantages of the 2-benzothiazolyl and 2-(aminophenyl)benzothiazolyl pharmacophore group. In this work, we developed an easy and efficient method for the solid-phase synthesis of 2-benzothiazolyl (BTH) and 2-(aminophenyl)benzothiazolyl (AP-BTH) C-terminal modified amino acids and peptides with high chiral purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Mourtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Gatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26510 Rio Patras, Greece
| | - Kleomenis Barlos
- CBL-Patras, Patras Industrial Area, Block 1, 25018 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines with Affinity for β-Amyloid Plaques. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines were synthesized via the cyclization of 5-amino-1-phenylpyrazole with the corresponding unsaturated ketone in the catalytic presence of ZrCl4. The ketones were afforded by modifying a stabilized ylide facilitated Wittig reaction in fairly high yields. The novel compounds exhibited exciting photophysical properties with the dimethylamine phenyl-bearing pyrazolopyridine showing exceptionally large Stoke’s shifts. Finally, both the dimethylamino- and the pyrene-substituted compounds demonstrated high and selective binding to amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient brain slices upon fluorescent confocal microscopy observation. These results reveal the potential application of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines in the development of AD amyloid plaque probes of various modalities for AD diagnosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Biological evaluation of complexes of cyclopentadienyl M(CO) 3+ (M = Re, 99mTc) with high blood-brain barrier penetration potential as brain cancer agents. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:497-505. [PMID: 35024984 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To address the major medical need for effective chemotherapeutics/diagnostics for brain cancer, in this work three cyclopentadienyl M(CO)3+ (M = Re, 99mTc) complexes, which cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in high % and are designed to mimic the anticancer agent 2-phenylbenzothiazole, are in vitro and in vivo evaluated for anticancer action. The study includes cytotoxicity and uptake studies in cancer and healthy neuronal cell lines, mechanistic investigation of potential anticancer pathways, and biodistribution studies in mice bearing glioblastoma xenografts. The stable Re complexes exhibit selective uptake and significant antiproliferative effect, particularly against U-251 MG glioblastoma cells, with no significant toxicity in healthy neurons, demonstrating the suitability of this type of complexes to serve as selective therapeutic/imaging agents for brain cancer. Furthermore, they result in the generation of elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, and lead to significant G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis. Biodistribution studies in U-251 MG xenograft bearing mice with the radioactive 99mTc complex that exhibits the highest BBB penetration, show retention at the tumor-site offering a diagnostic prospect and, in addition, indicating the capability of the Re analogue to accumulate at the tumor site for therapeutic action. Overall, the complexes demonstrate significant anticancer properties that, combined with their high BBB penetration potential, render them strong candidates for further evaluation as brain cancer agents.
Collapse
|
7
|
Spyrou B, Hungnes IN, Mota F, Bordoloi J, Blower PJ, White JM, Ma MT, Donnelly PS. Oxorhenium(V) and Oxotechnetium(V) Complexes of N 3S Tetradentate Ligands with a Styrylpyridyl Functional Group: Toward Imaging Agents to Assist in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13669-13680. [PMID: 34424670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the presence of amyloid plaques in the brain mainly comprised of aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ). Molecules radiolabeled with technetium-99m that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and selectively bind to Aβ plaques have the potential to assist in the diagnosis of AD using single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. In this work, three new tetradentate ligands of pyridyl, amide, amine and thiol donors, featuring a styrylpyridyl group that is known to interact with amyloid plaques, were prepared. The new ligands formed charge-neutral and lipophilic complexes with the [Tc═O]3+ and [Re═O]3+ motifs, and two rhenium complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The rhenium(V) complexes interact with synthetic Aβ1-40 and amyloid plaques on human brain tissue. Two of the new ligands were radiolabeled with 99mTc using a kit-based approach, and their biodistribution in wild-type mice was evaluated. The presence of amide donors in the tetradentate ligand increased the stability of the respective [Tc═O]3+ complexes but reduced brain uptake. While the complexes were able to cross the BBB, the degree of uptake in the brain was not sufficient to justify further investigation of these complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spyrou
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ingebjørg N Hungnes
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Mota
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Xiang X, Wang J, Ning L. Novel strategies for the fight of Alzheimer's disease targeting amyloid-β protein. J Drug Target 2021; 30:259-268. [PMID: 34435898 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1973482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is recognised as a devastating neurodegenerative disease throughout the world and lack of effective treatments, is a growing concern in modern society with a growing population of elderly patients. A growing number of studies reveal that abnormal accumulation and deposition of Aβ is responsible for AD. Inspired by this, strategies for the treatment of AD targeting-Aβ clearance have been discussed for a long period, exploring new drugs which is capable of destroying soluble Aβ oligomers and unsolvable Aβ aggregates. In this paper, results of recent clinical trials on several anti-amyloid-β drugs are presented and several emerging anti-amyloid AD therapies based on recent studies are reviewed. Furthermore, some of the current challenges and novel strategies to prevent AD are addressed. Herein, this review focuses on current pharmacotherapy of AD targeting-Aβ and intends to design a promising therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Shangfei Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linhong Ning
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saednia S, Emami S, Molavipordanjani S, Abedi SM, Amiri FT, Hosseinimehr SJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled Phenylpiperazine Derivatives as Selective Serotonin-7 Receptor Ligands for Brain Tumor Imaging. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2360-2374. [PMID: 34027660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With a poor prognosis, glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive tumor of the central nervous system in humans. The aim of this study was to develop novel tracers for the tumor targeting and imaging of overexpressed serotonin-7 receptors (5-HT7Rs) in U-87 MG glioma xenografted nude mice. Two phenylpiperazine derivatives named as PHH and MPHH were designed, and the corresponding radiotracers 99mTc-PHH and 99mTc-MPHH were synthesized in high radiochemical purity (>95%). 99mTc-MPHH showed a higher affinity to 5-HT7Rs on U-87 MG cells compared to 99mTc-PHH. In biodistribution studies, the radiocomplexes showed good brain uptake at 15 min combined with good radioactivity retention in the brain for 240 min. Regional rabbit brain studies indicated a higher radioactivity concentration in the hippocampus and diencephalon than in the cerebellum. Compared to 99mTc-MPHH, the 99mTc-PHH exhibited a significantly increased tumor uptake at 15 and 60 min, but the rapid blood clearance of 99mTc-MPHH led to enhanced tumor-to-muscle ratios at 240 min. A significant reduction in tumor uptake 60 min after an injection of pimozide (5-HT7 receptor antagonist) confirms the tumor uptake was receptor-mediated specifically. The tumor-to-contralateral muscle tissue ratio of 99mTc-PHH and 99mTc-MPHH in nude mice with U-87 MG xenograft was measured (5.25 and 4.65) at 60 min as well as (6.25 and 6.76) at 240 min, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Saednia
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abedi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mourtas S, Mavroidi B, Marazioti A, Kannavou M, Sagnou M, Pelecanou M, Antimisiaris SG. Liposomes Decorated with 2-(4'-Aminophenyl)benzothiazole Effectively Inhibit Aβ 1-42 Fibril Formation and Exhibit in Vitro Brain-Targeting Potential. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4685-4698. [PMID: 33112137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of 2-benzothiazolyl-decorated liposomes as theragnostic systems for Alzheimer's disease was evaluated in vitro, using PEGylated liposomes that were decorated with two types of 2-benzothiazoles: (i) the unsubstituted 2-benzothiazole (BTH) and (ii) the 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole (AP-BTH). The lipid derivatives of both BTH-lipid and AP-BTH-lipid were synthesized, for insertion in liposome membranes. Liposomes (LIP) containing three different concentrations of benzothiazoles (5, 10, and 20%) were formulated, and their stability, integrity in the presence of serum proteins, and their ability to inhibit β-amyloid (1-42) (Αβ42) peptide aggregation (by circular dichroism (CD) and thioflavin T (ThT) assay), were evaluated. Additionally, the interaction of some LIP with an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied. All liposome types ranged between 92 and 105 nm, with the exception of the 20% AP-BTH-LIP that were larger (180 nm). The 5 and 10% AP-BTH-LIP were stable when stored at 4 °C for 40 days and demonstrated high integrity in the presence of serum proteins for 7 days at 37 °C. Interestingly, CD experiments revealed that the AP-BTH-LIP substantially interacted with Αβ42 peptides and inhibited fibril formation, as verified by ThT assay, in contrast with the BTH-LIP, which had no effect. The 5 and 10% AP-BTH-LIP were the most effective in inhibiting Αβ42 fibril formation. Surprisingly, the AP-BTH-LIP, especially the 5% ones, demonstrated high interaction with brain endothelial cells and high capability to be transported across the BBB model. Taken together, the current results reveal that the 5% AP-BTH-LIP are of high interest as novel targeted theragnostic systems against AD, justifying further in vitro and in vivo exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras 26510, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICES), Rio Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras 26510, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICES), Rio Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Maria Kannavou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras 26510, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICES), Rio Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marina Sagnou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio Patras 26510, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICES), Rio Patras 26504, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krasnovskaya O, Spector D, Zlobin A, Pavlov K, Gorelkin P, Erofeev A, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A. Metals in Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9190. [PMID: 33276505 PMCID: PMC7730413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma, which occurs 7-15 years before the onset of cognitive symptoms of the pathology. Timely diagnostics of amyloid formations allows identifying AD at an early stage and initiating inhibitor therapy, delaying the progression of the disease. However, clinically used radiopharmaceuticals based on 11C and 18F are synchrotron-dependent and short-lived. The design of new metal-containing radiopharmaceuticals for AD visualization is of interest. The development of coordination compounds capable of effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) requires careful selection of a ligand moiety, a metal chelating scaffold, and a metal cation, defining the method of supposed Aβ visualization. In this review, we have summarized metal-containing drugs for positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer's disease. The obtained data allow assessing the structure-ability to cross the BBB ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Spector
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zlobin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Kirill Pavlov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Ploshchad’ 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sagnou M, Mavroidi B, Kaminari A, Boukos N, Pelecanou M. Novel Isatin Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of β-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation and Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2266-2276. [PMID: 32598129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of β-amyloid peptide (Αβ) aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the therapeutic approaches against AD which still attracts scientific research interest. In the search for compounds that interact with Aβ and disrupt its typical aggregation course toward oligomeric or polymeric toxic assemblies, small organic molecules of natural origin, combining low molecular weight (necessary blood-brain barrier penetration) and low toxicity (necessary for pharmacological application), are greatly sought after. Isatin (1H-indoline-2,3-dione), a natural endogenous indole, and many of its derivatives exhibit a wide spectrum of neuropharmacological and chemotherapeutic properties. The synthesis and biological evaluation of four new isatins as inhibitors of Aβ aggregation is presented herein. In these derivatives, the N-phenyl thiosemicarbazide moiety is joined at the 3-oxo position of isatin through Schiff base formation, and substitutions are present at the indole nitrogen and position 5 of the isatin core. Biophysical studies employing circular dichroism, thioflavin T fluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopy reveal the potential of the isatin thiosemicarbazones (ITSCs) to alter the course of Αβ aggregation, with two of the derivatives exhibiting outstanding inhibition of the aggregation process, preventing completely the formation of amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, in in vitro studies in primary neuronal cell cultures, the ITSCs were found to inhibit the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species production at concentrations as low as 1 μM. Taken all together, the novel ITSCs can be considered as privileged structures for further development as potential AD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sagnou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Archontia Kaminari
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Boukos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Day AH, Domarkas J, Nigam S, Renard I, Cawthorne C, Burke BP, Bahra GS, Oyston PCF, Fallis IA, Archibald SJ, Pope SJA. Towards dual SPECT/optical bioimaging with a mitochondrial targeting, 99mTc(i) radiolabelled 1,8-naphthalimide conjugate. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:511-523. [PMID: 31844857 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of six different 1,8-naphthalimide conjugated dipicolylamine ligands (L1-6) have been synthesised and characterised. The ligands possess a range of different linker units between the napthalimide fluorophore and dipcolylamine chelator which allow the overall lipophilicity to be tuned. A corresponding series of Re(i) complexes have been synthesised of the form fac-[Re(CO)3(L1-6)]BF4. The absorption and luminescence properties of the ligands and Re(i) complexes were dominated by the intramolecular charge transfer character of the substituted fluorophore (typically absorption ca. 425 nm and emission ca. 520 nm). Photophysical assessments show that some of the variants are moderately bright. Radiolabelling experiments using a water soluble ligand variant (L5) were successfully undertaken and optimised with fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that fac-[Re(CO)3(L5)]+ localises in the mitochondria of MCF-7 cells. SPECT/CT imaging experiments on naïve mice showed that fac-[99mTc(CO)3(L5)]+ has a relatively high stability in vivo but did not show any cardiac uptake, demonstrating rapid clearance, predominantly via the biliary system along with a moderate amount cleared renally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Day
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Duatti A. Review on 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals with emphasis on new advancements. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 92:202-216. [PMID: 32475681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid imaging acquisition, high spatial resolution and sensitivity, powered by advancements in solid-state detector technology, are significantly changing the perspective of single photon emission tomography (SPECT). In particular, this evolutionary step is fueling a rediscovery of technetium-99m, a still unique radionuclide within the nuclear medicine scenario because of its ideal nuclear properties and easy preparation of its radiopharmaceuticals that does not require a costly infrastructure and complex procedures. Scope of this review is to show that the arsenal of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals is already equipped with imaging agents that may complement and integrate the role played by analogous tracers developed for positron emission tomography (PET). These include, in particular, somatostatin (SST) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptor targeting agents, and a number of peptide-derived radiopharmaceuticals. Additionally, these recent technological developments, combined with new myocardial perfusion tracers having more favorable biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties as compared to current commercial agents, may also reinvigorate the prevailing position still hold by technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear cardiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Duatti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|