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Li C, Zhang Q, Huang W, Huang L, Long Q, Lei Y, Jia D, Yang S, Yang Y, Zhang X, Sun Q. Discovery of a Hidden Pocket beneath the NES Groove by Novel Noncovalent CRM1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:17044-17058. [PMID: 38105606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein localization is frequently manipulated to favor tumor initiation and progression. In cancer cells, the nuclear export factor CRM1 is often overexpressed and aberrantly localizes many tumor suppressors via protein-protein interactions. Although targeting protein-protein interactions is usually challenging, covalent inhibitors, including the FDA-approved drug KPT-330 (selinexor), were successfully developed. The development of noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors remains scarce. Here, by shifting the side chain of two methionine residues and virtually screening against a large compound library, we successfully identified a series of noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors with a stable scaffold. Crystal structures of inhibitor-protein complexes revealed that one of the compounds, B28, utilized a deeply hidden protein interior cavity for binding. SAR analysis guided the development of several B28 derivatives with enhanced inhibition on nuclear export and growth of multiple cancer cell lines. This work may benefit the development of new CRM1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Luyi Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Qing Long
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610032, China
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Yang Y, Guo L, Chen L, Gong B, Jia D, Sun Q. Nuclear transport proteins: structure, function, and disease relevance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:425. [PMID: 37945593 PMCID: PMC10636164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper subcellular localization is crucial for the functioning of biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNAs. Nuclear transport is a fundamental cellular process that regulates the localization of many macromolecules within the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. In humans, approximately 60 proteins are involved in nuclear transport, including nucleoporins that form membrane-embedded nuclear pore complexes, karyopherins that transport cargoes through these complexes, and Ran system proteins that ensure directed and rapid transport. Many of these nuclear transport proteins play additional and essential roles in mitosis, biomolecular condensation, and gene transcription. Dysregulation of nuclear transport is linked to major human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor targeting the nuclear export factor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), was approved in 2019 to treat two types of blood cancers, and dozens of clinical trials of are ongoing. This review summarizes approximately three decades of research data in this field but focuses on the structure and function of individual nuclear transport proteins from recent studies, providing a cutting-edge and holistic view on the role of nuclear transport proteins in health and disease. In-depth knowledge of this rapidly evolving field has the potential to bring new insights into fundamental biology, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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Liu H, Liu M, Tian X, Wang H, Gao J, Li H, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Liu C, Chen X, Yang Y. Discovery and biological evaluation of a potent small molecule CRM1 inhibitor for its selective ablation of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma. eLife 2023; 12:e80625. [PMID: 37888961 PMCID: PMC10637774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The overactivation of NF-κB signaling is a key hallmark for the pathogenesis of extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma (ENKTL), a very aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma yet with rather limited control strategies. Previously, we found that the dysregulated exportin-1 (also known as CRM1) is mainly responsible for tumor cells to evade apoptosis and promote tumor-associated pathways such as NF-κB signaling. Methods Herein we reported the discovery and biological evaluation of a potent small molecule CRM1 inhibitor, LFS-1107. We validated that CRM1 is a major cellular target of LFS-1107 by biolayer interferometry assay (BLI) and the knockdown of CRM1 conferred tumor cells with resistance to LFS-1107. Results We found that LFS-1107 can strongly suppresses the growth of ENKTL cells at low-range nanomolar concentration yet with minimal effects on human platelets and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment of ENKTL cells with LFS-1107 resulted in the nuclear retention of IkBα and consequent strong suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activities, NF-κB target genes downregulation and attenuated tumor cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, LFS-1107 exhibited potent activities when administered to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human ENKTL cells. Conclusions Therefore, LFS-1107 holds great promise for the treatment of ENKTL and may warrant translation for use in clinical trials. Funding Yang's laboratory was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant: 81874301), the Fundamental Research Funds for Central University (Grant: DUT22YG122) and the Key Research project of 'be Recruited and be in Command' in Liaoning Province (Personal Target Discovery for Metabolic Diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Meisuo Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Xibao Tian
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Haina Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Jiujiao Gao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Hanrui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Zhehuan Zhao
- School of Software, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Software, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
- School of Software, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Yongliang Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
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Xue J, Chu P, Gao W, Wang F, Gao Y, Liu S, Kang Z, Yan J, Wang H. XPO1 is a new target of homoharringtonine (HHT): Making NPMc + AML cells much more sensitive to HHT treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 675:155-161. [PMID: 37473530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease and about one third of AML patients carry nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutation. Because 95% mutations give NPM1 an additional nuclear export signaling (NES) and dislocate NPM1 in cytoplasm (NPMc+), relocating NPM1 in nucleus provide an innovative strategy for treating this type of AML. The nuclear export of NPM1 depends on the nuclear protein export receptor XPO1, which recognizes the NES sequence on NPM1. Homoharringtonine (HHT) is a first-line chemotherapy drug of AML, yet the exact mechanism of its anti-AML activity is elusive. In this study, we found that HHT can directly target XPO1 to its NES-binding cleft, bind to Cys528 of XPO1, and inhibits its nuclear transport function. In addition, HHT can block NPMc+ proteins nuclear export and thus make NPMc+ AML cells much more sensitive to HHT treatment. Furthermore, the sensitivity of NPMc+ AML cells to HHT is a universal phenomenon irrespective of the different genetic lesions of AML. Taken together, our findings suggest that XPO1 is a new target of HHT and provide a novel strategy for NPMc+ AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xue
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjuan Gao
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhijie Kang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Haina Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Hematology, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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5
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Waqas FH, Shehata M, Elgaher WAM, Lacour A, Kurmasheva N, Begnini F, Kiib AE, Dahlmann J, Chen C, Pavlou A, Poulsen TB, Merkert S, Martin U, Olmer R, Olagnier D, Hirsch AKH, Pleschka S, Pessler F. NRF2 activators inhibit influenza A virus replication by interfering with nucleo-cytoplasmic export of viral RNPs in an NRF2-independent manner. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011506. [PMID: 37459366 PMCID: PMC10374058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, activators of the cytoprotective nuclear factor erythroid-2-like-2 (NRF2) signaling pathway have antiviral effects, but the underlying antiviral mechanisms are incompletely understood. We evaluated the ability of the NRF2 activators 4-octyl itaconate (4OI), bardoxolone methyl (BARD), sulforaphane (SFN), and the inhibitor of exportin-1 (XPO1)-mediated nuclear export selinexor (SEL) to interfere with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) infection of human cells. All compounds reduced viral titers in supernatants from A549 cells and vascular endothelial cells in the order of efficacy SEL>4OI>BARD = SFN, which correlated with their ability to prevent nucleo-cytoplasmic export of viral nucleoprotein and the host cell protein p53. In contrast, intracellular levels of viral HA mRNA and nucleocapsid protein (NP) were unaffected. Knocking down mRNA encoding KEAP1 (the main inhibitor of NRF2) or inactivating the NFE2L2 gene (which encodes NRF2) revealed that physiologic NRF2 signaling restricts IAV replication. However, the antiviral effect of all compounds was NRF2-independent. Instead, XPO1 knock-down greatly reduced viral titers, and incubation of Calu3 cells with an alkynated 4OI probe demonstrated formation of a covalent complex with XPO1. Ligand-target modelling predicted covalent binding of all three NRF2 activators and SEL to the active site of XPO1 involving the critical Cys528. SEL and 4OI manifested the highest binding energies, whereby the 4-octyl tail of 4OI interacted extensively with the hydrophobic groove of XPO1, which binds nuclear export sequences on cargo proteins. Conversely, SEL as well as the three NRF2 activators were predicted to covalently bind the functionally critical Cys151 in KEAP1. Blocking XPO1-mediated nuclear export may, thus, constitute a "noncanonical" mechanism of anti-influenza activity of electrophilic NRF2 activators that can interact with similar cysteine environments at the active sites of XPO1 and KEAP1. Considering the importance of XPO1 function to a variety of pathogenic viruses, compounds that are optimized to inhibit both targets may constitute an important class of broadly active host-directed treatments that embody anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhar H Waqas
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid A M Elgaher
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antoine Lacour
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Fabio Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders E Kiib
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julia Dahlmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Chutao Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Merkert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Huang W, Wang JX, Shen X, Lei Y, Chen X, Jia D, Zhang X, Sun Q. Searching for Novel Noncovalent Nuclear Export Inhibitors through a Drug Repurposing Approach. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1574-1582. [PMID: 36622814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal region maintenance protein 1 (CRM1) is a validated anticancer drug target, and its covalent inhibitor KPT-330 has been approved for marketing. However, the development of CRM1 inhibitors, especially the noncovalent ones, is still very limited. Drug repurposing is an effective strategy to develop drug leads for new targets. In this work, we virtually screened a library of marketed drugs and identified zafirlukast as a new CRM1 inhibitor. Biochemical and structural analysis revealed that zafirlukast was a noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor that bound to four subpockets in the nuclear-export-signal (NES) groove. Methylation of the sulfonamide group rendered zafirlukast completely inactive against CRM1. Zafirlukast inhibited the growth of a variety of cancer cells and worked synergistically with the drug doxorubicin. Taken together, these works laid a solid foundation for reshaping zafirlukast as a valuable lead compound for further design of noncovalent, specific, and potent CRM1 inhibitors toward the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia-Xi Wang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Liu C, Zhang Y, Gao J, Zhang Q, Sun L, Ma Q, Qiao X, Li X, Liu J, Bu J, Zhang Z, Han L, Zhao D, Yang Y. A highly potent small-molecule antagonist of exportin-1 selectively eliminates CD44 +CD24 - enriched breast cancer stem-like cells. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 66:100903. [PMID: 36463808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) have been suggested as the underlying cause of tumor recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we report the discovery and biological evaluation of a highly potent small-molecule antagonist of exportin-1, LFS-1107. We ascertained that exportin-1 (also named as CRM1) is a main cellular target of LFS-1107 by nuclear export functional assay, bio-layer interferometry binding assay and C528S mutant cell line. We found that LFS-1107 significantly inhibited TNBC tumor cells at low-range nanomolar concentration and LFS-1107 can selectively eliminate CD44+CD24- enriched BCSCs. We demonstrated that LFS-1107 can induce the nuclear retention of Survivin and consequent strong suppression of STAT3 transactivation abilities and the expression of downstream stemness regulators. Administration of LFS-1107 can strongly inhibit tumor growth in mouse xenograft model and eradicate BCSCs in residual tumor tissues. Moreover, LFS-1107 can significantly ablate the patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) of TNBC as compared to a few approved cancer drugs. Lastly, we revealed that LFS-1107 can enhance the killing effects of chemotherapy drugs and downregulate multidrug resistance related protein targets. These new findings provide preclinical evidence of defining LFS-1107 as a promising therapeutic agent to deplete BCSCs for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jiujiao Gao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; Department of Pharmacology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lisha Sun
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qingtian Ma
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xinbo Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xinnan Li
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jinchi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jiawen Bu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ling Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Dongyu Zhao
- International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell and Translational Medicine Lab, Innovative Cancer Drug Research and Development Engineering Center of Liaoning Province, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
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8
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Wing CE, Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Karyopherin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:307-328. [PMID: 35058649 PMCID: PMC10101760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and regulated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules to the correct subcellular compartment is critical for proper functions of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of the macromolecular traffic across the nuclear pores is mediated by the Karyopherin-β (or Kap) family of nuclear transport receptors. Work over more than two decades has shed considerable light on how the different Kap family members bring their respective cargoes into the nucleus or the cytoplasm in efficient and highly regulated manners. In this Review, we overview the main features and established functions of Kap family members, describe how Kaps recognize their cargoes and discuss the different ways in which these Kap-cargo interactions can be regulated, highlighting new findings and open questions. We also describe current knowledge of the import and export of the components of three large gene expression machines - the core replisome, RNA polymerase II and the ribosome - pointing out the questions that persist about how such large macromolecular complexes are trafficked to serve their function in a designated subcellular location.
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Liu S, Qiao W, Sun Q, Luo Y. Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (XPO1/CRM1) as an Anticancer Target and Discovery of Its Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15534-15548. [PMID: 34669417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a major nuclear export receptor protein and contributes to cell homeostasis by mediating the transport of cargo from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. CRM1 is a therapeutic target comprised of several tumor types, including osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, gliomas, and pancreatic cancer. In the past decade, dozens of CRM1 inhibitors have been discovered and developed, including KPT-330, which received FDA approval for multiple myeloma (MM) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This review summarizes the biological functions of CRM1, the current understanding of the role CRM1 plays in cancer, the discovery of CRM1 small-molecule inhibitors, preclinical and clinical studies on KPT-330, and other recently developed inhibitors. A new CRM1 inhibition mechanism and structural dynamics are discussed. Through this review, we hope to guide the future design and optimization of CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Gao J, Chu P, Liu C, Sun Z, Liu Q, Yang Y. Discovery and biological evaluation of a small-molecule inhibitor of CRM1 that suppresses the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Traffic 2021; 22:221-229. [PMID: 34021516 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the nuclear export machinery mediated by chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1, also known as exportin-1), is closely associated with various human disorders, such as breast cancer. Previously, we identified sulforaphene and its synthetic analogues as covalent inhibitors of CRM1. Herein, we describe the discovery and biological evaluation of another sulforaphene synthetic analogue, LFS-31, as a potential CRM1 inhibitor. In addition, we investigated the reversible binding mechanism of LFS-31 with CRM1 through molecular simulations coupled with bio-layer interferometry (BLI) and found relatively high binding affinity (KD = 43.1 ± 35.3 nM) between the LFS-31 and CRM1 groups. We found that LFS-31 exhibited a stronger growth suppression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells than non-TNBC cells, and had minimal effect on normal breast cells. Pharmacological treatment of TNBC cells with LFS-31 at nanomolar concentrations led to the nuclear retention of IkBα resulting in strong suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activity and attenuated cell growth and proliferation, which collectively contributed to the antitumor responses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the use of a sulforaphene analogue as a potent CRM1 inhibitor that targets the NF-κB signaling pathway for the targeted therapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujiao Gao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Chu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Lei Y, Li Y, Tan Y, Qian Z, Zhou Q, Jia D, Sun Q. Novel Mechanistic Observations and NES-Binding Groove Features Revealed by the CRM1 Inhibitors Plumbagin and Oridonin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1478-1488. [PMID: 33890470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The protein chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is an important nuclear export factor and drug target in diseases such as cancer and viral infections. Several plant-derived CRM1 inhibitors including plumbagin and oridonin possess potent antitumor activities. However, their modes of CRM1 inhibition remain unclear. Here, a multimutant CRM1 was engineered to enable crystallization of these two small molecules in its NES groove. Plumbagin and oridonin share the same three conjugation sites in CRM1. In solution, these two inhibitors targeted more CRM1 sites and inhibited its activity through promoting its aggregation, in addition to directly targeting the NES groove. While the plumbagin-bound NES groove resembles the NES-bound groove state, the oridonin complex reveals for the first time a more open NES groove. The observed greater NES groove dynamics may improve cargo loading through a "capture-and-tighten" mechanism. This work thus provides new insights on the mechanism of CRM1 inhibition by two natural products and a structural basis for further development of these or other CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Tan
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Lei Y, An Q, Shen XF, Sui M, Li C, Jia D, Luo Y, Sun Q. Structure-Guided Design of the First Noncovalent Small-Molecule Inhibitor of CRM1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6596-6607. [PMID: 33974430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear export factor chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is an attractive anticancer and antiviral drug target that spurred several research efforts to develop its inhibitor. Noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors are desirable, but none is reported to date. Here, we present the crystal structure of yeast CRM1 in complex with S109, a substructure of CBS9106 (under clinical test). Superimposition with the LFS-829 (another covalent CRM1 inhibitor) complex inspired the design of a noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor. Among nine synthesized compounds, noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor 1 (NCI-1) showed a high affinity to human and yeast CRM1 in the absence or presence of GST-bound Ras-related nuclear protein (RanGTP). Unlike covalent inhibitors, the crystal structure showed that NCI-1 is bound in the "open" nuclear export signal (NES) groove of CRM1, simultaneously occupying two hydrophobic pockets. NCI-1 additionally inhibited the nuclear export and proliferation of cells harboring the human CRM1-C528S mutant. Our work opens up the avenue of noncovalent CRM1 inhibitor development toward a more potent, less toxic, and broad-spectrum anticancer/antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Sui
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chungen Li
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
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Shaikhqasem A, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Ficner R. Crystal structure of human CRM1, covalently modified by 2-mercaptoethanol on Cys528, in complex with RanGTP. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:70-78. [PMID: 33682791 PMCID: PMC7938638 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x2100203x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CRM1 is a nuclear export receptor that has been intensively targeted over the last decade for the development of antitumor and antiviral drugs. Structural analysis of several inhibitor compounds bound to CRM1 revealed that their mechanism of action relies on the covalent modification of a critical cysteine residue (Cys528 in the human receptor) located in the nuclear export signal-binding cleft. This study presents the crystal structure of human CRM1, covalently modified by 2-mercaptoethanol on Cys528, in complex with RanGTP at 2.58 Å resolution. The results demonstrate that buffer components can interfere with the characterization of cysteine-dependent inhibitor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Shaikhqasem
- Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Zhu H, Wang C, Zong L. Progress on Biological Activity Study and Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfoxides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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