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Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Hu X, You Q, Jiang Z. Targeting kelch-like (KLHL) proteins: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116270. [PMID: 38490062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Kelch-like proteins (KLHLs) are a large family of BTB-containing proteins. KLHLs function as the substrate adaptor of Cullin 3-RING ligases (CRL3) to recognize substrates. KLHLs play pivotal roles in regulating various physiological and pathological processes by modulating the ubiquitination of their respective substrates. Mounting evidence indicates that mutations or abnormal expression of KLHLs are associated with various human diseases. Targeting KLHLs is a viable strategy for deciphering the KLHLs-related pathways and devising therapies for associated diseases. Here, we comprehensively review the known KLHLs inhibitors to date and the brilliant ideas underlying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguo Zhou
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziquan Zhao
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiuqi Hu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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LaPak KM, Saeidi S, Bok I, Wamsley NT, Plutzer IB, Bhatt DP, Luo J, Ashrafi G, Major MB. Proximity proteomic analysis of the NRF family reveals the Parkinson's disease protein ZNF746/PARIS as a co-complexed repressor of NRF2. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadi9018. [PMID: 38085818 PMCID: PMC10760916 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor activates cytoprotective and metabolic gene expression in response to various electrophilic stressors. Constitutive NRF2 activity promotes cancer progression, whereas decreased NRF2 function contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. We used proximity proteomic analysis to define protein networks for NRF2 and its family members NRF1, NRF3, and the NRF2 heterodimer MAFG. A functional screen of co-complexed proteins revealed previously uncharacterized regulators of NRF2 transcriptional activity. We found that ZNF746 (also known as PARIS), a zinc finger transcription factor implicated in Parkinson's disease, physically associated with NRF2 and MAFG, resulting in suppression of NRF2-driven transcription. ZNF746 overexpression increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in a neuronal cell model of Parkinson's disease, phenotypes that were reversed by chemical and genetic hyperactivation of NRF2. This study presents a functionally annotated proximity network for NRF2 and suggests a link between ZNF746 overexpression in Parkinson's disease and inhibition of NRF2-driven neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. LaPak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ilah Bok
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nathan T. Wamsley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Isaac B. Plutzer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dhaval P. Bhatt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, WUSM and Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics and Qualitative Research Shared Resource, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Ashrafi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M. Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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3
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Barreca M, Qin Y, Cadot MEH, Barraja P, Bach A. Advances in developing noncovalent small molecules targeting Keap1. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103800. [PMID: 37852355 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is a drug target for diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. There are three covalent Keap1-binding drugs on the market, but noncovalent compounds that inhibit the interaction between Keap1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represent an attractive alternative. Both compound types prevent degradation of Nrf2, leading to the expression of antioxidant and antiinflammatory proteins. However, their off-target profiles differ as do their exact pharmacodynamic effects. Here, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of targeting Keap1 with covalent versus noncovalent inhibitors. We then provide a comprehensive overview of current noncovalent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors, with a focus on their pharmacological effects, to examine the therapeutic potential for this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Yuting Qin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Elodie Hélène Cadot
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Zhao Z, Dong R, You Q, Jiang Z. Medicinal Chemistry Insights into the Development of Small-Molecule Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1-Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37441735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) exerts a central role in regulating the cellular defense system against oxidative and electrophilic insults. Nonelectrophilic inhibition of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and Nrf2 has become a promising approach to activate Nrf2. Recently, multiple drug discovery strategies have facilitated the development of small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors with potent activity and favorable drug-like properties. In this Perspective, we summarize the latest progress of small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors from medicinal chemistry insights and discuss future prospects and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruitian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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5
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Abed DA, Ali AR, Lee S, Nguyen MU, Verzi MP, Hu L. Optimization of the C2 substituents on the 1,4-bis(arylsulfonamido)naphthalene-N,N'-diacetic acid scaffold for better inhibition of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115302. [PMID: 36989811 PMCID: PMC10101933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct inhibition of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) reduces the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Nrf2, leading to Nrf2 accumulation in the cytosol and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Once inside the nucleus, Nrf2 binds to and activates the expression of antioxidant response element (ARE) genes involved in redox homeostasis and detoxification. Herein, we report a series of 1,4-bis(arylsulfonamido)naphthalene-N,N'-diacetic acid analogs with varying C2 substituents to explore the structure-activity relationships at this position of the central naphthalene core. The Keap1-binding activities were first screened with a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay followed by further evaluation of the more potent compounds using a more sensitive time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. It was found that compound 24a with C2-phthalimidopropyl group was the most potent in this series showing an IC50 of 2.5 nM in the TR-FRET assay with a Ki value in the subnanomolar range. Our docking study indicated that the C2-phthalimidopropyl group in compound 24a provided an extra hydrogen bonding interaction with the key residue Arg415 that may be responsible for the observed boost in binding affinity. In addition, compounds 12b, 15, and 24a were shown to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway in NCM460D cells resulting in elevated mRNA levels of GSTM3, HMOX1 and NQO1 by 2.4-11.7 fold at 100 μM as compared to the vehicle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhulfiqar Ali Abed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ahmed R Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sumi Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mai-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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6
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Suzuki T, Takahashi J, Yamamoto M. Molecular Basis of the KEAP1-NRF2 Signaling Pathway. Mol Cells 2023; 46:133-141. [PMID: 36994473 PMCID: PMC10070164 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NRF2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a master regulator of cellular responses against environmental stresses. NRF2 induces expression of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes and suppresses inductions of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) is an adaptor subunit of CULLIN 3 (CUL3)-based E3 ubiquitin ligase. KEAP1 regulates the activity of NRF2 and acts as a sensor for oxidative and electrophilic stresses. NRF2 has been found to be activated in many types of cancers with poor prognosis. Therapeutic strategies to control NRF2-overeactivated cancers have been considered not only by targeting cancer cells with NRF2 inhibitors or NRF2 synthetic lethal chemicals, but also by targeting host defense with NRF2 inducers. Understanding precise molecular mechanisms how the KEAP1-NRF2 system senses and regulates the cellular response is critical to overcome intractable NRF2-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
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7
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Egbujor MC, Tucci P, Onyeije UC, Emeruwa CN, Saso L. NRF2 Activation by Nitrogen Heterocycles: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062751. [PMID: 36985723 PMCID: PMC10058096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several nitrogen heterocyclic analogues have been applied to clinical practice, and about 75% of drugs approved by the FDA contain at least a heterocyclic moiety. Thus, nitrogen heterocycles are beneficial scaffolds that occupy a central position in the development of new drugs. The fact that certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds significantly activate the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway and upregulate the expression of NRF2-dependent genes, especially HO-1 and NQO1, underscores the need to study the roles and pharmacological effects of N-based heterocyclic moieties in NRF2 activation. Furthermore, nitrogen heterocycles exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. NRF2-activating molecules have been of tremendous research interest in recent times due to their therapeutic roles in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress-mediated diseases. A comprehensive review of the NRF2-inducing activities of N-based heterocycles and their derivatives will broaden their therapeutic prospects in a wide range of diseases. Thus, the present review, as the first of its kind, provides an overview of the roles and effects of nitrogen heterocyclic moieties in the activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway underpinning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in several diseases, their pharmacological properties and structural-activity relationship are also discussed with the aim of making new discoveries that will stimulate innovative research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melford C Egbujor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Rhema University Nigeria, Aba 453115, Nigeria
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Ugomma C Onyeije
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420007, Nigeria
| | - Chigbundu N Emeruwa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Rhema University Nigeria, Aba 453115, Nigeria
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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8
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Dinkova-Kostova AT, Copple IM. Advances and challenges in therapeutic targeting of NRF2. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:137-149. [PMID: 36628798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is emerging as an attractive therapeutic approach to counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic imbalances. These processes underpin many chronic pathologies with unmet therapeutic needs, including neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic diseases. As the NRF2 field transitions into the clinical phase of its evolution, the need for an understanding of the factors influencing NRF2 pharmacology has never been greater. In this opinion article we describe the rationale for targeting NRF2, summarise the recent advances in drug development of NRF2 modulators, and reflect on the remaining challenges in realising the full clinical potential of NRF2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ian M Copple
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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9
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Crisman E, Duarte P, Dauden E, Cuadrado A, Rodríguez-Franco MI, López MG, León R. KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors: Design, pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:237-287. [PMID: 36086898 PMCID: PMC10087726 DOI: 10.1002/med.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is considered the master regulator of the phase II antioxidant response. It controls a plethora of cytoprotective genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein homeostasis, among other processes. Activation of these pathways has been described in numerous pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the increasing interest of discovering novel NRF2 activators due to its clinical application, initial efforts were devoted to the development of electrophilic drugs able to induce NRF2 nuclear accumulation by targeting its natural repressor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) through covalent modifications on cysteine residues. However, off-target effects of these drugs prompted the development of an innovative strategy, the search of KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors. These innovative activators are proposed to target NRF2 in a more selective way, leading to potentially improved drugs with the application for a variety of diseases that are currently under investigation. In this review, we summarize known KEAP1-NRF2 PPI inhibitors to date and the bases of their design highlighting the most important features of their respective interactions. We also discuss the preclinical pharmacological properties described for the most promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Duarte
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Dauden
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela G López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Sun Y, Zheng L, Yang B, Ge S, Li Q, Zhang M, Shen S, Ying Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel small molecules acting as Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2575-2588. [PMID: 36128875 PMCID: PMC9518255 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2124408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interference with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) has recently been introduced as an attractive approach to control life-threatening diseases like myocarditis. The present study aimed to investigate the potential application in myocarditis of a series of novel non-naphthalene derivatives as potential Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors. Our results indicated that the optimal compound K22 displayed the highest metabolic stability and showed notable Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitory activities in vitro. K22 effectively triggered Nrf2 activation and increased the protein and mRNA expression of Nrf2-regulated genes in H9c2 cells. Moreover, pre-treatment with K22 was shown to mitigate LPS-induced damage to H9c2 cells, causing a marked decrease in the levels of inflammatory factors as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, K22 was also shown to be non-mutagenic in the Ames test. Overall, our findings suggest that K22 may be a promising drug lead as a Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitor for myocarditis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingwan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghui Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Narayanan D, Tran KT, Pallesen JS, Solbak SMØ, Qin Y, Mukminova E, Luchini M, Vasilyeva KO, González Chichón D, Goutsiou G, Poulsen C, Haapanen N, Popowicz GM, Sattler M, Olagnier D, Gajhede M, Bach A. Development of Noncovalent Small-Molecule Keap1-Nrf2 Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14481-14526. [PMID: 36263945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its repressor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), constitutes a promising strategy for treating diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) campaign resulted in novel, high-affinity (Ki = 280 nM), and cell-active noncovalent small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors. We screened 2500 fragments using orthogonal assays─fluorescence polarization (FP), thermal shift assay (TSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)─and validated the hits by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, leading to 28 high-priority hits. Thirteen co-structures showed fragments binding mainly in the P4 and P5 subpockets of Keap1's Kelch domain, and three fluorenone-based fragments featuring a novel binding mode were optimized by structure-based drug discovery. We thereby disclose several fragment hits, including their binding modes, and show how FBDD can be performed to find new small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim T Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuting Qin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elina Mukminova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martina Luchini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina O Vasilyeva
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorleta González Chichón
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgia Goutsiou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nanna Haapanen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Dayalan Naidu S, Dikovskaya D, Moore TW, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Detection of thermal shift in cellular Keap1 by protein-protein interaction inhibitors using immunoblot- and fluorescence microplate-based assays. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101265. [PMID: 35391936 PMCID: PMC8980889 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) interface of the Keap1:Nrf2 complex, which leads to Nrf2 activation and cytoprotective gene expression, offers a promising strategy for disease prevention and treatment. To facilitate identification and validation of small-molecule Keap1:Nrf2 PPI inhibitors in the cellular environment in a low- and medium-throughput manner, we detail two adapted cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) protocols, Keap1-CETSA, an immunoblotting-based methodology for detecting endogenous Keap1, and Keap1-Glow CETSA, a microtiter plate assay of overexpressed fluorescently-tagged Keap1. For an example of the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Dayalan Naidu et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Georgakopoulos N, Talapatra S, Dikovskaya D, Dayalan Naidu S, Higgins M, Gatliff J, Ayhan A, Nikoloudaki R, Schaap M, Valko K, Javid F, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kozielski F, Wells G. Phenyl Bis-Sulfonamide Keap1-Nrf2 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors with an Alternative Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7380-7398. [PMID: 35549469 PMCID: PMC9150106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) increase the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by stalling its ubiquitination and degradation. This enhances the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in drug detoxification, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. Nrf2 activation offers a potential therapeutic approach for conditions including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, vascular inflammation, and chronic obstructive airway disease. Non-electrophilic Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors may have improved toxicity profiles and different pharmacological properties to cysteine-reactive electrophilic inhibitors. Here, we describe and characterize a series of phenyl bis-sulfonamide PPI inhibitors that bind to Keap1 at submicromolar concentrations. Structural studies reveal that the compounds bind to Keap1 in a distinct "peptidomimetic" conformation that resembles the Keap1-Nrf2 ETGE peptide complex. This is different to other small molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors, including bicyclic aryl bis-sulfonamides, offering a starting point for new design approaches to Keap1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Georgakopoulos
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
- Stevenage
Bioscience Catalyst, Keregen Therapeutics
Ltd., Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2FX, U.K.
| | - Sandeep Talapatra
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Jacqui
Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Jacqui
Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui
Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Jemma Gatliff
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
- Stevenage
Bioscience Catalyst, Keregen Therapeutics
Ltd., Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2FX, U.K.
| | - Aysel Ayhan
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Roxani Nikoloudaki
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
- Stevenage
Bioscience Catalyst, Keregen Therapeutics
Ltd., Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2FX, U.K.
| | - Marjolein Schaap
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Klara Valko
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
- Bio-Mimetic
Chromatography Consultancy, 17 Cabot Close, Stevenage SG2 0ES, U.K.
| | - Farideh Javid
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui
Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Frank Kozielski
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
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14
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Multifaceted Roles of the KEAP1–NRF2 System in Cancer and Inflammatory Disease Milieu. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030538. [PMID: 35326187 PMCID: PMC8944524 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a multicellular environment, many different types of cells interact with each other. The KEAP1–NRF2 system defends against electrophilic and oxidative stresses in various types of cells. However, the KEAP1–NRF2 system also regulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and inflammation, indicating that the system plays cell type-specific roles. In this review, we introduce the multifarious roles of the KEAP1–NRF2 system in various types of cells, especially focusing on cancer and inflammatory diseases. Cancer cells frequently hijack the KEAP1–NRF2 system, and NRF2 activation confers cancer cells with a proliferative advantage and therapeutic resistance. In contrast, the activation of NRF2 in immune cells, especially in myeloid cells, suppresses tumor development. In chronic inflammatory diseases, such as sickle cell disease, NRF2 activation in myeloid and endothelial cells represses the expression of proinflammatory cytokine and adherent molecule genes, mitigating inflammation and organ damage. Based on these cell-specific roles played by the KEAP1–NRF2 system, NRF2 inducers have been utilized for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In addition, the use of NRF2 inducers and/or inhibitors with canonical antineoplastic drugs is an emerging approach to cancer treatment.
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15
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Dayalan Naidu S, Suzuki T, Dikovskaya D, Knatko EV, Higgins M, Sato M, Novak M, Villegas JA, Moore TW, Yamamoto M, Dinkova-Kostova AT. The isoquinoline PRL-295 increases the thermostability of Keap1 and disrupts its interaction with Nrf2. iScience 2022; 25:103703. [PMID: 35036882 PMCID: PMC8749459 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Nrf2 and its negative regulator Keap1 orchestrate a cytoprotective response against oxidative, metabolic, and inflammatory stress. Keap1 is a drug target, with several small molecules in drug development. Here, we show that the isoquinoline PRL-295 increased Keap1 thermostability in lysates from cells expressing fluorescently tagged Keap1. The thermostability of endogenous Keap1 also increased in intact cells and murine liver following PRL-295 treatment. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FLIM-FRET) experiments in cells co-expressing sfGFP-Nrf2 and Keap1-mCherry further showed that PRL-295 prolonged the donor fluorescence lifetime, indicating disruption of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex. Orally administered PRL-295 to mice activated the Nrf2transcriptional target NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in liver and decreased the levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase upon acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. Thus, PRL-295 engages the Keap1 protein target in cells and in vivo, disrupting its interaction with Nrf2, leading to activation of Nrf2-dependent transcription and hepatocellular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Elena V. Knatko
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Miu Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miroslav Novak
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
| | - José A. Villegas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arnott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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16
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Liu S, Pi J, Zhang Q. Mathematical modeling reveals quantitative properties of KEAP1-NRF2 signaling. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102139. [PMID: 34600335 PMCID: PMC8531862 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under oxidative and electrophilic stresses, cells launch an NRF2-mediated transcriptional antioxidant program. The activation of NRF2 depends on a redox sensor, KEAP1, which promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of NRF2. While a great deal has been learned about this duo, its quantitative signaling properties are largely unexplored. Here we examined these properties, including half-life, maximal activation, and response steepness (ultrasensitivity) of NRF2, through mathematical modeling. The models describe the binding of KEAP1 and NRF2 via ETGE and DLG motifs, NRF2 production, KEAP1-dependent and independent NRF2 degradation, and perturbations by different classes of NRF2 activators. Simulations revealed at the basal condition, NRF2 is sequestered by KEAP1 and the KEAP1-NRF2 complex is distributed comparably in an ETGE-bound (open) state and an ETGE and DLG dual-bound (closed) state. When two-step ETGE binding is considered, class I–V, electrophilic NRF2 activators shift the balance to a closed state incompetent to degrade NRF2, while the open and closed KEAP1-NRF2 complexes transition from operating in cycle mode to equilibrium mode. Ultrasensitive NRF2 activation (a steep rise of free NRF2) can occur when NRF2 nearly saturates KEAP1. The ultrasensitivity results from zero-order degradation through DLG binding and protein sequestration through ETGE binding. Optimal abundances of cytosolic and nuclear KEAP1 exist to maximize ultrasensitivity. These response characteristics do not require disruption of DLG binding as suggested by the hinge-latch hypothesis. In comparison, class VI NRF2 activators cause a shift to the open KEAP1-NRF2 complex and ultimately its complete dissociation, resulting in a fast release of NRF2 followed by stabilization. However, ultrasensitivity is lost due to decreasing free KEAP1 abundance. In summary, by simulating the dual role of KEAP1, i.e., sequestering and promoting degradation of NRF2, our modeling provides novel quantitative insights into NRF2 activation, which may help design novel NRF2 modulators and understand the oxidative actions of environmental stressors. Steep (ultrasensitive) NRF2 activation can occur when it rises to saturate KEAP1. Ultrasensitivity results from zero-order degradation and protein sequestration. Optimal cytosolic and nuclear KEAP1 abundances exist for maximal ultrasensitivity. Open and closed KEAP1-NRF2 complexes transition in cycle and equilibrium mode. NRF2 activation by KEAP1-NRF2 interaction inhibitors is more gradual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Soliman AM, Mekkawy MH, Karam HM, Higgins M, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ghorab MM. Novel iodinated quinazolinones bearing sulfonamide as new scaffold targeting radiation induced oxidative stress. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128002. [PMID: 33811990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an integral role in the pathogenesis of most diseases. This work presents the design and synthesis of fourteen new diiodoquinazolinone derivatives bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety with variable acetamide tail and evaluation of their ability to activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) using its classical target NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in Hepa1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells. The N-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2-((6,8-diiodo-4-oxo-3-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio) acetamide 17 was the most potent NQO1 inducer (CD = 25 µM) with free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 28 µM) and in vivo median lethal dose (LD50) of 500 mg/Kg. The possible radioprotective activity of compound 17 was evaluated in (7 Gy) irradiated mice. Compound 17 showed a reduction in radiation induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the lower levels of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and NQO1 in liver tissues. Moreover, compound 17 showed improvement in the complete blood count (CBC) of irradiated mice and decreased mortality over 30 days following irradiation. Additionally, docking studies inside the Nrf2-binding site of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), the main negative regulator of Nrf2, confirmed that 17 revealed the same interactions with the key amino acids as those of the co-crystallized ligand. This study identifies 17 as a novel antioxidant that protects against the harmful effect of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11765, Egypt
| | - Mai H Mekkawy
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11765, Egypt
| | - Heba M Karam
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11765, Egypt
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo 11765, Egypt.
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18
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Horie Y, Suzuki T, Inoue J, Iso T, Wells G, Moore TW, Mizushima T, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kasai T, Kamei T, Koshiba S, Yamamoto M. Molecular basis for the disruption of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction via Hinge & Latch mechanism. Commun Biol 2021; 4:576. [PMID: 33990683 PMCID: PMC8121781 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 system is central for mammalian cytoprotection against various stresses and a drug target for disease prevention and treatment. One model for the molecular mechanisms leading to Nrf2 activation is the Hinge-Latch model, where the DLGex-binding motif of Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 as a latch, while the ETGE motif remains attached to Keap1 as a hinge. To overcome the technical difficulties in examining the binding status of the two motifs during protein-protein interaction (PPI) simultaneously, we utilized NMR spectroscopy titration experiments. Our results revealed that latch dissociation is triggered by low-molecular-weight Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors and occurs during p62-mediated Nrf2 activation, but not by electrophilic Nrf2 inducers. This study demonstrates that Keap1 utilizes a unique Hinge-Latch mechanism for Nrf2 activation upon challenge by non-electrophilic PPI-inhibiting stimuli, and provides critical insight for the pharmacological development of next-generation Nrf2 activators targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI. Using NMR spectroscopy, Horie, Suzuki, Inoue et al. show that the dissociation of Keap1 from Nrf2, or the Hinge-Latch mechanism, is triggered by Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors and occurs during p62- mediated Nrf2 activation, but not by electrophilic Nrf2 inducers. This study provides insights into the design of Nrf2 activators targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Horie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin Inoue
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Iso
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsunehiro Mizushima
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takuma Kasai
- Laboratory for Cellular Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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19
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Hayatgheybi S, Khosravi H, Zahedian Tejeneki H, Rominger F, Bijanzadeh HR, Balalaie S. Synthesis of N-(Isoquinolin-1-yl)sulfonamides via Ag 2O-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of ortho-Alkynylbenzaldoximes with Benchtop Stabilized Ketenimines. Org Lett 2021; 23:3524-3529. [PMID: 33851841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this project, a moderately efficient approach to multisubstituted N-(isoquinolin-1-yl)sulfonamide derivatives was illustrated, utilizing ortho-alkynylbenzaldoximes and zwitterionic ketenimine salts in a tandem reaction catalyzed by silver oxide. The oxophilicity of Ag2O, along with its nature as Lewis acid, pave the way for a smooth [3 + 2] cycloaddition between isoquinoline N-oxides and ketenimine species, which is a key step in this reaction. DFT calculation suggests that 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrone and ketenimine proceeds through a selective stepwise mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hayatgheybi
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, 19697-64499 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hormoz Khosravi
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, 19697-64499 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Zahedian Tejeneki
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, 19697-64499 Tehran, Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Bijanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14117-13116 Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, 19697-64499 Tehran, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 67158-47141 Kermanshah, Iran
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20
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Pallesen JS, Narayanan D, Tran KT, Solbak SMØ, Marseglia G, Sørensen LME, Høj LJ, Munafò F, Carmona RMC, Garcia AD, Desu HL, Brambilla R, Johansen TN, Popowicz GM, Sattler M, Gajhede M, Bach A. Deconstructing Noncovalent Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) Inhibitors into Fragments to Reconstruct New Potent Compounds. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4623-4661. [PMID: 33818106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is a potential therapeutic strategy to control diseases involving oxidative stress. Here, six classes of known small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors were dissected into 77 fragments in a fragment-based deconstruction reconstruction (FBDR) study and tested in four orthogonal assays. This gave 17 fragment hits of which six were shown by X-ray crystallography to bind in the Keap1 Kelch binding pocket. Two hits were merged into compound 8 with a 220-380-fold stronger affinity (Ki = 16 μM) relative to the parent fragments. Systematic optimization resulted in several novel analogues with Ki values of 0.04-0.5 μM, binding modes determined by X-ray crystallography, and enhanced microsomal stability. This demonstrates how FBDR can be used to find new fragment hits, elucidate important ligand-protein interactions, and identify new potent inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim T Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Marseglia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Louis M E Sørensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars J Høj
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Munafò
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosa M C Carmona
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony D Garcia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, Rennes Cedex 7 35708, France
| | - Haritha L Desu
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tommy N Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Hu X, Xie X, Gan Y, Wang G, Liu Y. Nickel-Catalyzed β-Regioselective Amination/Cyclization of Ynamide-Nitriles with Amines: Synthesis of Functionalized 3-Aminoindoles and 4-Aminoisoquinolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:1296-1301. [PMID: 33533626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective nickel/Lewis acid catalyzed amination/cyclization of ynamide-nitriles with amines involving β-addition has been developed. The reaction offers an attractive and efficient route for the synthesis of 3-aminoindoles and 4-aminoisoquinoline derivatives. The Ts-group on the ynamide acts as a directing group to produce the alkenyl nickel species with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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22
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Taguchi K, Yamamoto M. The KEAP1-NRF2 System as a Molecular Target of Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010046. [PMID: 33375248 PMCID: PMC7795874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene; NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of cytoprotective genes, including antioxidant enzymes, detoxification enzymes, inflammation-related proteins, drug transporters and metabolic enzymes. NRF2 is regulated by unique molecular mechanisms that stem from Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) in response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses. It has been shown that disturbance or perturbation of the NRF2 activation causes and/or exacerbates many kinds of diseases. On the contrary, aberrant activations of NRF2 also provoke intriguing pathologic features, especially in cancers. Cancer cells with high NRF2 activity have been referred to as NRF2-addicted cancers, which are frequently found in lung cancers. In this review, we summarize the current accomplishments of the KEAP1–NRF2 pathway analyses in special reference to the therapeutic target of cancer therapy. The concept of synthetic lethality provides a new therapeutic approach for NRF2-addicted cancers. Abstract The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)—Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene; NRF2) system attracts extensive interest from scientists in basic and clinical cancer research fields, as NRF2 exhibits activity as both an oncogene and tumor suppressor, depending on the context. Especially unique and malignant, NRF2-addicted cancers exhibit high levels of NRF2 expression. Somatic mutations identified in the NRF2 or KEAP1 genes of NRF2-addicted cancers cause the stabilization and accumulation of NRF2. NRF2-addicted cancers hijack the intrinsic roles that NRF2 plays in cytoprotection, including antioxidative and anti-electrophilic responses, as well as metabolic reprogramming, and acquire a marked advantage to survive under severe and limited microenvironments. Therefore, NRF2 inhibitors are expected to have therapeutic effects in patients with NRF2-addicted cancers. In contrast, NRF2 activation in host immune cells exerts significant suppression of cancer cell growth, indicating that NRF2 inducers also have the potential to be therapeutics for cancers. Thus, the KEAP1–NRF2 system makes a broad range of contributions to both cancer development and suppression. These observations thus demonstrate that both NRF2 inhibitors and inducers are useful for the treatment of cancers with high NRF2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-728-3039
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23
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Chartoumpekis DV, Fu CY, Ziros PG, Sykiotis GP. Patent Review (2017-2020) of the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway Using PatSeer Pro: Focus on Autoimmune Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111138. [PMID: 33212784 PMCID: PMC7697445 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the antioxidant pathway comprising the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its cytoplasmic inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is ever increasing. As modulators of this pathway have started to be used in clinical trials and clinical practice, Nrf2 has become the subject of several patents. To assess the patent landscape of the last three years on Nrf2 and evaluate the main fields they refer to, we used the web-based tool PatSeer Pro to identify patents mentioning the Nrf2 pathway between January 2017 and May 2020. This search resulted in 509 unique patents that focus on topics such as autoimmune, neurodegenerative, liver, kidney, and lung diseases and refer to modulators (mainly activators) of the Nrf2 pathway as potential treatments. Autoimmunity emerged as the main theme among the topics of Nrf2 patents, including a broad range of diseases, such as systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, etc.; however, there was a dearth of experimental support for the respective patents' claims. Given that chronic inflammation is the main element of the pathophysiology of most autoimmune diseases, the majority of patents referring to activation of Nrf2 as a method to treat autoimmune diseases base their claims on the well-established anti-inflammatory role of Nrf2. In conclusion, there is strong interest in securing intellectual property rights relating to the potential use of Nrf2 pathway activators in a variety of diseases, and this trend parallels the rise in related research publications. However, in the case of autoimmunity, more research is warranted to support the potential beneficial effects of Nrf2 modulation in each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Chun-Yan Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.)
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lausanne University Hospital, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.V.C.); (P.G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-314-0606
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24
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Environmental pollutants and the immune response. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1486-1495. [PMID: 33046888 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges to health in the modern world. Pollutants alter immune responses and can provoke immunotoxicity. In this Review, we summarize the major environmental pollutants that are attracting wide-ranging concern and the molecular basis underlying their effects on the immune system. Xenobiotic receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), sense and respond to a subset of environmental pollutants by activating the expression of detoxification enzymes to protect the body. However, chronic activation of the AHR leads to immunotoxicity. KEAP1-NRF2 is another important system that protects the body against environmental pollutants. KEAP1 is a sensor protein that detects environmental pollutants, leading to activation of the transcription factor NRF2. NRF2 protects the body from immunotoxicity by inducing the expression of genes involved in detoxification, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Intervening in these sensor-response systems could protect the body from the devastating immunotoxicity that can be induced by environmental pollutants.
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25
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Zhou HS, Hu LB, Zhang H, Shan WX, Wang Y, Li X, Liu T, Zhao J, You QD, Jiang ZY. Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationships of Indoline-Based Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1-Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11149-11168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lv-Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Xin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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26
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Cuadrado A, Pajares M, Benito C, Jiménez-Villegas J, Escoll M, Fernández-Ginés R, Garcia Yagüe AJ, Lastra D, Manda G, Rojo AI, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:598-610. [PMID: 32711925 PMCID: PMC7359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely the result of a dysregulated host response, followed by damage to alveolar cells and lung fibrosis. Exacerbated proinflammatory cytokines release (cytokine storm) and loss of T lymphocytes (leukopenia) characterize the most aggressive presentation. We propose that a multifaceted anti-inflammatory strategy based on pharmacological activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) can be deployed against the virus. The strategy provides robust cytoprotection by restoring redox and protein homeostasis, promoting resolution of inflammation, and facilitating repair. NRF2 activators such as sulforaphane and bardoxolone methyl are already in clinical trials. The safety and efficacy information of these modulators in humans, together with their well-documented cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models, highlight the potential of this armamentarium for deployment to the battlefield against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marta Pajares
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jiménez-Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Escoll
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-Ginés
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel J Garcia Yagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Lastra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Soliman AM, Karam HM, Mekkawy MH, Higgins M, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ghorab MM. Radiomodulatory effect of a non-electrophilic NQO1 inducer identified in a screen of new 6, 8-diiodoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones carrying a sulfonamide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112467. [PMID: 32502866 PMCID: PMC7355233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new quinazolinone derivatives bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety with variable acetamide tail were synthesized. The structures assigned to the products were concordant with the microanalytical and spectral data. Compounds 4-18 were screened for their ability to induce the antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in cells, a classical target for transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The 2-((6,8-diiodo-4-oxo-3-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) acetamide 15 showed the most potent NQO1 inducer activity in vitro. Compound 15 had low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 500 mg/kg). It also reduced the damaging effects of gamma radiation, as assessed by the levels of Nrf2, NQO1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues. In addition, compound 15 showed amelioration in the complete blood count of irradiated mice and enhanced survival over a period of 30 days following irradiation. Molecular docking of 15 inside the Nrf2-binding site of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), the main negative regulator of Nrf2, showed the same binding interactions as that of the co-crystallized ligand considering the binding possibilities and energy scores. These findings suggest that compound 15 could be considered as a promising antioxidant and radiomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Heba M Karam
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Mai H Mekkawy
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt.
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28
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Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway is the principal protective response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Under homeostatic conditions, KEAP1 forms part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which tightly regulates the activity of the transcription factor NRF2 by targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. In response to stress, an intricate molecular mechanism facilitated by sensor cysteines within KEAP1 allows NRF2 to escape ubiquitination, accumulate within the cell, and translocate to the nucleus, where it can promote its antioxidant transcription program. Recent advances have revealed that KEAP1 contains multiple stress sensors and inactivation modalities, which together allow diverse cellular inputs, from oxidative stress and cellular metabolites to dysregulated autophagy, to regulate NRF2 activity. This integration of the KEAP1-NRF2 system into multiple cellular signaling and metabolic pathways places NRF2 activation as a critical regulatory node in many disease phenotypes and suggests that the pharmaceutical modulation of NRF2's cytoprotective activity will be beneficial for human health in a broad range of noncommunicable diseases.
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29
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Lu M, Zhang X, Zhao J, You Q, Jiang Z. A hydrogen peroxide responsive prodrug of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor for improving oral absorption and selective activation in inflammatory conditions. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101565. [PMID: 32422540 PMCID: PMC7231841 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), control the redox and metabolic homeostasis and oxidative stress. Inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 interaction are promising in oxidative stress related inflammatory diseases but now hit hurdles. By utilizing thiazolidinone moiety to shield the key carboxyl pharmacophore in Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-responsive prodrug pro2 was developed. The prodrug modification improved the physicochemical properties and cell membrane permeability of the parent drug. Pro2 was stable and stayed inactive under various physiological conditions, while became active by stimulation of H2O2 or inflammation derived reactive oxygen species. Moreover, pro2 exhibited proper pharmacokinetic profile suitable for oral administration and enhanced anti-inflammatory efficiency in vivo. Thus, this novel prodrug approach may not only provide an important advance in the therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases with high level of H2O2, but also offer a fresh solution to improve the drug-like and selectivity issues of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors. Pro2 was developed by utilizing H2O2-responsive thiazolidinone moiety to shield carboxyl group in Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor. Pro2 was stable and inactive under various physiological conditions, while became active under inflammatory conditions. Pro2 exhibited proper pharmacokinetic profile for oral administration and enhanced anti-inflammatory efficiency in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling system regulates the transcription and subsequent expression of cellular cytoprotective proteins and plays a crucial role in preventing pathological conditions exacerbated by the overproduction of oxidative stress. In addition to electrophilic modulators, direct non-covalent inhibitors that interrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) leading to Nrf2 activation have attracted a great deal of attention as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for oxidative stress-related diseases. Structural studies of Keap1-binding ligands, development of biochemical and cellular assays, and new structure-based design approaches have facilitated the discovery of small molecule PPI inhibitors. This perspective reviews the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system, its physiological functions, and the recent progress in the discovery and the potential applications of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI.
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Lazzara PR, Jain AD, Maldonado AC, Richardson B, Skowron KJ, David BP, Siddiqui Z, Ratia KM, Moore TW. Synthesis and Evaluation of Noncovalent Naphthalene-Based KEAP1-NRF2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:521-527. [PMID: 32292559 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress response, gated by the protein-protein interaction of KEAP1 and NRF2, has garnered significant interest in the past decade. Misregulation in this pathway has been implicated in disease states such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic chronic wounds. Many of the known activators of NRF2 are electrophilic in nature and may operate through several biological pathways rather than solely through the activation of the oxidative stress response. Recently, our lab has reported a nonelectrophilic, monoacidic, naphthalene-based NRF2 activator which exhibited good potency in vitro. Herein, we report a detailed structure-activity relationship of naphthalene-based NRF2 activators, an X-ray crystal structure of our monoacidic KEAP1 inhibitor, and identification of an underexplored area of the NRF2 binding pocket of KEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R. Lazzara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Atul D. Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Amanda C. Maldonado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Benjamin Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kornelia J. Skowron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Brian P. David
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zamia Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kiira M. Ratia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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32
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Zhang Y, Shi Z, Zhou Y, Xiao Q, Wang H, Peng Y. Emerging Substrate Proteins of Kelch-like ECH Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) and Potential Challenges for the Development of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Keap1-Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Protein–Protein Interaction. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7986-8002. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zeyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1, Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing 100050, China
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