1
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Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Bodo P, Stefek M. Cemtirestat dimerization in liposomes and erythrocytes exposed to peroxyl radicals was reverted by thiol-disulfide exchange with GSH. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:1-10. [PMID: 38145452 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2298852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In the model system of DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) liposomes exposed to peroxyl radicals generated by the azoinitiator AAPH, cemtirestat (CMTI-SH) inhibited lipid peroxidation more efficiently than the natural antioxidant glutathione. In the concentrations 100 to 500 µM, both CMTI-SH and GSH induced distinct lag phases in the initial stages of lipid peroxidation yet GSH produced consistently shorter induction periods (about twice) than equimolar CMTI-SH. Moreover, concentration dependence of lipid peroxidation inhibition measured at the 80th minute, revealed about three times higher IC50 value for GSH compared to CMTI-SH. When the incubations prolonged till 180 min no further absorbance changes at 270 and 302 nm, respectively, occurred. After addition of the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, the absorbance peak at 270 nm shifted back to 302 nm. These findings pointed to the presence of reducible CMTI-SH disulfide whose definite structure was confirmed by proving identity of TLC retention and spectral data with those of the synthesized CMTI disulfide. When CMTI-SH and GSH were present simultaneously in the liposomal incubations, the mixing effect on the induction period was synergistic rather than additive. This was explained by ability of GSH to reduce CMTI disulfide which was proved in separate experiments with an authentic CMTI disulfide prepared synthetically. This finding was also demonstrated by experiment with CMTI-disulfide to protect the erythrocytes against oxidative damage induced by peroxyl radicals. To conclude, CMTI-SH scavenges reactive oxygen species yielding CMTI disulfide while GSH maintains CMTI-SH in the reduced state. This finding was also demonstrated by experiment with CMTI-disulfide to protect the erythrocytes against oxidative damage induced by peroxyl radicals. CMTI-SH would thus represent the first line of the cellular defense against peroxyl radical mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta S Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Bodo
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Zhao WH, Xu JH, Tangadanchu VKR, Zhou CH. Thiazolyl hydrazineylidenyl indolones as unique potential multitargeting broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115452. [PMID: 37167780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic and drug-resistant microorganisms seriously threatens public safety. This work constructed a unique type of thiazolyl hydrazineylidenyl indolones (THIs) to combat global microbial multidrug-resistance. Bioactive evaluation discovered that some target THIs displayed much superior antimicrobial efficacy than clinical chloromycetin, norfloxacin, cefdinir or fluconazole against the tested strains. Eminently, butyl THI 6c displayed a broad antimicrobial spectrum with low MICs of 0.25-1 μg/mL. The highly active THI 6c not only showed low cytotoxicity and hemolysis, rapidly bactericidal ability, good antibiofilm activity and promising pharmacokinetic properties, but also could significantly impede the development of bacterial resistance. Preliminary exploration of antibacterial mechanism revealed that THI 6c could effectively penetrate the cell membrane of MRSA and embed DNA to form 6c‒DNA supramolecular complex and thus hinder DNA replication. Moreover, THI 6c could reduce cell metabolic activity, which might be attributed to the fact that THI 6c could target the pyruvate kinase of MRSA and interfere with the function of the enzyme. These results provided powerful information for further developing thiazolyl hydrazineylidenyl indolones as new broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Zhao
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jia-He Xu
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Vijai Kumar Reddy Tangadanchu
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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3
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Kumar H, Dhameja M, Kurella S, Uma A, Gupta P. Synthesis, in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and molecular docking studies of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine hybrids: Potential leads in the search of new antidiabetic drugs. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Han Z, Li J, Xu Z, Su Y, Wang Y, Zhuo L, Du J, Zhu C, Hao X. Design and synthesis of novel quinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors targeting AKR1B1. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200577. [PMID: 36707406 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is a promising option for the treatment of diabetic complications. However, most of the developed small molecule inhibitors lack selectivity or suffer from low bioactivity. To address this limitation, a novel series of quinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of AKR1B1 were designed and synthesized. Aldose reductase inhibitory activities of the novel compounds were characterized by IC50 values ranging from 0.015 to 31.497 μM. Markedly enhanced selectivity of these derivatives was also recorded, which was further supported by docking studies. Of these inhibitors, compound 5g exhibited the highest inhibition activity with selectivity indices reaching 1190.8. The structure-activity relationship highlighted the importance of N1-acetic acid and N3-benzyl groups with electron-withdrawing substituents on the quinazolin-4(1H)-one scaffold for the construction of efficient and selective AKR1B1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Han
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Zilu Xu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Yu Su
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Lili Zhuo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Jiaming Du
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
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5
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Cu(II) mediated oxidation of cemtirestat yields its disulfide under physiological conditions in vitro. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Lu N, Liang H, Miao C, Lan X, Qian P. Theoretical investigation of the mechanism of DMAP-promoted [4 + 2]-annulation of prop-2-ynylsulfonium with isatoic anhydride. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for DMAP-promoted [4 + 2]-annulation of prop-2-ynylsulfonium with isatoic anhydride is investigated using the M06-2X functional. The reaction comprises isomerization of prop-2-ynylsulfonium in stage 1. Stage 2 includes DMAP-promoted deprotonation, nucleophilic addition, ring opening, and decarboxylation. Three steps of intramolecular cycloaddition, DMAP-promoted protonation, and dealkylation occur in stage 3, generating methylated DMAP and neutral thioether, which undergo double-bond isomerization to yield 3-methylthio-4-quinolone. The ability of DMAP to promote the reaction lies in the barrier decrease for alkyne isomerization, deprotonation/protonation of allenes, and dealkylation as effective bases for transferring protons and methyl groups. The roles of prop-2-ynylsulfonium and isatoic anhydride were demonstrated to be C2 and C4 synthons via Multiwfn analysis on the frontier molecular orbital. An alternative path was also confirmed by the Mayer bond order of the vital transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
| | - Chengxia Miao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Lan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qian
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Prov. 271018, P.R. China
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7
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Mohd Siddique MU, Thakur A, Shilkar D, Yasmin S, Halakova D, Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Stefek M, Acevedo O, Dasararaju G, Devadasan V, Mondal SK, Jayaprakash V. Non-carboxylic acid inhibitors of aldose reductase based on N-substituted thiazolidinedione derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113630. [PMID: 34175538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search of dually active PPAR-modulators/aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors, 16 benzylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives, previously reported as partial PPARγ agonists, together with additional 18 structural congeners, were studied for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. While no compounds had dual property, our efforts led to the identification of promising inhibitors of ALR2. Eight compounds (11, 15-16, 20-24, 30) from the library of 33 compounds were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of ALR2. Compound 21 was the most effective and selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.11 and 13.52 ± 0.81 μM against ALR2 and aldehyde reductase (ALR1) enzymes, respectively. Molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to understand inhibitor-enzyme interactions at the molecular level that determine the potency and selectivity. Compound 21 was further subjected to in silico and in vitro studies to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile. Being less acidic (pKa = 9.8), the compound might have a superior plasma membrane permeability and reach the cytosolic ALR2. This fact together with excellent drug-likeness criteria points to improved bioavailability compared to the clinically used compound Epalrestat. The designed compounds represent a novel group of non-carboxylate inhibitors of aldose reductase with an improved physicochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, (MH), India.
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA.
| | - Deepak Shilkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India.
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dominika Halakova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA.
| | - Gayathri Dasararaju
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, (TN), India.
| | - Velmurugan Devadasan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, (TN), India.
| | - Susanta Kumar Mondal
- TCG Life Sciences Ltd, Block-EP & GP, BIPL, Tower-B, Saltlake, Sector-V, Kolkata, 700091, (WB), India.
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8
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Imran A, Tariq Shehzad M, Al Adhami T, Miraz Rahman K, Hussain D, Alharthy RD, Shafiq Z, Iqbal J. Development of coumarin-thiosemicarbazone hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors: Biological assays, molecular docking, simulation studies and ADME evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105164. [PMID: 34314916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The over expression of aldose reductase (ALR2) in the state of hyperglycemia causes the conversion of glucose into sorbitol and initiates polyol pathway. Accumulation of sorbitol in insulin insensitive tissue like peripheral nerves, glomerulus and eyes, induces diabetic complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. For the treatment of diabetic complications, the inhibition of aldose reductase (ALR2) is a promising approach. A series of coumarin-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives was synthesized as potential inhibitor of aldose reductase. Compound N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbiothioamide (3n) was found to be the most promising inhibitor of ALR2 with an IC50 in micromolar range (2.07 µM) and high selectivity, relative to ALR1. The crystal structure of ALR2 complexed with 3n explored the types of interaction pattern which further demonstrated its high affinity. Compound 3n has excellent lead-likeness, underlined by its physicochemical parameters, and can be considered as a likely prospect for further structural optimization to get a drugable molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Imran
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Taha Al Adhami
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Dilawar Hussain
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Rima D Alharthy
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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9
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Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Majekova M, Bohac A, Karasu C, Stefek M. Development of Novel Indole-Based Bifunctional Aldose Reductase Inhibitors/Antioxidants as Promising Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102867. [PMID: 34066081 PMCID: PMC8151378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, ALR2), the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) thus present a promising therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of diabetic complications. Moreover, a therapeutic potential of ARIs in the treatment of chronic inflammation-related pathologies and several genetic metabolic disorders has been recently indicated. Substituted indoles are an interesting group of compounds with a plethora of biological activities. This article reviews a series of indole-based bifunctional aldose reductase inhibitors/antioxidants (ARIs/AOs) developed during recent years. Experimental results obtained in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of diabetic complications are presented. Structure–activity relationships with respect to carboxymethyl pharmacophore regioisomerization and core scaffold modification are discussed along with the criteria of ‘drug-likeness”. Novel promising structures of putative multifunctional ARIs/AOs are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrej Bohac
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomagi, Inc., Mamateyova 26, 851 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Protective Effects of Novel Substituted Triazinoindole Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase and Epalrestat in Neuron-like PC12 Cells and BV2 Rodent Microglial Cells Exposed to Toxic Models of Oxidative Stress: Comparison with the Pyridoindole Antioxidant Stobadine. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:588-597. [PMID: 33713301 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in a NADPH-dependent reaction, thereby increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since AR activation is linked to redox dysregulation and cell damage in neurodegenerative diseases, AR inhibitors (ARIs) constitute promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of these disorders. Among these compounds, the novel substituted triazinoindole derivatives cemtirestat (CMTI) and COTI, as well as the clinically employed epalrestat (EPA) and the pyridoindole-antioxidant stobadine (STB), were tested in both PC12 cells and BV2 microglia exposed to four different neurotoxic models. These include (1) oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), (2) mitochondrial complex IV inhibition with NaN3, (3) endoplasmic reticulum-stress and lipotoxicity induced by palmitic acid/bovine serum albumin (PAM/BSA), and (4) advanced carbonyl compound lipotoxicity by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). All toxic compounds decreased cell viability and increased ROS formation in both PC12 and BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (1-1000 μM; NaN3 < H2O2≈PAM/BSA < 4-HNE). In PC12 cells, EPA increased cell viability in all toxic models only at 1 μM, whereas CMTI restored baseline viability in all toxic models. COTI afforded protection against lipotoxicity, while STB only prevented H2O2-induced toxicity. Except for the 4-HNE model, EPA prevented ROS generation in all other toxic models, whereas CMTI, COTI, and STB prevented ROS production in all toxic models. In BV2 cells, EPA and CMTI restored baseline cell viability in all toxic models tested, while COTI and STB did not prevent the loss of viability in the NaN3 model. All ARIs and STB efficiently prevented ROS formation in all toxic models in a concentration-independent manner. The differential protective effects evoked by the novel ARIs and STB on the toxic models tested herein provide novel and relevant comparative evidence for the design of specific therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative events associated with neurological disorders.
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11
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Novel substituted N-benzyl(oxotriazinoindole) inhibitors of aldose reductase exploiting ALR2 unoccupied interactive pocket. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115885. [PMID: 33271452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have developed novel oxotriazinoindole inhibitors (OTIs) of aldose reductase (ALR2), characterized by high efficacy and selectivity. Herein we describe novel OTI derivatives design of which is based on implementation of additional intermolecular interactions within an unoccupied pocket of the ALR2 enzyme. Four novel derivatives, OTI-(7-10), of the previously developed N-benzyl(oxotriazinoindole) inhibitor OTI-6 were synthetized and screened. All of them revealed 2 to 6 times higher ALR2 inhibitory efficacy when compared to their non-substituted lead compound OTI-6. Moreover, the most efficient ALR2 inhibitor OTI-7 (IC50 = 76 nM) possesses remarkably high inhibition selectivity (SF ≥ 1300) in relation to structurally related aldehyde reductase (ALR1). Derivatives OTI-(8-10) bearing the substituents -CONH2, -COOH and -CH2OH, possess 2-3 times lower inhibitory efficacy compared to OTI-7, but better than the reference inhibitor OTI-6. Desolvation penalty is suggested as a possible factor responsible for the drop in ALR2 inhibitory efficacy observed for derivatives OTI-(8-10) in comparison to OTI-7.
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12
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Han Z, Qi G, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Yan K, Zhu C, Hao X. Novel 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as dual inhibitor targeting AKR1B1/ROS for treatment of diabetic complications: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104428. [PMID: 33161249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AKR1B1 (Aldose reductase) has been used as therapeutic intervention target for treatment of diabetic complications over 50 years, and more recently for inflammation and cancer. However, most developed small molecule inhibitors have the defect of low bioactivity. To address this limitation, novel series of 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as dual inhibitor targeting AKR1B1/ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) were designed and synthesized. Most of these derivatives were found to be potent and selective against AKR1B1, and compound 8a was the most active with an IC50 value of 0.035 μM. Moreover, some prepared derivatives showed strong anti-ROS activity, and among them the phenolic 3,5-dihydroxyl compound 8b was proved to be the most potent, even comparable to that of the well-known antioxidant Trolox at a concentration of 100 μM. Thus the results suggested a success in the construction of potent dual inhibitor for the therapeutic intervention target of AKR1B1/ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Han
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Junkai Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Yundong Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Yin Xu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Kang Yan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China.
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13
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Combatting Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation with Novel Substituted Triazinoindole Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase in PC12 Cells Exposed to 6-Hydroxydopamine Plus High Glucose. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:210-226. [PMID: 33146867 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular redox dysregulation produced by aldose reductase (AR) in the presence of high blood sugar is a mechanism involved in neurodegeneration commonly observed in diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD); therefore, AR is a key target for treatment of both diseases. The substituted triazinoindole derivatives 2-(3-thioxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (cemtirestat or CMTI) and 2-(3-oxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (COTI) are well-known AR inhibitors (ARIs). The neuroprotective properties of CMTI, COTI, the clinically used epalrestat (EPA), and the pyridoindole antioxidants stobadine and SMe1EC2 were all tested in the neurotoxic models produced by hyperglycemic glucotoxicity (HG, 75 mM D-glucose, 72 h), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and HG+6-OHDA models in PC12 cells. Cell viability decreased in all toxic models, increased by 1-5 μM EPA, and decreased by COTI at ≥ 2.5 μM. In the HG model alone, where compounds were present in the medium for 24 h after a continuous 24-h exposure to HG, cell viability was improved by 100 nM-5 μM EPA, 1-10 μM ARIs, and the antioxidants studied, but decreased by EPA at ≥ 10 μM. In the 6-OHDA model alone, where cells were treated with compounds for 24 h and further exposed to 100 μM 6-OHDA (8 h), only the antioxidants protected cell viability. In the HG+6-OHDA model, where cells were treated with all compounds (1 nM to 50 μM) for 48 h and exposed to 75 mM glucose for 24 h followed by incubation with 6-OHDA for 8 h, cell viability was protected by 100 nM-10 μM ARIs and 100-500 nM EPA, but not by antioxidants. All ARIs inhibited the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, 3-NT, and total oxidant status at 1-50 μM, while increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and total antioxidant status at 1-10 μM. EPA and CMTI also reduced the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in the cellular levels of nuclear factor kB (NF-KB). The neuroprotective potential of the novel ARIs and the pyridoindole antioxidants studied constitutes a promising tool for the development of therapeutic strategies against DM-induced and PD-related neurodegeneration.
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Chen H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu W, Lei Y, Zhu C, Ma B. (5-Hydroxy-4-oxo-2-styryl-4 H-pyridin-1-yl)-acetic Acid Derivatives as Multifunctional Aldose Reductase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215135. [PMID: 33158254 PMCID: PMC7663616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As rate-limited enzyme of polyol pathway, aldose reductase (ALR2) is one of the key inhibitory targets for alleviating diabetic complications. To reduce the toxic side effects of the inhibitors and to decrease the level of oxidative stress, the inhibitory selectivity towards ALR2 against detoxicating aldehyde reductase (ALR1) and antioxidant activity are included in the design of multifunctional ALR2 inhibitors. Hydroxypyridinone derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated their inhibitory behavior and antioxidant activity. Notably, {2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyridin-1-yl}-acetic acid (7l) was the most potent, with IC50 values of 0.789 μM. Moreover, 7l showed excellent selectivity towards ALR2 with selectivity index 25.23, which was much higher than that of eparlestat (17.37), the positive control. More significantly, 7l performed powerful antioxidative action. At a concentration of 1 μM, phenolic compounds 7l scavenged DPPH radical with an inhibitory rate of 41.48%, which was much higher than that of the well-known antioxidant Trolox, at 11.89%. Besides, 7l remarkably suppressed lipid peroxidation with a rate of 88.76% at a concentration of 100 μM. The binding mode derived from molecular docking proved that the derivatives were tightly bound to the activate site, suggesting strongly inhibitory action of derivatives against ALR2. Therefore, these results provided an achievement of multifunctional ALR2 inhibitors capable with potency for both selective ALR2 inhibition and as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Changjin Zhu
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (B.M.); Tel.: +86-010-68918506 (C.Z. & B.M.)
| | - Bing Ma
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (B.M.); Tel.: +86-010-68918506 (C.Z. & B.M.)
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Kousaxidis A, Petrou A, Lavrentaki V, Fesatidou M, Nicolaou I, Geronikaki A. Aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors as a promising therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112742. [PMID: 32871344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels and usually associated with several chronic pathologies. Aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B enzymes have identified as two novel molecular targets associated with the onset and progression of type II diabetes and related comorbidities. Although many inhibitors against these enzymes have already found in the field of diabetic mellitus, the research for discovering more effective and selective agents with optimal pharmacokinetic properties continues. In addition, dual inhibition of these target proteins has proved as a promising therapeutic approach. A variety of diverse scaffolds are presented in this review for the future design of potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B based on the most important structural features of both enzymes. The discovery of novel dual aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors could be effective therapeutic molecules for the treatment of insulin-resistant type II diabetes mellitus. The methods used comprise a literature survey and X-ray crystal structures derived from Protein Databank (PDB). Despite the available therapeutic options for type II diabetes mellitus, the inhibitors of aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B could be two promising approaches for the effective treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated pathologies. Due to the poor pharmacokinetic profile and low in vivo efficacy of existing inhibitors of both targets, the research turned to more selective and cell-permeable agents as well as multi-target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kousaxidis
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Anthi Petrou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Maria Fesatidou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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Chen Q, Pan Y, Yue T, Yang W, Liu H, Zheng J. [4 + 2]-Annulation of Prop-2-ynylsulfonium Salts and Isatoic Anhydrides: Access to 3-Methylthio-4-quinolones. Org Lett 2020; 22:6096-6100. [PMID: 32677437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unparalleled [4 + 2]-annulation of prop-2-ynylsulfonium salts with isatoic anhydrides was developed, affording a series of 4-quinolones with a alkylthio group in medium to good yields under mild conditions. In this reaction type, the prop-2-ynylsulfonium salt serves as a C2 synthon and sulfide does not act as a leaving group, providing facile access to organosulfur compounds. The resulting quinolone products could be further transformed to a diverse range of synthetically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Chen
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 XueFu Road, Nangchang 330031, China
| | - Yihao Pan
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 XueFu Road, Nangchang 330031, China
| | - Tingting Yue
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 XueFu Road, Nangchang 330031, China
| | - Weiran Yang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 XueFu Road, Nangchang 330031, China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Wanli Distract, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 XueFu Road, Nangchang 330031, China
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Valachová K, Mach M, Šoltés L. Oxidative Degradation of High-Molar-Mass Hyaluronan: Effects of Some Indole Derivatives to Hyaluronan Decay. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165609. [PMID: 32764392 PMCID: PMC7460571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives such as isatin (a natural compound), cemtirestat, stobadine, and its derivatives (synthetic compounds) are known to have numerous positive effects on human health due to regulation of oxidative status. The aim of the study was to assess radical scavenging capacities of these compounds and explore their potential protective effects against reactive oxygen species formed during Cu(II) ions and ascorbate-induced degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan. Based on the IC50 values determined by the ABTS assay, the most effective compound was SM1M3EC2·HCl reaching the value ≈ 11 µmol/L. The lowest IC50 value reached in the DPPH assay was reported for cemtirestat ≈ 3 µmol/L. Great potency of inhibition of hyaluronan degradation was shown by cemtirestat, followed by isatin even at low concentration 10 µmol/L. On the other hand, stobadine·2HCl had also a protective effect on hyaluronan degradation, however at greater concentrations compared to cemtirestat or isatin. SME1i-ProC2·HCl reported to be a less effective compound and SM1M3EC2·HCl can be considered almost ineffective compared to stobadine·2HCl. In conclusion, our results showed that both isatin and cemtirestat were capable of attenuating the degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan due to their ability to complex/sequester cupric ions.
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Soltesova Prnova M, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Colín-González AL, Piedra-García F, Rangel-López E, Kovacikova L, Ceylan A, Karasu C, Santamaria A, Stefek M. Antioxidant Mechanisms in the Neuroprotective Action of Cemtirestat: Studies in Chemical Models, Liposomes and Rat Brain Cortical Slices. Neuroscience 2020; 443:206-217. [PMID: 32681927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective action of the novel aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor cemtirestat (CMT), 2-(3-thioxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl)acetic acid, was recently proved in experimental rat models of diabetes. The in vivo results indicated that the antioxidant activity of this compound might have participated on its effects. The aim of this study was to explore in a greater detail the putative antioxidant mechanisms potentially involved in CMT mediated neuroprotection. Antioxidant efficacy per se of CMT was proved by a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test and CMT was found to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in water phase chemically with decreasing efficacy as follows ROO > H2O2 > O2-. Studies in liposomes revealed the ability of CMT to inhibit lipid peroxidation more efficiently than melatonin, yet less effectively than Trolox. In the rat brain cortical slices, CMT reduced the loss of cell viability/mitochondrial function induced by quinolinic acid (QUIN), and inhibited lipid peroxidation. In addition, CMT normalized the GSH/GSSG ratio which could be explained, at least partially, by the ability of this compound to release free GSH from the pool of endogenously bound disulfides. Neuronal cell damage induced by QUIN or H2O2 was reduced by CMT as proved by significant drop in propidium iodide incorporation into cells. On balance then, our results corroborated the notion of a multifunctional action of CMT as a drug combining AR inhibition with direct antioxidant and ROS scavenging activity. Moreover, the ability of CMT to restore thiol-disulfide homeostasis was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Piedra-García
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Asli Ceylan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Milan Stefek
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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